Cyperus papyrus, 276
Cyprus, 327, 330
Czillich, Josef, 57
Da Gama, Vasco, 207
Daily Sketch, 20
Dales, G. F,, 242, 259
Damhus, Asbjom, 53, 80, 82, 95, 99, 102, 103, 108, 109, 118, 130, 173, 188, 225, 238, 239, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 259, 284, 291, 294,
295, 304. 307-9, 331. 337; background of, 75
Darrieus, Rear Admiral, 335
Darwin, Charles, 310, 324
Davies, Roy, 332-33
Delphinidae family, 295
Deluge stories, 22-24, 149
Detlef, see Soitzek, Detlef
Dhow sailors, 51-55, 56, 57, 90, 133,
154 Dilmun, land of, 5, 9, 10, 22, 23, 24,
96, 117-63, 164, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 235, 236, 237-38, 263, 273, 274, 281, 288, 328; ancestral gods, 137; trade route importance, 142-43; See also Bahrain
Dimitri (carpenter), 72, 78, 80
Diyala, 273
Djibouti, 323, 332-37
Dolphins, 295-98
Dubai, 170, 264, 288
Easter Island, 20, 72, 131, 144, 145,
150, 157, 288 Egypt (ancient), 8, 21, 25, 43, 85,
99-100, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129,
135. 136, 145. 146, 151, i57» 195, 196, 214, 237, 268, 269, 270, 271, 275, ^77, 278, 279, 287, 310-11, 322, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 336; contact with Failaka Island, 98-102; hieroglyphic sign for "marine," 100; reed ships of, 8
Eiriksson, Leif, 75
Elep urbati (reed vessels), 9
Enki (ocean god), 22, 23, 124, 128-29, 137, 143
"Enki's" wells and pools, 137-38
Eratosthenes (geographer), 322-23
Eridu, city of, 126
Eryani, Mohamed Abdulla A1-, 333
Esteban, Paulino, 47
Ethiopia, 214, 237
Euphrates River, 1, 3, 16, 19, 21, 68
Failaka Island, 10, 95-109, 114, n8, 120, 122, 132, 141, 151, 152, 153, 248, 268; ancient Egypt and, 98-102; boats on seals, 98-100 Fao, port of, 83, 84-85, 88, 90 First Dynasty of Ur, 125, 127, 128
Garden of Eden, 8, 117, 324 Garden of Eden Rest House, 2, 9, 11, 27> 29. 30, 34> 36, 37. 41-43, 46, 47, 51, 58, 61, 64, 67, 68, 71, 90, 283 Gatae, 26-27, 41, 47-49, 58, 59, 68
Index
Gherman, see Carrasco, Gherman
Gilgamesh, King, 24, 137
Gilgamesh epic, 263, 281
Glob, Peter V., 25, 135, 139, 149
Gran Canaria Museum, 276
Great Pyramid, 25
Greece (ancient), 18, 96, 98, 126,
243, 271, 324, 327, 329 Guanche islanders, 276 Guatemala City, earthquake of 1976,
74 Guff a (reed boats), 19 Gujenko, Minister, 120 Gulf Agency (Muscat), 201, 233 Gulf of Aden, 222, 311, 312, 313,
323» 331 Gulf of Cambay, 274 Gulf of Mexico, 32, 209 Gulf of Oman, 168, 187, 194, 223,
224, 239-40 Gurmat Ali, village of, 15 Gur (measurement), 124
Hadibu, port of, 315, 319, 320
Hadibu Bay, 319, 320
Hagi Suelem, 17-18, 19-20, 21, 24,
26, 27, 49 Halul Island, 167, 169 Ham, 149 Hama, 273
Hammad, Sheikh, 155 Hammerhead sharks, 298-99, 300 Hansen, Captain, 253-56, 257, 264,
283 Haras II (patrol vessel), 202 Harran, 21
Harun Sodha, Ibrahim, 53, 55 Harvard University, 212 Hatshepsut, Queen, 323 Hebrews (ancient), 2, 117, 125, 147,
328, 330; deluge stories, 22-24;
shipbuilding of, 24-25 Hittites, 126, 145, 147, 150, 157. 27s Hormuz Strait, 165, 166, 168, 170,
173, 175-81, 185-87, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 218, 238, 240, 242
Horn of Africa, 288, 311-12, 323 "HP," see Bohn, Hans Peter "HF Humboldt Current, 292 Humphries, J., 212 Huston, Dr. C. C, 212 Huwair, village of, 19, 49, 56
