by Mark Cuban
elites. See also professional elites; rich, the
antiracism norm among, 60–63
approach to the poor vs. working class, 4, 5
class cluelessness among, rise of, 2–4, 130
on college, necessity of, 43–45, 86
definition and use of term, 10
family of (see families, elite)
folkways of, 12, 33–34, 36, 45
income of, 10, 91
parenting approaches of, 54–57
racism among (see racism)
social networks of, 29–30, 47
values of (see values)
women (see women, elite)
working-class resentment of, 25–34
Ely, Robin, 81
emergency medical technicians (EMTs), 80
empathy, 6, 66, 129
EMTs (emergency medical technicians), 80
energy refugees, 103
engineers, 61–62
entrepreneurial networks, 29
environmental policy, 116
equality
gender, 74, 76, 77, 80–82
marriage, 32–33, 66
social, 4, 71–72, 130
structural nature of inequality, 23, 111
ethics. See morality; values; work ethic
Europe, class culture gap in, 122
families, elite
college prospects of, 47, 48
nonfamily priorities in, 54
parenting approaches in, 54–57
and relocation for jobs, 36–37, 41
talk in, 28–29
families, working-class
of class migrants, 29, 36, 50–51, 111–112
college prospects of, 47–48
in identity, 39–40, 75
parenting approaches in, 53–57
in resistance to relocation, 36, 39–41
social lives built around, 40
talk in, 28–29
as top priority, 31–33, 80
family, as metaphor for coalitions, 112–113, 131
family values, of working class
as aspiration, 40–41
in cultural voting, 122
meaning of, 31
and racism, 62
reasons for embrace of, 31–33
farm workers, 115–116
fears, of Trump supporters, 65–66
Federal Trade Commission, 101–102
feeling rules, 67
femi-nazis, 77–78
FiveThirtyEight (website), 11–12
folkways
definition of, 12
of elites, 12, 33–34, 36, 45
of white working class, 12, 70
food
as class divide, 28, 30
government role in, 101, 102
Food and Drug Administration, 101
food stamps, 21–22, 98, 105
Forging Rivals (Schiller), 59
Frank, Thomas, What’s the Matter with Kansas, 124
Freedom Budget, 72
free trade, 114
Friel, Edward, Jr., 78
Garner, Eric, 117–118
gay marriage, 32–33, 66
gay rights, 109–113
gender
in hiring decisions, 55
meaning in working-class context, 74, 77
gender bias, 79. See also sexism
gender equality
elite men’s views on, 80–82
working-class men’s views on, 80–81
working-class women’s views on, 74, 76, 77
gender roles, shifting attitudes toward, 81
geographic mobility
for college, 47–49
for jobs, 35–41
Germany
blue-collar jobs in, 94
manufacturing in, 84, 90
glass ceiling, 73–74, 77
globalization, 83
global outsourcing, 89, 114
Golden Triangle Link, 88
good men, 78
government, negative attitudes toward, 100–107
government benefits, 97–107. See also subsidies
disability, 21–22, 98–99
gaps in public understanding of, 97–101
how to improve public understanding of, 101–107
means-tested, 21–22
unemployment, 21–22
working-class views on, 21–23, 100, 124
Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 2
hard-living families, 14, 17–19, 62, 63
hard work, value of, 17, 18t, 20, 66
Harris, Angela, 130
Head Start, 14
health care
under Medicare, 97, 100, 102
under Obamacare, 13, 100
technology in, 93–94
helicopter parenting, 57
higher education. See college education
high school education
civics courses in, 105–106
income effects of, 45, 49, 91
as indicator of Trump support, 12
vocational training in, 85
Hillbilly Elegy (Vance), 14, 17–21, 29, 45, 106
Hispanic Americans, 110–111
Hochschild, Arlie
on dinner parties, 28
on family ties, 40
on hostility to government, 101
on importance of jobs, 124
on Limbaugh, 70, 77–78
on regulatory capture, 103
on whites’ sense of loss, 67–70
on working-class women, 74, 75, 77–78
home health care aides, 93
home mortgage interest deduction, 100
home ownership, 102
honor. See social honor
hooks, bell, 53–54
Human Rights Campaign, 110
human rights issues, 113
identity
of professional elites, role of work in, 37–38
of working class, role of family in, 39–40, 75
identity politics, 6
immigrants
government policy on, 115–116
Latino views on undocumented, 110–111
in rural areas, 66
Trump’s rhetoric on, 64
white working-class views on, 66–67
implicit association test, 60–61, 117
income
of college graduates, 45, 49, 86
of elites, 10, 91
of high school graduates, 45, 49, 91
as measure of masculinity, 91
of middle class, 3, 9–10
of the poor, 11
universal basic, 84
of working class, 3, 10, 11
independence, of nonelite children, 56
industrial policy, 84, 90, 99
inequality. See equality
Inglis, Robert, 100
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 87
international trade policy, 114
interracial coalitions, 59–60, 71–72, 131
Iraq, 118–119
irony, vs. sincerity, as class divide, 30
“It Gets Better” Project, 105
jobs. See also specific types
challenges and demands of working class, 14–15
vs. character, in working-class values, 31
elite devotion to, 37–38, 57, 77
future of working-class, 93–95
gender in hiring for, 55
in identity of professional elites, 37–38
questions about, as elite icebreaker, 31
race in hiring for, 61
relocating for, 35–41
for working-class college graduates, 45–46
Joffe-Walt, Chana, 98–99
