colleagues questioned the news: Conant, 109 East Palace, 244.
Fuchs’s former next-door neighbor: Gleick, Genius, 191.
In an interview with the FBI: FBI, File no. 5, 2.5.1950, 25; interview with Hans Bethe, 2.14.1950.
considered Fuchs’s motives: MI5 website, 1950 box, comment by Dick White.
none of them knew that he was a spy: NA, AB 27/8, Philip Lee to Cockcroft, 3.15.1950.
The obliviousness of MI5: NA, KV 2/1252, Robertson note, 2.15.1950.
Those from the internment camps: NA, KV 2/1252, Martin J. Muller to Mr. Sykes, 2.13.1950.
Fuchs asked Skardon: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon notes, 2.8.1950.
Martin cabled Washington: NA, KV 6/134, Martin cable to Washington, 2.8.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.3.1950 and 2.8.1950.
Genia Peierls reflected on the years: BODLEIAN-P, Genia Peierls, taped interview.
Klaus wrote to his father: FAM, KF to EF, 2.21.1949.
his last rendezvous: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 199n61. Feklisov explains that information in the KGB archives says the meeting was on April 1. Since he would never meet on such a day—they usually met on a Saturday—he wrote that they met on April 2.
Sitting in a prison cell: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to EF, 5.10.1950.
When MI5 received a telegram: NA KV 6/134, Patterson memo about PH.60, 8.16.1949.
As for suspecting: NA AB 46/232, 9.27.1949 and 9.27.1949; AB 46/232 and KV 2/1266, both 9.29.1949; KV 2/1247, report, 10.7.1949.
CHAPTER 22: TRIAL, LONDON, MARCH 1950
wires between the U.S. and the U.K. security: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.
he testified that Fuchs: Marshall Andrews and Alfred Friendly, “Hydrogen Bomb Secret Feared Given Russians,” Washington Post, 4.2.50, 1.
They had a noncooperative security service: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.
“Wrong in principle”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.
British legal procedures restricted: NA, KV 2/1263, DG to Hoover, cable, 2.6.1950.
the FBI warned the Foreign Office: NA, FO 371/82902, 2.6.1950.
The British political air: BODLEIAN-P, RP to Bethe, 3.30.1950.
Liddell agreed with the necessity: NA, KV 4/472, 6.2.1950, and Liddell diary, 6.9.1950.
That morning, police drove Fuchs: Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy, 126; NA, KV 2/1263, “Confession Alleged in Atom Case,” Daily Telegraph, Feb. 11, 1950.
Fuchs’s confidence in the rightness: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys’s opening statement, 2.10.1950.
Humphreys omitted a few sentences: NA, KV 2/1265, Hill note, 2.8.1950.
Humphreys called four witnesses: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys’s conference meeting, 2.3.1950; CRIM 1/2052, Skardon testimony, 2.10.1950.
“What Skardon said”: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinners’ prison visit, 2.25.1950.
At the end of the hearing: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys statement; CRIM 1/2052, court documents; KV 2/1263, Hill note, all on 2.10.1950.
Skardon made a visit to Brixton: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.15.1950.
the governor of Brixton Prison alerted: NA, PCOM 9/2377/2, minute from governor, 2.15.1950.
Fuchs had arrived basically healthy: NA, PCOM 9/2377/3, note from physical exam, 2.14.1950.
On the afternoon of Fuchs’s arrest: NA, KV 6/134, cable to Washington, 2.2.1950.
Two FBI agents found Christel: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.
she was perfectly rational: FBI, Fuchs File no. 8, 3.3.1950, 93–94. Technically, it was deleted. It was not released by the FBI.
She didn’t know much: NA, KC 6/134, Washington to Martin, 2.13.1950.
FBI agents interviewed: FBI, 3.24.1950.
MI5 questioned Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1251, Martin to Washington, 2.7.1950.
The interest in Halperin’s diary: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.31.1950.
Hoover whipped up a storm: FBI, no. 3, 2.20.1950, 29–33.
American and British code breakers: NA, KV 6/134, Patterson to Martin (Sillitoe), 8.16.1949; KV 6/134, Oldfield to Martin, 8.17.1949; Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers, 36–38.
Sillitoe agreed emphatically: FBI, no. 3, 2.20.1950, 29–33, and no. 6, 2.28.1950, 65.