Inca Indians, 136, 144-45, 278-79 India, 97, 122, 141, 142, 195, 204, 206, 262, 284, 285, 288, 292, 322,
325 Indian Ocean, 122, 154, 178,
186-87, 194, 235, 264, 287, 288,
294, 309, 313, 318, 330
Indus River, 243, 259, 265, 281, 324
Indus Valley, 97, 98, 122, 141, 142, 195, 222, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 285, 287, 288, 322, 324, 336; excavations, 270-71; hieroglyphic signs of, 236; in search of Meluhha, 253-81
Iran, 80, 82-83, 91, 108, 131, 170, 194, 200, 234, 240, 242
Iraq, 3, 10, 12, 28, 85, 90, 91, 96, 99, 108, 167, 176, 195, 196, 236, 258, 260, 286, 336
Isaiah (prophet), 275-76
Islam, 280; See also Arabs; Moslems
Israel, 130; See also Hebrews (ancient)
Japhet, 149
Jason (salvage tug), 253-56, 264, 283, 284
Jazirat Chahardam, 241
Jeffs, G. J., 215
Jews, 1, 2, 20, 130, 328; See also Hebrews (ancient)
Jidda Island, 155-61
Jillabie (reed boats), 19, 24
Johns Hopkins University, 98
Kais (interpreter), 37, 40, 68
Kal Farun Island, 321
Karachi, port of, 241, 245-47, 257,
259, 260, 263-65, 277, 281,
282-86, 300, 334
345
Kassah, 20
Khafka light buoy, 85
Khalifa, Sheikh Abdulaziz A1-, 154,
155, 156, 162, 163, 166 Khan, F. A., 269 Khassab, 278 Kish, 236, 273 Kon-Tiki Museum, 44, 334 Kon-Tild (priest-king), 44 Kon-Tiki (raft), 62, 130, 238, 285,
286, 294, 300, 335 Kon-Tiki-Viracocha, 44 Koran, 148-49, 208 Kot Diji (mound), 269, 271 Kramer, S. N., 237 Kiikulcan (priest-king), 44, 330 Kurdistan, 22 Kurds, 34 Kuwait, 52, 95, 97-98, 102, 103, 106,
113, 114, 203 Kuwait Museum, 99
Lagash, 139, 214, 236, 273
Lake Chad, 16, 28
Lake Tana, 333; Ethiopian monks at,
16 Lake Titicaca, 19, 20, 43, 44, 47 Lake Titicaca Indians, 45, 206 Lands of the Bible Today (National
Geographic Society), 120 Larsa, Dynasty of, 121 La Venta, pyramid at, 276, 278 Lawrence, Donald B., 276 Lebanon, 122
Limachi, Juan, Jos6 and Demetrio, 47 LI2B (station call sign), 130 Lixus, temple walls at, 145, 150 Looking for Dilmun (Bibby), 215 Lothal, port of, 272, 273, 274 Lydians (ancient), 126
Macas people, 218
Mackay, Ernest J. H., 275
Madagascar, 287
Madans of Iraq, see Marsh Arabs
Madina, town of, 16, 17-18
Ma-gur ("the god ship"), 123, 124,
125, 129, 134, 143, 148, 161, 188, 192, 205, 218, 281, 287
Mahmud Sar Ali, 156
Makan, 9, 139, 222, 235-41, 24a, 243, 246, 252, 258, 262, 263, 274, 277, 281, 288; See also Oman
Makan or Magan (legendary Copper Mountain), 213-18
Makhadhi, Mohamed A1-, 333
Malacca peninsula, 236
Malaldya, village of, 152
Malta, 325, 327, 330
Manama, port of, 166
Mannu-dannu, King, 214
Marshall, Sir John, 265
Marsh Arabs, 3-5, 11-19, 27, 28, 36, 47-50, 58, 62-64, 77, 88, 89, 252, 259. 334; red hair of, 18-19; women, 18
Mashhuf (flat-bottomed longboat), 11
Mataur, 17
Matrah, 222
Matug, 16
Mauri, Carlo, 7, 53, 58, 68-71, 76, 77> 79. 81, 88, 92, 95, 103, 104, 108, 116, 118, 132, 153, 155, 160, 171, 174, 176, 181, 184, 185, 187-88, 194, 199, 202-3, 205, 206, 219, 226, 229, 234, 238, 239, 241, 244-46, 250-51, 258, 262, 283-84, 287, 291, 295, 297, 299, 301, 306, 307, 309, 313, 316. 318, 320, 337; backgroimd of, 73
Maya Indians, 44, 74, 330
