Death or Victory

by Dan Snow

  Plassey, battle of, 1757 6

  Plymouth 8

  Point Lévis: British batteries on 141, 164-76, 179, 180, 184, 240, 292, 315, 317, 329; British camp on 140, 141, 142, 146, 148, 150, 155, 163-76, 179, 180, 184, 187, 188, 193, 200, 208, 220, 224, 240, 267, 276, 281, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310, 312, 314, 319; British march towards and seizure of xxii-xxiv, 124, 126, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138; Canadian troops and irregulars attack upon 169-72, 173, 174; French launch fireships from 120

  Pointe aux Pères 164

  Pointe aux Trembles 207, 244-7, 264, 265, 310, 316, 317, 318, 327, 360, 389

  Pointe de Rochefort 28

  Pomone 58

  Pompadour, Jeanne-Antionette Poisson, Marquise de 55, 56

  Pondicherry, India 419

  Pontbriand, Bishop Henri Marie Dubreil de 258, 388, 413

  Pontleroy, Nicolas Sarrebource de 71-2

  Porcupine 85, 120, 121, 401

  Port Neuf 263

  Port Royal 68

  Portneuf, René 258, 259, 260

  Portsmouth 8, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 17, 407

  Portugal 402, 420, 423

  Potowatomis (Native Americans) 130

  Pouchot, Pierre 249, 250

  Pownall, Thomas 128

  Prague 45

  Prescott, William 369-70

  Prevost, Colonel Jacques 207

  Prevost, Major Augustin 207

  Prideaux, Brigadier John 247-9, 306, 373

  Princess Amelia 83, 88, 165

  prisoners 51, 52, 60, 78, 79, 100, 132, 133-4, 143, 144, 147, 163, 167, 177-8, 185, 186, 207-8, 209, 217, 240-1, 249, 252-3, 259, 261, 276-7, 305, 311, 336, 386, 397

  Prussia 6, 7, 8, 24

  Public Advertiser 296

  Quakers 57

  Quebec xvii, 42; batteries 42, 43, 74-5, 77, 79, 101, 133, 138, 165, 167, 172, 183, 199, 200, 202, 241-2, 291-2, 305, 315, 317; Beauport shore see Beauport shore; Bishop’s palace 183; bombardment of 124, 173-84, 208, 240, 242; British first view xxiv-xxv, 101-2; British occupation of 401, 412-18; defences xxii, xxiv-xxv, 65-6, 67-75, 101-3, 146-7 see also batteries; fires in 178-9, 180-1, 182-4, 208, 242; Governor’s Palace (Château St Louis) 43, 161, 183, 396; history of 43-4, 68-9; looters in 182, 208-9; Lower Town (Basse Ville) 42, 43, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 101, 133, 138, 147, 176, 178, 179, 183, 197, 200, 277, 278, 291-2, 293, 320, 342, 394, 396, 416; morale within 148, 166-8, 176-7, 179-80, 181-2, 183-4; Notre Dame de Quebec 181; 183-4; Notre Dame des Victories 42, 179; nunneries 73-4, 242, 345, 384, 407; Plains of Abraham xvi, xviii, 67, 68, 71, 72, 343, 345-83; plan of xvi; populace’s attitude to conflict 148, 166-8, 176-7, 179-80, 181-2, 183-4; prepares for siege 62-80; previous attacks on 68-70; Quay du Palais 74; second siege of 416-18; siege of Quebec, June-September, 1759, map of xii-xiii; siege, flight of people from 73-4; significance of battle for xvii-xix, 419-26; St Lawrence and 43, 67-8; supplies, shortage of food and 44, 58, 59, 79, 167, 177, 192, 202, 217, 251, 265, 295, 313, 321, 359-60, 413, 414, 415; surrender of 388, 395-400; Upper Town (Haute Ville) 43, 44, 67, 73, 75, 76, 101, 133, 149, 278, 396; Wolfe Street xvii

