554 Angle of inclinatiOn in 1912: Bishop, Gateway, 190.
554 “WhAt are We to do now?”: Bishop, Goethals, 208–209.
20. LIFE AND TIMES
Because the American community in Panama was a government creation from start to finish, there are endless records of every facet of daily life food, housing, varieties of entertainment, health, job efficiency. The body of documentary material on this one subject alone would be enough for several scholarly theses. Moreover, a vast photographic record was made of that now vanished community, a record from which I have drawn again and again for this account.
PAGE
555–556 Observations by the Outlook reporter: Edwards, 48–50.
556 “A more healthy, well-to-do and companionable group”: Adams, Panama Canal Zone, 6–1.
557 “standardized buildings and standardized men”: Sands, 25.
557 “Every American looked and behaved”: ibid.
557 Sands’train-window view: ibid., 27.
558 “It is as if each were individually proud”: Franck, 225.
559–560 Pay scale: Manual of Information, 1909; Canal Recordy May 27, 1908.
560 “In fact, everything is done”: Canal Record, Sept. 18, 1907.
561 Remembrance of Mamie Lee Kelly: Crede Calhoun, conversation with the author.
562 Winifred Ewing recollection: conversation with the author.
563 Fowler flight: John O. Collins, “The Year 1913 in Canal History,” in Society of the Chagres, Yearbook, 1913.
563 “Hot water and grit soap”: Edwards, 52.
564 Robert Worsley recollection: conversation with the author.
565 $2,500,000 expenditure: Bishop, Gateway, 279.
566 Sapphires and shark’s teeth: John Fitzgerald, conversation with the author.
566 orchids and hounds: General Edwin L. Sibert, conversation with the author.
567 New York banker on socialism and consequences: Abbot, 326–327.
567 “The marvel is”: Edwards, 571.
567 “First of all, there ain’t any democracy”: ibid.
567–568 Harry Franck on the caste system: Zone Policeman 88, 219.
568 “bull-necked, wholehearted, cast-iron fellow”: ibid., 86.
568–569 Corporal Fitzgerald’s experiences: John Fitzgerald, conversation with the author.
568 Footnote: Sands, 5; also Abbot, 235–237.
569–570 “The individuality and character”: Adams, Panama Canal Zone, 16.
570 “Goethals has created”: Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 14, 1912.
570 “Congressmen and senators”: ibid., Jan. 13, 1912.
570 Rose van Hardeveld’s recollection: Make the Dirt Fly, 100.
571 Goethals’ romantic life: R. H. Whitehead, Mrs. R. H. Whitehead, Winter Collins, conversations with the author.
571 Pro- and anti-Goethals’ factions: General Edwin L. Sibert, Katharine Harding Deeble, R. H. Whitehead, D. St. P. Gaillard, conversations with the author.
571 D. St. P. Gaillard recollection: conversation with the author.
571 Goethals’ dislike of others reported in Washington: miscellaneous newspaper clippings, Goethals papers.
572 Footnote: Gorgas and Hendrick, 217.
572 Goethals’ estimate of Gorgas as an administrator: R. H. White head, conversation with the author.
573 Goethals-Gorgas exchange: Gorgas and Hendrick, 222.
573 Whitehead opinion: conversation with the author.
574 Gaillard stricken at lunch: D. St. P. Gaillard, conversation with the author.
574 “Poor Gaillard”: Bishop, Goethals, 207.
574 “Your father has killed my husband”: Mrs. Thomas Goethals, conversation with the author.
574 Goethals and D. St. P. Gaillard do not speak: D. St. P. Gaillard, conversation with the author.
575 “that I might someday solemnly raise my hand”: Franck. 12.
576 “Even New Englanders”: ibid., 225.
576 Black teacher-pupil ratio: Canal Record, July 7, 1909.
576 “As for the man whose skin”: Franck, 221.
577 “Most of us came from our homelands”: John Butcher in Reminiscences.
578 “The visitor who saw first”: Abbot, 344–345.