Meluhha, city of, 9, 139, 148, 214, 235-37. 238, 240, 288, 311; See also Indus Valley
Mesopotamia, 21, 97, 98-100, 122, 123, 126, 142, 195-97, 207, 211, 215, 216, 236, 237, 243, 258, 263, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 277, 279, 281, 287, 310-11, 320, 324, 326, 330, 336
Metcalfe, Barry and Kate, 207
Mina Qaboos, 234
Mixtec Indians, 74
Moayyed, Tariq A1-, 133
Index
Mohammed (servant), 36, 40, 41, 51, 53. 54. 58, 68, 71
Mohammed (the Prophet), 3, 206
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, 97, 122, 195, 242, 275-81, 284, 324; Aryan invasion of, 265-66; construction of, 266-67; ruins of, 264-74
Moluccas archipelago, 236
Monsoons, 187, 207, 242
Montan Transport (Hamburg), 34
Morocco, 145, 276, 278
Moses, 49
Moslems, 1, 2, 20, 51, 148, 207, 250, 330
Mount Ararat, 2, 22, 58, 85
Moimtbatten, Lord, 31-33
Muscat, port of, 187, 189, 194, 196-209, 219-24, 225, 233. 234, 237. 243. 283; See also Oman
Muscat (tugboat), 234
Musha Island, 335
National Geographical Society, 30, 53, 75, 120, 223
National Museum (Baghdad), 10
National Museum (Pakistan), 265, 281
Naturalis Historic (Pliny the Elder), 218
Naval Academy (Pakistan), 265
Nazdr Salim, Rashad, 46, 61, 68, 77, 81, 83, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 130, 161, 162, 166, 167, 169-72, 175. 187, 188, 191-93. 194. 201, 225-26, 251-52, 257, 258, 304, 307, 308, 316-17, 331, 337; background of, 75
Nearchus, Admiral, 243
Neptunus (swimming crab), 309-10, 315
New York Times, 134
Nile River, 8, 28, 49, 100, 102, 275, 326, 328
Nile Valley, 21, 98, 101
Nimrud, site of, 146
Nimrud pyramid, 146
Nineveh, 3, 8, 146
Ningal temple, 237-38
Nino Current, 292
Nippur, city of, 139
Nippur, Sumerian ziggurat of, 23
Nizwa, town of, 208
Noah, 2, 3, 22, 24, 29, 49, 58, 117, 139. 147. 148, 289; boatbuilding principles accredited to, 24
Noah's ark, 21-22
Norman, see Baker, Norman
Norman, Bruce, 332-33
Norris, see Brock, Norris
North Yemen, 312, 333
Olmec Indians, 74, 209, 276, 278 Oman, 166, 170, 177, 187, 189, 222,
225, 232, 233, 259, 287, 320, 336;
ancient mine quarries, 212-13;
falaj of, 216-17; legendary Copper
Mountain, 213-18; See also Muscat Oman Times, 206 Om-el-Shuekh, 17 Operation Jericho, 60 Oppenheim, A. L., 121, 122, 124 Ormara Bay, 257, 273, 284, 285 Ouragan (dock ship), 335
"Painter" phenomenon, 292 Pakistan, 97, 114, 194, 204, 206, 287,
292, 311, 320, 336; See also Indus
VaUey Papyrus, 15, 16, 89, 123, 275-76 Papyrus Institute (Egypt), 59 Papyrus ships, Egyptian-type, 8 Pasni, village of, 242 Persian Gulf, 32-33, 80, 120, 121,
166, 214, 273, 274 Persian Gulf Pilot, 95, 108 Petroglyphs, 100-1 Phoenicians, 126, 145, 157, 276, 280 Pilot fish, 305-6 Pizarro, Francisco, 44 Plato, 328
Pliny the Elder, 218, 243, 322, 325 Polensky & Zollner, 57 Port Qaboos, 205, 206, 218, 220, 222
347
Prospection Oman Limited, 212-13,
215 Punt, land of, 288-311, 323, 331; See also Somalia
Qaboos, Sultan, 200, 203-4, *o5> 2o6>
207, 212, 215 Qatar, 201 Quechua Indians, 43 Quetzalcoati, 44 Quma, town of, 2, 11, 16, 29, 37, 41,
43, 50, 51. 58
Raikes, L. R,, 271
Rainbow runner (Elagatis bipin-
ntUatis), 304-5 Ramon Bravo (motion picture), 73 Ramsey, Mr. (engineer), 40, 50, 51,