  Quiberon Bay 403, 410-11, 417

  Racehorse 401

  radeaux à feu 117, 217-19

  Ramezay, Jean-Baptiste Nicholas Roch de 142, 215, 259, 291, 311; bombardment of Quebec and 176; commands garrison in Upper Town 76-7; de Lévis exit for Montreal and 250; family and history 72-3; French irregular forces raids, opinion on 186; Montcalm and 168, 169, 312-13, 363; Point Lévis attack, opinion of 168, 169; surrenders Quebec to British 389, 392-4, 395, 398; watches British on St Lawrence 94

  Récher, Jean-Felix 176, 177, 179, 182, 235-6, 242, 295, 327, 413

  red-hot shot 84-5

  Resolution 31

  Restigouche River 417-18

  Rhone River 91

  Richelieu rapids 78, 250, 418

  Richmond 38, 87, 88, 95, 143, 201, 327

  Rochefort, France 21, 110

  Ross, Thomas 379

  round shot 292, 357-8, 399

  Rous, Captain John 10, 151, 196, 198-9, 333

  Royal Artillery 139

  Royal Ecossois 332

  Royal George 403

  Royal Hospital, Chelsea 157-8, 190, 193

  Royal Navy xviii, 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 82, 92; Admiralty 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37, 96-7, 115, 290, 298; army and 301, 402; arrival in Canada 11, 12, 15-16, 17, 18, 21; arrival in Halifax 15; arrival in North America 21-2; arrival in the St Lawrence 1-3; ‘Beating to Quarters’ 34; blockade of Canada 3, 9, 10-11, 15-16, 38, 44, 58, 59; bombardment of Quebec and 173, 175; bomb ketches 144, 151, 173-5, 180; ‘Cats’ 222, 223, 224, 226, 227-8, 235, 237, 244; commanders of Canadian mission see under individual commander name; cost of 7; disease and 17-18, 20, 21-2; fireships sent by French against fleet on Île d’Orléans 117-24; flat-bottomed boats 96-7, 114, 143, 146, 151, 203, 220, 221, 225, 226, 228, 243, 263, 266, 287, 305, 309, 315, 317, 319, 322, 326, 327-8, 337, 339; Foulon landings, role in 301, 304-5, 312, 318-24, 333, 339; French admiration for 145-6; Halifax base see Halifax; hires civilian ships to act as transports 12; informality of 35; Louisbourg 21-30; moves ships past town of Quebec 196-202, 290-1; navigation and 12-15; organisation of fleet 32-5; overcomes French navy in Seven Years War xviii; performance of in Canada 121, 339, 401-2, 411; Pondicherry 419; Portsmouth base 12-13; prize money 9, 12, 145; professionalism xviii; punishments 35, 271; Quebec basin, role in fight for 141-6, 164; sails from England to Canada 13-15; sails from Louisbourg to St Lawrence 29-35; sails to Canada 13-15; sails up St Lawrence to Quebec 1-3, 9, 27, 28-41, 47, 52, 81-94; size and power of 12-13; storms hamper ships in St Lawrence 113-16; strength of 8, 12-13, 165, 422, 426; superiority of within Quebec basin 313; topmen 34-5; Townshend acknowledges debt to 401-2; transports, use of 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31-3, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 69, 83, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 113, 114, 115, 121, 142, 150, 151, 164, 189, 197, 202, 205, 219, 229, 241, 290, 292, 300-1, 305, 306, 309, 314, 317, 318, 326, 327, 328, 330, 337, 397; ‘Up Hammocks’ 34; watches 33-4; Wolfe and see Wolfe, General James

  Royal William 40, 407

  Ruby 16

  Russell 222, 225, 226

  Russia 7, 56

  Sackville, Lord John 112

  Saint-Ours, François-Xavier 386

  Sally 31

  Samos 334, 338, 339

  Saunders, Vice Admiral Sir Charles 78, 85, 97, 115, 140, 151, 164, 184, 196, 262, 289, 301; army, praise for 402; British ships pass Quebec narrows, role in operation 290-1, 292; Durell and 16; fight for control of Quebec basin, role in 141, 142, 143, 144; Foulon landings, role in 327, 333, 341; Louisbourg, sails to 21, 22; lures French into the belief that British will attack below the town of Quebec 312, 317, 327, 333; moves mightiest warships off Lower Town to strike fear into Quebecers 394; Point Lévis attack, role in 124; praise for role in operation 411; preparations for mission 12, 13, 16; private negativity over capture of Quebec 298; pulls vessels out of St Lawrence for winter 401; St Lawrence, sails to 29, 32; St Lawrence, sails up 37, 38, 40, 87, 88-9, 90, 91-2, 95; Wolfe and 144, 225, 237, 290, 296, 391