578 Difference in benefits derived by black and white workers: Bishop, Gateway, 279.
579 Stevens’ view: Stevens’ testimony, Jan. 16, 1906, Hearings. . . an Investigation. 579 Amount of illiteracy: Franck, 129.
579–580 Account by Jeremiah Waisome: Reminiscences.
580 Experience of Clifford St. John: ibid.
581 Account by Edgar Simmons: ibid.
582 Figures of illness and fatalities: Isthmian Canal Commission, Annual Report, 1914, 381–391.
582 Accident figures: ibid.
582 “Some of the costs of the canal are here”: Franck, 85.
583–585 Account by James A. Williams: Reminiscences.
585 78,000 would have died: Gorgas, Sanitation, 283.
586 “In temperament and tradition”: Edwards, 81–82.
586 “It is hard to like people who”: ibid., 93.
586 Robert Wood view: Monument, 43.
586 “They hate us because”: Abbot, 235.
586–587 Rose van Hardeveld feelings: Make the Dirt Fly, 116–117.
587 “They joined their settlements”: Sands, 30–31.
587 “These people are of no more use”: ibid., 31.
587 “The Americans took awful advantage”: Alice Anderson, conversation with the author.
588 “It is said Amador gets half the loot”: Rousseau to Goethals, Oct. 8, 1908, Goethals papers.
21. TRIUMPH
The collection of superb papers in Vol. II of The Panama Canal: An Engineering Treatise, edited by Goethals, has been the main source for this account of the locks and how they were built. The authors of the papers were the principal builders themselves: Hodges, Goldmark, Whitehead, and Schildhauer, among others. Colonel Sibert’s essay, “Construction of Gatun Locks, Dam, and Spillway,” is contained in Vol. I. The various figures pertaining to the canal after 1914 are from materials provided by the Panama Canal Information Office.
PAGE
589 “It is hard for me to transmit to you”: Wood, 44.
597 Gates swing “easily and steadily”: Bishop, Gateway, 372.
598 “Strongly as the Panama Canal appeals”: Ira E. Bennett, in Bennett, 322.
598 Pittsburgh participation: “Industrial Roll of Honor,” ibid., 436–460.
602 “No specifications could have been more exacting”: J. W. Upp, “An Instance of Co-operation,” General Electric Review, Jan. 1914.
603 “They were very smart people”: Roy Wallace, conversation with the author.
603–604 French-Olmsted report: quoted in Mack, 512.
604 “The pride everyone feels”: Scientific American, Mar. 9, 1912.
604 “Men reported to work early”: Wood, 36.
604 Upper gates operated: Scientific American, June 22, 1912.
605 “The Cut tonight”: N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 1913.
605–606 Gatun makes first passage through the locks: John O. Collins, “The Year 1913 in Canal History,” in Society of the Chagres, Yearbook, 1913; photographs, National Archives; N.Y. Times, Sept. 27, 1913.
606 President Wilson sets off Gamboa blast: N.Y. Times, Oct. 11, 1913.
608 “Mr. Dooley” on Goethals: Bishop, Goethals, 255.
609 “So quietly did she pursue her way”: John Barrett, “The Opening of the Panama Canal,” Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Sept. 1914.
613 Engineers do not regard Pacific arrangement as a limiting factor: Maj. Gen. David S. Parker, correspondence with the author.
613 1974 slide: Panama Canal Spillway, Oct. 18, 1974.
614 “we. . . have no property rights”: quoted in W. Va. Gazette, undated clipping, Goethals papers.
AFTERWORD
616 “I had never encountered such a powerful personality”: Eric Sevareid, “The Man
who Invented Panama,” American Heritage, Aug. 1963.
617 “One of the rather contemptible features”: Roosevelt to Bunau-Varilla, July 7, 1914, quoted in Wagenknecht, 272.
617 Goethals refuses use of name: R. H. Whitehead, conversation with the author.
617 “I believe that we are but children picking up pebbles”: Stevens, Engineer’s Recollections, 69.