68 Rao, S. R., 272-74 Ra 1 and Ra 11, 8, 9, 16, 26, 30, 33,
44. 45, 47. 53. 62, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 124, 130, 134, 144, 199, 239. 263, 275, 286, 287, 292, 318, 328, 333. 335
Ras al Daud, 225-26, 233 Ras al Hadd, 222, 224, 225 Ras al Shaikh, 177, 180, 189 Rashad, see Nazir Salim, Rashad Ras Ormara, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250,
252. 253. 256. 257, 258-59,
262-64, 269, 270, 277 Ras Rakan, 167 Red Sea, 100, 101, 102, 194, 287,
311-12, 313, 323, 326, 332-34,
337 Reed boat-building (for the Tigris expedition), 28-60; dhow sailors and, 51-55. 56, 57; financial backing for, 30; jig and scaflFold, 36-37, 41-42; morale, 53; oar dimensions, 57; political problems, 32-33; sails, 30, 32, 56; South American Indians
and, 43-45. 46. 47. 48-49. 51. 54; supplies and outfitting for the voyage, 29-30, 34-36; weight factor, 59
Rei-marama ("moon pectoral"), 131 Rei-miro ("ship pectoral"), 131 Remoras and sea turtles, 308-10
Safar, Dr. Fuad, 10, 96, 195
Sahara wall paintings, 326
Said Abdulla, Captain, 166, 167,
169-71, 177, 181, 187, 188, 189,
200, 201, 204 Sakara pyramid, 145 Saleman Taiyab Changda, 53, 54, 55 Salonen, Armas, 9, 123-25 Sani (guide), 265, 269 Sanskrit, 238, 266 Santorini, island of, 5, 327 Sarah (wife of Abraham), 25 Sardinia, 276 Sargon II, King, 139, 214 Saudi Arabia, 95, 133, 210 "Seafaring Merchants of Ur, The"
(Oppenheim), 121 Seamen's Union, 52 Senkevitch, Dr. Yuri, 7, 53, 55, 58, 64,
69. 72-73. 77-79, 81, 88, 89, 92,
106, 116, 118, 132, 171, 176,
188-90, 192, 200, 256, 290, 301,
307. 308, 314, 317, 318, 322, 337;
backgroimd of, 72 Sennacherib, King, 139 Serfs Indians, 152 Seychelles Islands, 287 Shaker al Tiu-key, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48,
55-56. 60, 68 Sha-lan, 26 Sharks, 298-304 Shasha boats, 217 Shatt-al-Arab River, 1-2, 15, 32, 52,
68, 70-71, 78-79. 82, 92, 108, 132,
165 Shawar of Shabaz Qulanda, tomb at,
280 Shem, 130, 149 Shub-ad, Queen, 128 Shuruppak (son of Ubara-Tutu), 24 Sicily, 276
Sindbad Island, 2, 79, 91 Sir Abu Nu'air Island, 170
Index
Sirri Island, 169, 170-71, 188
Slavsk (freighter), 93-94, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115-16, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 131, 132, 264
Smith, Major, 155-61
Socotra Island, 312-18, 320, 321, 322
Socrates, 328
Sohar, city of, 207, 217
Sohar beach, 221
Soitzek, Detlef, 53, 58, 65, 68, 81, 82, 91, 104, 113, 118, 154, 155, i6i, 168, 169, 172, 176, 177, 181, 185, 186, 222, 227-28, 232, 234, 240, 241, 245, 246, 248, 250-51, 294,
295, 307, 309> 314. 331. 337; background of, 73
Solon, 328-29
Somalia, 288
Sotka-Koh fort, 242, 259, 264
South Yemen, 312-13, 314, 316, 319,
332, 333 Souza, Frank de, 223-24, 225, 240,
311, 315
Sri Lanka, see Ceylon
Straits of Gibraltar, 326
Studia Orientalia Edidit Societas Orientalis Fennica, 123
Sumer, 3-10, 42, 85, 96, 117, 122, 137, 236, 258, 260, 266, 268, 269, 271, 275, 287, 288, 324, 325; architecture, 13; climate, 101; daily life in gulf ports, 121-22; historical records, 6; imported tomb riches, 126-29; modem debt to, 125-26; reed ships of, 123-25; seals, 123; ships and cargo, 123; temple-pyramids, 21, 195-97, 208-10, 211, 212; watercraft of, 9-11, 22; writing system, 4, 5, 8, 100, 328; See also Marsh Arabs