  de Saxe, Marshal 44-5, 346-7

  Saxony 6

  Scarboro 31

  Schomberg, Captain Alexander 32, 196-7, 201, 231, 234, 279

  Scott, George 255

  Scott, Major John 257

  scurvy 17-18, 20, 21, 68, 192, 285, 413-14

  Seahorse 9, 292, 314, 330

  Senezergues, Brigadier Étienne-Guillaume de 372

  Seven Years War 71, 127, 130; arrives in Canada 2-3; Atlantic, British control of during 403; British recruitment of Americans during 211; British recruitment of Highlanders during 332; British victory in xviii, 417-18, 419-26; enduring significance of xvii-xviii, 419-26; fireships in 118, 271, 333, 346, 419; first shots of 4-5; in North America, pre-1759 xiv, 3-9; promotions in British Army during 274-5; Treaty of Paris, 1763 ends 419

  Shrewsbury 396

  Sillery 75, 77, 129, 244, 267, 309, 313, 320, 321, 334

  Smith, Hugh 158

&nbs
p; Smith, William 131

  Smollett, Tobias 404

  Smythe, Harvey 382, 407

  Snell, Hannah 190

  Spain 3, 7, 17, 69, 411, 419, 420, 423, 426

  Spanish Armada 7

  Spithead 407

  Squirrel 83, 86, 197, 200, 205, 316, 330, 338

  St Ann’s 256

  St Antoine 251, 252, 263

  St Charles River 44, 67, 69, 74, 76, 102, 140, 200, 237, 288, 313, 340, 343, 348, 351, 375, 379, 380, 387, 388, 389

  St Frederic, Fort 250

  St Joachim 254, 257, 258, 259

  St Joseph church 264

  St Laurent 95, 100, 103-5, 126

  St Lawrence River xxiv, 1, 2, 3-4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 43, 106, 113, 117-23, 124, 135, 140, 146, 150, 152, 155, 164, 166, 171, 172, 188, 191, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227, 229, 236, 243, 245, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 263, 266, 267, 276, 277, 278, 288, 290, 296, 298-9, 300, 303, 317, 319, 320, 329, 339-40, 349, 352, 359, 407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 421; British blockade of 9, 10-11, 15-16; British navigation of 9, 35-7, 38, 39, 40-1, 60-1, 64, 80, 81-94, 116; greatest tidal river in the world 35; named 35; Quebec, importance to 43; St Lawrence Theatre of Operations, 1759, map of xv; ‘the Traverse’ 80, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

  St Lucia 419, 420

  St Malo Chamber of Commerce 422-3

  St Michel 244

  St Pierre 423

  St Roan 256

  St Vincent 419

  Stair, Lord 371

  Stanwix, Fort 20

  Ste Foy 415, 417

  Stirling Castle 40, 88, 120, 121, 142, 181, 217, 219, 232, 288

  Superbe 403

  Sutherland 10, 120, 121, 151, 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, 244-5, 291, 318, 323, 328, 330, 333