American embassy’s FBI liaison: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.16.1950.
Brixton was a real prison: NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.21.1950.
The Skinners came down: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinners’ visit, 2.25.1950.
The Peierlses visited: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.15.1950.
Fuchs identify places involved: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.11.1950.
Fuchs described the young woman: NA, KV 6/134, Fuchs note, 2.17.1950.
he gave Skardon a couple of names: NA, KV 2/1879, Skardon note, 3.9.1950. MI5 seemed to use the Soviet secret police organizations GRU and OGPU interchangeably.
Johanna Klopstech, German-born: NA, KV 6/135, DG to Patterson, 3.17.1950.
He wasn’t to be tried for treason: Moorehead, Traitors, 152.
“Strangely enough at that instant”: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 216, as translated from 1983 Stasi interview of Fuchs.
the date for Fuchs’s trial: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to HA, 4.14.1950.
the charges against Fuchs: NA, CRIM 1/2052.
Shawcross opened with Fuchs’s motives: NA, KV 2/1264, trial transcript, 10.
Shawcross’s portrayal of Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1257, McBarnet minute and White to Perrin, 4.6.1951 and 5.18.1951.
Hoping to soften Fuchs’s sentence: NA, KV 2/1264, trial transcript.
“Luckily, the Americans were not”: “Thank You, My Lord,” Time, March 13, 1950.
“gross fabrication since Fuchs”: TASS, March 7, 1950, archive.org/stream/KlausFuchs/fuchs98_djvu.txt.
CHAPTER 23: THE FBI, LONDON, MAY 1950
Fuchs’s attorney had three weeks: FBI, no. 8, Ladd to Hoover, 3.6.1950.
MI5 provided the FBI: NA, KV 6/135, Sillitoe to Patterson, 3.9.1950.
Whitson’s sop that MI5: FBI, 3.17.1950.
Director General Sillitoe had his own problems: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.17.1950.
Parliament had buzzed: NA, KV 2/1253, “The Case of Klaus Fuchs.”
Relying on Sillitoe’s brief: NA, PREM 18/1279, extract from the PM’s address, 3.6.1950; KV 2/1263, Hill note, 2.20.1950; Liddell to Mathew, 2.23.1950.
the most insidious spies: NA, KV 2/1263, Edward Bridges to Sillitoe, 3.8.1950.
“I hope you understand”: NA, KV 2/1270, Serpell interview, 3.23.1950.
Serpell considered Radomysler’s judgment: NA, KV 2/1254, Serpell memo, 3.23.1950.
The report allowed: NA, PREM 18/1279, memos to Sir Edward Bridges and the PM, 3.30.1950.
MI5 hadn’t contacted internees: NA, CAB 126/338, 6.16.1950; NBLA, Williams files, “Talks on Security Standards at Washington, July 19–21, 1950.”
unearth his American contact: NA, KV 6/135, D.C. to Martin, cable, 3.8.1950.
Fuchs was settling into prison: NA, KV 2/1253, Skardon memos, 3.9–10.1950; KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 5.11.1950.
“That guy Skardon of yours”: NA, KV 26/135, Washington to Martin, 3.9.1950.
they wanted Fuchs in America: NA, KV 6/135, Martin to D.C., 3.8.1950; Washington to Martin, 3.9.1950.
Would MI5 transport him?: NA, KV 6/135, Sillitoe to Patterson, 3.14.1950.
granting the FBI access: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.24.1950.
The Home Office feared the precedent: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.28.1950.
Sillitoe cabled Patterson: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.28.1950.
It was the fourth leak: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.6.1950.
He saw the interrogation: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.19.1950.
they needed Fuchs’s agreement: NA, KV 2/1253, Skardon memos, 3.9�
��10.1950; KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 5.11.1950.
He assumed that protecting Christel: Lamphere interview, in “Secret Victories of the KGB,” Red Files, PBS.
Lamphere and Clegg had brought: NA, KV 2/3797, Marriott to D.C., 5.20.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.20.1950.
Fuchs saw the film again: FBI, FBI confession, edited by Roger Allen and Linda S. Meade, July 26, 1950.
“Yes, that is my American contact”: Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 208. Marshall Perlin, an American attorney, visited with Fuchs in prison years later. According to him, Fuchs said that he never identified Gold as his courier. Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 120. However, according to KGB files, Fuchs told them he did after Gold had confessed.
the FBI had taken Gold: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 64.