Sumerian Gulf, 162
Sumerians, The (Woolley), 125-28
Sur, town of, 225, 233
Surild Island, 47
Susa, 236, 273
Sutkagen Dor, fort of, 242, 259
Suwadi Islands, 201-2, 209
Suzuki, Tom, 53, 81, 89, 106, 153, 173, 188, 199, 219, 223, 228-29, 232, 239, 241, 245, 247, 250, 295-96, 304. 307. 331» 337; background of> 74
Syria, 122, 236
Tarada, 17
Tawi Arja, mound at, 209, 215
Tell Asmar, 236, 273
Tepe Gawra, 273
Terah, 26
Texaco Japan (vessel), 154
Thant, U, 33
Thesiger, Wilfrid, 12
Thoemwall, Leif, 233, 235
Thomas, St., 44
Tiahuanaco, stone statues at, 43, 150
Tiahuanaco Museum, 47
Tiger sharks, 300
Tigris expedition: boat length, 89;
. building the boat, 28-60; crew
. members, 72-76; to Dilmim, 1
17-63; end of, 334-38; laimching, 61-67; Meluhha (Indus Valley), 253-81; from Meluhha to Punt, 282-320; naming ceremony, 61-62; number of miles sailed, 337; Omani police visit, 191-93; political problems, 80; purpose of, 119; radio contact, 198, 203, 204, 223-24, 225, 233, 234, 247, 285, 286, 311, 315; sailing outside the Gulf, 164-90; in search of the beginnings, 1-27; Sumer temple pyramids and Makan (in Oman), 191-218; towed to Bahrain, 120, 170; trapped between reefs and pirates (Arabian Gulf), 83-116; voyage to Pakistan, 219-52; voyage down Sumerian waterways, 61-83; See also ports of call
Tigris River, 1, 27, 34, 36, 50, 52, 54, 59, 61, 68, 85, 117, 146
Timaeus (Plato), 328-29
Toltec Indians, 74
Tom, see Suzuki, Tom
349
Totora reed boats, 47 Tower of Babel, 3, 25, 53 Triggerfish, kinds of, 305 Tukulti-Ninurta, King, 139 Turkey, 122
Ubara-Tuti, King, 24 Umm-al-Saban Island, 155, 160 United Nations, 33, 199, 203, 205, 314, 317, 319, 322, 331, 335, 336,
337 United World Colleges, 31, 32, 33,
53, 75
Universal Deluge myth, 22
University of Pennsylvania, 23
University of Southampton, 31, 56, 154, 162
Unwin, Sir Stanley, 26
Ur, city of, 2, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25. 47. 49, 117, 120, 121-25, 128-29, 130, 142, 143, 147, 195, 236, 237, 265, 273, 277; destruction of (2050 B.C.), 96
Urdu language, 260, 263
Ur-Nanshe, King, 139
Uru Indians, 43, 44-45, 47
Uruk, city of, 11, 195, 236
Uruk, King of, 281
Usakovsky, Captain Igor, 93-94, 107, 109, 112-13, 114, 115. 116, 118, 120, 131, 132, 134
Utu-nipishtim, King, 22, 24, 25
Utu (Simierian sun god), 23, 122
Vikings, 11, 25, 280, 331 Vinapu, temple walls of, 150 Vinaque, pre-Inca walls at, 150 Viracocha, 44
Wadi Abu Subeira, 101
Wadi al Jitti, 209, 210
Wahan, Hassan, 281
Waldheim, Kurt, 33, 335
Water pollution, 78-79, 199, 283, 291-92, 315, 334; "Painter" phenomenon, 292
Wegener, Alfred L., 326
West Coast of India Pilot, 240, 242
Whales, 306-7
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, 265
Woolley, C. Leonard, 25-26, 125-28, 214
Young, Gavin, 12
Yuri, see Senkevitch, Dr. Yuri Alex-androvich
Zaima, 17
Zeballos Miranda, Luis, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51 Zeus (god), 126, 328 Ziggurats, 146, 150, 195 Ziusudra (priest-king), 23, 24, 137,
147, 148, 214
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