Sources
I. MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Library of Congress
Philippe Bunau-Varilla Papers
George Goethals Papers
William Gorgas Papers
John Hay Papers
A. T. Mahan Papers
Theodore Roosevelt Papers
Thomas Oliver Selfridge Papers
John F. Stevens Papers
William H. Taft Papers
John G. Walker Papers
National Archives
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Records of the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panamá
Records of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique
Records of the Isthmian Canal Commission
John Bigelow Papers, New York Public Library
George S. Morison Papers, Peterborough, N. H .
Alfred Noble Papers, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Park-McCullough Papers, North Bennington, Vermont
General Francis E. Pinto Diary (1848), New York Public Library
Richard H. Whitehead Papers, Laconia, N. H .
Reminiscences of life and work during the construction of the Panama Canal
(letters in response to a competition in 1963), Isthmian Historical Society,
Balboa Heights, C.Z.
II. OFFICIAL AND SEMIOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
Canal Record. Ancon, C.Z. 1907–1914.
Chambre des Deputes. 5e Legislature, Session de 1893, Rapport General Fait au Nom de la Commission d'Enquete Chargee de Faire la Lumiere sur les Allegations Portees a la Tribune a I’Occasion des Affaires de Panama. 3 vols. Paris, 1893.
Congressional Record. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Cour d’Appel de Paris, Ire Chambre. Plaidoirie de Me. Henri Barboux pour MM. Ferdinand et Charles de Lesseps. Paris, 1893.
Davis, Rear Admiral Charles H. Report on Interoceanic Canals and Railroads between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1867.
Diplomatic History of the Panama Canal (Sen. Doc. 414, 63rd Cong., 2nd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914.
Goethals, George W., ed. The Panama Canal: An Engineering Treatise. 2 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1916
Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interoceanic Canals on H.R. 3110 (Sen. Doc. 253, 57th Cong., 1st Sess.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902.
Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interoceanic Canals on the Senate Resolution Providing for an Investigation of Matters Relating to the Panama Canal (Sen. Doc. 401, 59th Cong. 2nd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907.
Howard, L. O. The Yellow Fever Mosquito (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Farmer’s Bulletin 547). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913.
Instructions to Rear Admiral Daniel Ammen and Civil Engineer A. G. Menocal, U.S. Navy, Delegates on the Part of the United States to the Inter-oceanic Canal Congress, Held at Paris May, 1819, and Reports of the Proceedings of the Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1879.
Isthmian Canal Commission. Annual Reports. 1904–1914.
Kimball, Lieutenant William W. Special Intelligence Report on the Progress of the Work on the Panama Canal during the Year 1885 (House Misc. Doc. 395, 49th Cong., 1st Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886.
List of Books and of Articles in Periodicals Relating to Interoceanic Canal and Railway Routes (Sen. Doc. No. 59, 56th Cong., 1st Sess.). Compiled by Hugh A. Morrison, Jr., of the Library of Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900.
Lull, Edward P. Reports of Explorations and Surveys for the Location of Interoceanic Ship-Canals through the Isthmus of Panama, and by the Valley of the River Napipi, by U.S. Naval Expeditions, 1815 (Sen. Exec. Doc. 15, 45th Cong., 3rd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1879.
–––Reports of Explorations and Surveys for the Location of a Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Nicaragua, 1812–1813 {Sen. Exec. Doc. 51, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874.
Manual of Information Concerning Employments for Service on the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909.
Minutes of Meetings of the Isthmian Canal Commission. 1905–1914.
The Panama Canal, 25th Anniversary. Canal Zone Publication, 1939.
Papers on Naval Operations during the Year Ending 1885. Navy Department, Bureau of Navigation, Office of Naval Intelligence. Washington, 1885.
Report of the Board of Consulting Engineers for the Panama Canal. Washington; Government Printing Office, 1906.
Report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, 1889–1901 (Sen. Doc. 222, 58th Cong., 2nd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1818. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1878.