  Taché, Eugène-Étienne 425

  Taché, Jean 393

  Tecaughretanego 130-1

  Terror of France 314-15, 328

  Thames Estuary 90

  Thames River 91

  ‘thin red line’ 349

  Thompson, Sergeant James 135, 376-7, 384-5, 412, 420

  Three Sisters 96, 222, 223

  Townshend, Brigadier General George 110, 112, 150, 151-2, 260, 261, 275, 276, 288, 301, 303, 315, 404; Canada, sails to 13; death of brother, reaction to 308-9; family and background 110-12; Foulon landings, role in 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 332, 334; Île d’Orléans, lands on 138, 139, 141; longs for home 298, 309, 400; Montmorency, role in British defeat at 222, 224, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 240, Montmorency camp 150, 151-2, 153, 154, 156, 302; Native American attacks, reaction to 268; nature of campaign, bemoans 262; navy’s role in campaign, praises 401-2; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 348, 351, 354, 355, 356, 357, 375, 380-1, 382, 383, 386, 392, 393; Quebec, entry into 397, 398, 399; St Lawrence, sails up 39, 40, 113; surrender of Quebec, accepts 395, 396; West’s painting of Wolfe, absence from 409-10; Wolfe and 110, 112, 113, 154, 216, 280-1, 282, 308, 318, 390, 391

  Townshend, Charles 111

  Townshend, Roger 111, 308-9

  traders (voyageurs) 49, 143

  Treaty of Paris, 1763 419

  Trois Rivières (Three Rivers) 61, 73, 74, 77, 80, 217, 242, 265, 293, 306

  truces/ceasefires 48, 146-7, 208, 219, 240, 241-2, 277, 292, 384, 396

  typhus 283-4

  Uniontown, Pennsylvania 4

  Universal Dictionary of the Marine 222

  University of Göttingen 13-14

  Ursuline Convent, Quebec 73, 181-2, 345, 380, 388, 413

  Utrecht, Treaty of, 1713 108

  ‘vanes’ 32

  Vanguard 417

  Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Marquis de 115, 162, 167, 168-9, 208, 229, 252-3, 265, 293, 294; Bougainville and 50; Canadians, view of 209; character 50; family and history 50; fireship attack on British, role in 122, 123; Foulon landings and 340, 341, 342, 343; lack of food in Quebec, bemoans 59, 295, 311, 394, 395; Montcalm and 50-1, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61-2, 84, 216, 342, 343, 362-3, 388; Montmorency on significance of French victory at 236; Native Americans, view of 129, 133, 209; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 360, 362-3, 378-9, 386, 388, 389; plans for British attack 60-3, 66; Point Lévis, observes battle for 134; prisoners, policy on 240-1; Quebec surrender, role in 394, 395; regards upriver zone as inappropriate for landing 312, 327; sleep deprivation 243; St Lawrence, on British navigation of 92-3; surrenders Montreal to British 418, 426; wave of destruction along St Lawrence, reaction to British 253-4, 257, 258; Wolfe’s intention to attack Quebec, reply to 147

  Vergor, Captain Louis Dupont de Chambon de 333, 334, 336

  Vesuvius 320

  Victory 406

  de Villiers, Ensign Joseph Coulon 4-5

  Vindolanda 129

  Virginia 4, 5, 48, 51, 65, 127, 249

  Virginia Regiment 5

  Voltaire 422

  Walpole, Horace 112, 137, 166, 406, 111

  Walpole, Sir Robert 111

  Wandiwash, India 419

  War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 45, 248, 346-7, 354

  War Office, British 408

  warfare, nature of North American xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 47-52, 99, 115-16, 123-4, 129, 130-2, 145, 159, 163, 177-8, 186, 187-8, 209, 212, 214, 233, 234, 253-62, 276, 308, 367, 378, 383