Gold engaged in small-scale industrial espionage: Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 32–58.
called the FBI’s attention to Gold: FBI, File no. 4, Teletype between FBI offices, 2.24.1950, 76.
his defenses crumbled: FBI, “VII. Identification of Harry Gold as ‘Goose’ and Subsequent Developments,” 125–30; Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 207.
When Fuchs visited Christel: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 156.
he never involved Christel: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.
“He had several further meetings”: NA, AB 1/695, Perrin notes on Fuchs interview, 1.3.1950.
When Gold’s arrest: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 147.
Hoover demanded that all FBI: Henry T. Gallagher, “Behind Hoover’s FBI and Ole Miss, Clegg Was a Force,” Clarion Ledger, June 13, 2015.
“The arrest of Harry GOLD”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.22.1950.
Patterson sent a telegram: NA, KV 2/3797, D.C. to MI5, 5.25.1950.
Liddell considered the tactics: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.9.1950; KV 6/135, Patterson cable, 5.25.1950.
Fuchs signed two statements: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 152.
Klaus wrote to Erna: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950; and KF to Erna, 6.6.1950.
He asked Lamphere and Clegg to meet: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.1.1950; Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 158–59.
According to Clegg’s report: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.9.1950, 6.13.1950, 6.26.1950.
CHAPTER 24: PRISON, WORMWOOD SCRUBS, 1950 AND ON
Skardon wrote a letter: NA, KV 6/135, Skardon to Paice, 6.8.1950.
Klaus wrote to Christel: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950.
her family had paid a price: Stephen Heinemann, interview with author, Sept. 2013.
every day was the same: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950; FAM, Catchpool to EF, 5.23.1950.
officials moved him to HM Prison Stafford: NA, KV 2/1255, Skardon note, 6.29.1950.
Fuchs was held in maximum security: NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, 1950 reports from Stafford prison.
Letters were fewer: NA, KV 2/2030, H. Skinner to KF, 12.20.1950; KV 2/1257, E. Skinner to KF, 2.20.1951.
Klaus decided to forgo physics: NA, PCOM 9/2377/2, letter to Paice, 2.26.1953.
Ursula claimed never: Werner, Sonya’s Report, 285–88; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 86.
MI5 realized that their approach: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.21.1950.
reverse naturalization as a punishment: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Under Secretary of State, 6.28.1950.
“There is no doubt”: NA, KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 7.14.1950.
The Deprivation of Citizenship Committee: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 95.
read parts of Fuchs’s letter: NA, KV 2/1265, “British Nationality of Fuchs,” Times (London), Dec. 21, 1950.
the Home Office canceled his citizenship: NA, KV 2/1265, Home Office, 2.12.1952.
Emil visited Gerhard: NA, KV 2/1257, EF to KF, 2.18.1951.
ended the letter with good wishes: NA, KV 2/1257, KF to EF, 5.12.1951.
two governments had established talks: NA, CAB 126/338, 6.16.1950.
MI5 took an opportunity: NA, KV 2/1257, Prison Commission to Sillitoe, 3.7.1951.
“anti-Communist propaganda”: NA, PCOM 9/377, note on Sillitoe visit, 3.7.1951.
Moorehead proceeded without meeting Fuchs: CHURCH, Moorehead to Born, 10.27.1951, and Born to Moorehead, 11.2.1950.
Skardon was Moorehead’s minder: Moorehead, Traitors, 143.
featured Fuchs and two other atomic spies: “Atom-Verrat,” Der Spiegel, Sept. 24, 1952.
“How that conscience was formed”: Moorehead, Traitors, 66.
reminded him of the martyrs: Raymond Mortimer, “Three Traitors,” Times (London), July 1950.
Emil Fuchs had his own unique response: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:128.
stories of Fuchs sold newspapers: NA, CAB 21/4320, memo to Frank Newsam, 7.17.1952, and PREM 11/2079, DMF to PM, 7.16.1952.
Fuchs continued to do research: NA, CAB 126/339, Washington, D.C., to Cabinet office, 4.24.1951.
MI5’s Guy Liddell was: NA, ES 1/493, Liddell to Morgan, 6.10.1952.