Rodgers, Lieutenant Raymond P. Progress of Work on Panama Ship-Canal (Sen. Doc. 123, 48th Cong., 1st Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1884.
Rogers, Lieutenant Charles C. Intelligence Report of the Panama Canal, March 30, 1881 (House Misc. Doc. 599, 50th Cong., 1st Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Special Message of the President of the United States Concerning the Panama Canal. Washington, 1906.
Selfridge, Commander Thomas Oliver. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Practicability of a Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by way of the Isthmus of Darien. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874.
Shufeldt, Captain Robert W. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Practicability of a Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by way of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sen. Exec. Doc 6, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872.
Sullivan, Lieutenant John T. Report of Historical and Technical Information relating to the Problem of Interoceanic Communication by way of the American Isthmus (House Exec. Doc. 101, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1883.
The Story of Panama: Hearings on the Rainey Resolution before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913.
Testimony Taken Before the Select Committee on the Interoceanic Ship Canal. Washington, 1880.
III. OTHER PUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES
Abbot, Willis John. Panama and the Canal in Picture and Prose. New York:
Syndicate Publishing Co., 1913.
Adams, Charles Francis. The Panama Canal Zone. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1911.
Adams, Frederick Upham. Conquest of the Tropics: The Story of the Creative Enterprise Conducted by the United Fruit Company. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914.
Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1918. (Sentry Edition, 1961.)
–––Letters, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930–1938.
Addresses at the de Lesseps Banquet Given at Delmonico’s, March 1, 1880. New York, 1880.
Amicis, Edmondo de. Studies of Paris. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882.
Ammen, Daniel. American Isthmian Canal Routes. Philadelphia, 1889.
–––The Old Navy and the New. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1891.
Arango, Jose Augustin. Datos para la hist or ia de la independencia del istmo. Panama, 1922.
Avery, Ralph Emmett. America’s Triumph at Panama. Chicago: L. W. Walter Co., 1913.
Baedeker, Karl. Paris and Environs. London, 1900.
; Bancroft, George. History of the United States, from the Discovery of the Continent. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1884.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of California. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Co., 1884.
–––The New Pacific. San Francisco Bancroft Co., 1912.
Barnard, Henry. Scientific Schools, Part 1, France. The Polytechnic School at Paris. 1862.
Barres, Maurice. Leurs Figures. Paris: F. Juven, 1911.
Batbedat, Th. DeLesseps Intime. Paris, 1899.
Bates, Lindon Wallace. Retrieval at Panama. New York, 1907.
Bennett, Ira E., ed. History of the Panama Canal: Its Construction and Builders. Washington: Historical Publishing Co., 1915.
Bertrand, Alphonse, and E. Ferrier. Ferdinand de Lesseps. Paris: G. Charpentier et Cie., 1887.
Bidwell, Charles. The Isthmus of Panama. London: Chapman & Hall, 1865.
Bigelow, John. The Panama Canal. Report of the Hon. John Bigelow, Delegated by the Chamber of Commerce of New York to Assist at the Inspection of the Panama Canal in February, 1886. New York: Press of the Chamber of Commerce, 1886.
Bishop, Farnham. Panama, Past and Present. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1913.
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin. The Panama Gateway. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913.
–––Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920.
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin and Farnham. Goethals: Genius of the Panama Canal. A Biography. New York: Harper and Bros., 1930.
Bryce, James. South America. Observations and Impressions. New York: Macmillan Co., 1912.
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe. From- Panama to Verdun: My Fight for France. Philadelphia: Dorrance and Co., 1940.
–––The Great Adventure of Panama. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1920.
–––Panama: The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection. New York: Robert M. McBride, 1920.
–––Panama or Nicaragua? (pamphlet). New York, 1901.
Butler, Benjamin F. Butler’s Book. Boston: A. M. Thayer & Co., 1892.
Cermoise, Henri. Deux Ans a Panama. Notes et Recits d’un Ingenieur au Canal. Paris: C. Marpon et E. Flammarion, 1886.
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