  Washington, George 4-5

  Waterloo, battle of, 1815 359

  Watteau, François-Louis-Joseph 410

  Wedgwood, Josiah 410

  West, Benjamin 408-9

  West Africa 3, 6, 46, 420

  Westminster Abbey 407

  Westminster Parliament 24, 212, 407

  Westerham, Kent 406

  Whitmore, Brigadier Edward 26, 27

  William Henry, Fort 52, 132, 168, 178, 192, 210, 252-3, 396

  Williamson, Colonel 165, 175, 184, 281, 357, 358, 382, 396, 401

  Wolfe, Edward 407

  Wolfe, Major General James xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 23-4, 46, 72, 77, 95, 96, 97, 98-9, 106, 107, 114, 115, 134, 148, 171, 172, 176, 187, 193, 202, 203, 221; appearance 19; arrival in Canada 11, 12, 15-16, 17, 18, 21; arrival in North America 21-2; Beauport shore landing plan 102, 140, 184-5, 196, 202, 203-4, 209, 217, 223, 277, 288, 289, 311-12; blockade of Canada, reaction to failure of 11, 15-16; bombardment of Quebec, attitudes towards 124, 138, 164, 176, 177, 178, 180; bravery 20, 223, 225, 373; brigadier generals and 107-8, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 135, 136, 153-5, 301, 312, 322-3, 325 see also under individual brigadier general’s name; Canadian habitants, attitude towards 107, 160-1, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 262; canonization of after death 390-2, 405-10; Carleton and 124-5; character 18, 19-20, 105, 189, 190, 191, 206, 225, 268-9, 278, 279, 295-8, 311-12; death 373, 374-5, 380; discipline and punishment, attitudes towards 268-9, 278; desertion, orders intended to stop 276; Durell and 11, 15-16, 87-8; ‘Elegy in a Country Churchyard’ and 330-1; ‘Family Journal’ 15-16, 92, 102, 110, 114, 121, 129, 132, 136, 140, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 185, 198, 199, 209-10, 222, 224, 226-7, 232, 237, 239, 254, 272, 279-80, 286, 287, 298, 302, 304, 312, 316, 318, 323, 327, 334, 338, 339, 346, 373, 374, 378, 397; fire rafts, reaction to French 219; fireships, reaction to French 115, 121, 123; Foulon landings, role in 316, 317, 318-20, 321-4, 325, 327, 329, 330-1, 337-, 339-40, 343; gathers troops for mission 16, 17, 18, 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 28; health 17, 19-20, 138, 286-8, 295-8, 301, 314; inexperience as a commander 103; lands on Île d’Orléans 97, 100; Louisbourg 21, 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30; Monckton and 135, 136, 138, 185-6, 267, 272; Montmorency defeat and 222, 223, 224, 225, 226-7, 228, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236-8, 247, 373; Montmorency, search for fords across 209-16; Montresor and 36; Murray and 266-7, 280, 281; Native American raids, attitude towards 107, 156, 185-6, 210, 272; navy, relationship with 11, 16, 37, 38, 87-8, 91-2, 115, 121, 136-7, 144, 145-6, 164, 180, 209, 237, 280, 290, 337-8; officers, relations with see under individual officer name; paternalism 19, 105; personal guard 195; Pitt and see Pitt, William; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354-6, 3
57, 359, 360-1, 362, 363, 366-7, 369, 371, 373, 374, 373, 374-5, 380; plans for failure 278; plans for operation, initial 20; Point Lévis, orders possession of 124, 125-6, 132-8; poor sailor 15; prepares army for expedition 18, 20-1, 23-4, 25, 26, 27; popularity of among men 225; prospects of Canadian mission, upbeat about 30; prisoners, attitudes towards 207-8, 209, 240-1, 252, 253, 277; professionalism 105; Quebec, arrival at 100-2; Quebec, considers all-out assault on Lower Town 277-8; Quebec, decides to attack north shore above the town 140-1, 146, 150, 196, 202, 203-4, 205, 206-7, 242-3, 301, 312, 345; Quebec, first sees 100, 101-2; Quebec, opinion of defences 101-3; rangers, attitudes towards 107, 149; sails from Louisbourg to St Lawrence 29, 30, 31, 32, 33; scalping, attitude towards 259-60; sentries and outposts, orders to 123-4, 163, 186, 187-8, 253, 261, 276; St Laurent camp, organisation of 104; St Lawrence, sails up to Quebec 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 47, 52, 87-8, 91-2, 93; strength of British forces, opinion of 16-17, 26, 27; tactics 16, 17, 26, 27, 205-7, 213-14, 216, 242-3, 245, 253-62, 266-7, 279, 290-3, 311-12, 314, 315; Townshend and 110, 112, 113, 152-4, 216, 280-1, 282, 308, 318, 390, 391; training of army and 24, 106; unleashes wave of destruction along length of St Lawrence 253-62; troops, relations with 166, 225; warfare encouraged by, nature of 99, 177-8, 253-62; women with regiment, attitudes towards 189, 190, 191