Penney, Skardon, and an MI6 officer: NA, ES 1/493, Morgan to Penney, 2.9.1953.
the prison system had moved Fuchs: NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, 1954 reports from Wakefield prison.
the distance from Harwell increased: NA, PCOM 9/337/2, letter to Paice, 2.26.53.
twenty-one-year-old nephew, Klaus Kittowski: NA, PREM 11/2079, CR to PM, 5.17.1957.
Finally, father and son reunited: NA, PREM 11/2079, CR to PM, 5.17.1957.
Fuchs’s good behavior: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 57.
more than a model prisoner: NA, PCOM 9/2377, W. F. Roper, 1.31.1958.
He shared his cigarettes: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986; NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, reports from Wakefield prison.
began to contemplate Fuchs’s release: NA, PCOM 9/2377, Cunningham and Hoyer-Millar, 12.13.1957 and 1.6.1958.
Fuchs went to East Germany: NA, CAB 128/33/32, 5.28.1959, 5; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 64.
Emil could still draw on: FAM, EF to Ministry of the Interior, East Germany, 2.12.1959, and EF to Stephen Thorne, 3.2.1959.
As the KGB wrote: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 58.
Arrangements for him to leave: NA, CAB 301/108, 6.11.1959, 1176.
“Dear Klaus”: FAM, RP to KF, 6.15.1959.
The one person Fuchs did trust: NA, PCOM 9/2377, J.H.W. memo, 4.29.1958.
“I’ll be glad enough”: Lang, “Letter from Harwell,” 154.
“I can’t call him a friend”: Moss, Klaus Fuchs, 127.
They were driving to London Airport: London Airport is now Heathrow Airport.
he sat in a private room: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 225.
Mixed feelings accompanied his departure: NA, PCOM 9/2377, newspaper reports, 6.23–24.1959.
he expressed some regret: NA, PCOM 9/2377, Hugh McLeave, “Fuchs: No Resentment,” 6.23.1959.
CHAPTER 25: EAST GERMANY, BERLIN 1959
ensure Klaus’s safe arrival: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 59.
reporters, who jumped into their cars: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2012.
Johnson called at Wandlitz: Johnson, Reuter Reporter Among the Communists, 158–63.
“I could not have embraced”: Mott, Life in Science, 51.
Other requests were equally tied: FAM, A. W. Miles to KF, 1.7.1960.
He relived memories with old friends: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 8.13.1959 and 9.12.1959.
Nitschke, impressed with Klaus’s humble: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 7.29.1959.
the cloud over Fuchs’s reputation: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 7.29.1959; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 63.
extended an invitation from t
he KGB: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 226.
Barwich wanted Fuchs to create: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, n.d.
Fuchs’s positions as deputy director: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, signature illegible, approx. 1.9.1959; BA DY30 7970, form.
Klaus had been enamored: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.
he had sent her amusing letters: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 224.
Klaus and Grete were opposites: Heidi Holzer, interview with author, Sept. 2013.
Klaus took a short break: FAM, Hermann Scherzich (?) to KF, 7.22.1959.
“Fuchs is an outstanding”: Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists to East Germany,” 418.
He struggled with this: FAM, KF, interview with Sonntag, 1.8.1987.
there were intrigues: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke report, 9.29.1959.
When he applied for admission: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2017.
Klaus acknowledged to the reporter: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 9.9.1962.
Declaring the article: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 9.29.1962.
Everyone was a potential informant: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Nov. 2018.
Klaus was ready for another cure: BA, DY30–9293627.4.60.
He had a hard entry: There is confusion over whether Fuchs went to Russia immediately after arriving in Berlin.
CHAPTER 26: EXPECTATIONS, DRESDEN 1960
the bureaucracy that Klaus faced: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 5.15.1960, 61.
how much he told counterintelligence: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 3.15.1960 and 5.15.1960, 60–61.
Klaus saw breeder reactors: Klaus Fuchs, “The Promise of Nuclear Power,” special issue, Kernenergie 7, no. 6/7 (1964): 368.
the peaceful use of atomic energy: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, Kvasnikov memo on 5.28.1960 meeting, 63.
Fuchs canceled his activities: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, May and June 1960, 61–65.
Hans described Klaus: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 5.28.1960, 61.
A Stasi informant reported: STASI, “Sonderabt. Ltr.,” signature redacted, 7.13.1960; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, Starikov memo, 6.2.1960.
Klaus had helped the Chinese: Communication with Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski and Guenther Flach.
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