justice, economic, interracial coalition for, 60, 71–72, 131
Justice Department, 117
Kefalas, Maria, 19–20
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 60, 71–72
labor mobility, 35–41
labor unions. See unions
Lamont, Michèle
on admiration of the rich, 26
>
on antiracist whites, 62–63
on class migrants, 51
on values of immigrants, 66
on values of working class, 17, 17n, 19, 31, 111
Lareau, Annette
on family in social lives, 40
on parenting, 53, 54, 55, 56
on resentment of professional elites, 25–26
Unequal Childhoods, 53
Lathan, Brenda, 88
Latinos
in presidential election of 2016, 110
as values voters, 110–111
lawyers
role of class in hiring of, 46, 55
role of gender in hiring of, 55
working-class resentment of, 25
learning disabilities, 48
Lebsock, Suzanne, 59–60
Lee, Richard, 61
LGBTQ community, 109–113
liberals
ambit of responsibility of, 69
on necessity of college, 84
patriotism among, 106
policy recommendations for, 114–119
strategies for connecting with working class, 109–119
on ubiquity of racism, 61
likeability, of women vs. men, 79
Limbaugh, Rush, 70, 77–78
loans, student, 49, 100, 105
loss, whites’ sense of, 67–70
low-income families. See poor, the
manliness. See masculinity
manufacturing jobs
decline of, 83–84, 88, 114
future of, 94
middle-level skills needed for, 84–85
return of, 89–90
Markle Foundation, 86, 93
marriage
children born outside of, 41
decline in, 41
gay, 32–33, 66
“Married . . . With Children” (television show), 2
masculinity
among professional elites, 38
among working class, 80, 91–92
McCorkell, Lisa, 22
McGovern, George, 123
means-tested government benefits, 21–22
media market, class in segmentation of, 27
Medicare, 97, 100, 102
men. See also masculinity
as breadwinners, 76, 78, 80, 91, 92
child care participation by, 80
on gender equality, 80–82
likeability as optional for, 79
in pink-collar jobs, 91–93
real vs. good, 78
work in identity of, 37–38
merit, 6
vs. morality, 16–17, 63
racism in assessments of, 61, 63
Mettler, Suzanne, 47, 104–105
The Submerged State, 98
Microsoft, 94
middle class
definitions and use of term, 9–10
income of, 9–10
self-identification as, 9
subsidies for, 100
middle-skill jobs, 84
migrants, class. See class migrants
military, U.S., 104, 118–119
minimum wage, 127
minorities. See people of color; specific groups
misogyny, 131
Mississippi, Golden Triangle Link in, 88
MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy, 85
mobility, geographic
for college, 47–49
for jobs, 35–41
morality. See also values
black working class on, 16–17, 18t, 111
vs. merit, 16–17, 63
racism in assessments of, 61, 63
white working class on, 16–17, 18t, 111
mortgage interest deduction, 100
Muslim registry, 116
“Mythology of Trump’s Working Class Support, The” (Silver), 11
National Electrical Contractors Association, 87
National Institutes of Health, 102
nationalism, authoritarian, 4
National Science Foundation, 102
natural growth, ideology of, 53–54
networked service jobs, 93–94
networks. See also social networks
clique, 35–36, 48
entrepreneurial, 29
New Deal, 122
New York Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute, 93
norms
antiracism, 61
avant-garde, 32
constitutional, 117, 119
sympathy, 67
novelty, elites’ embrace of, 27–28
nursing jobs, 93
Obama, Barack
approval ratings of, 64
and class culture gap, 121–122
educational level of supporters of, 12
health care under, 13, 100
stimulus program of, 98
student loans under, 105
trade policy of, 114
Obamacare (Affordable Care Act), 13, 100
Olson, Ted, 32–33
online college classes, 86
outsourcing, 89, 114
parenting, 53–57. See also families
elite approaches to, 54–57
tag-team, 15, 75–76
working-class approaches to, 53–57
patriotism, 102, 106
Paul, Joel, 114
People for the American Way, 2
people of color. See also specific groups
discrimination against (see racism)
false choice between white working class and, 71, 109–110, 130–131
in presidential election of 2016, 110
Phillips, Frank, 114
pink-collar workers
men as, 91–93
women as, 74
plumbers, 95
PME (professional-managerial elite), 10. See also professional elites
polarization, political, 3–4, 130
policing
at Democratic convention of 1968, 123
and race, 116–119
political correctness, opposition to, 4, 64, 71, 78, 110, 129
political parties. See Democratic Party; Republican Party
politicians
class cluelessness among, 12, 73, 121–122
likeability of, 79
politics
class culture gap in, 121–124
polarization of, 3–4, 130
poor, the
definition and use of term, 11
geographic mobility of, 37, 41
government benefits for, 21–23, 100, 101, 124
income of, 11
parenting approaches of, 53–54
“working class” as euphemism for, 11
working-class resentment of, 13–23
poverty rates
among children, 3, 102
among elderly, 102
pregnancy
outside marriage, 41
teenage, 40
presidential election of 1968, 123
presidential election of 1972, 123
presidential election of 2008, 121
presidential election of 2012, 110
presidential election of 2016. See also Clinton, Hillary; Trump, Donald
African-American voters in, 110
anger of white working class in, 3, 6
educational level of voters in, 12
Electoral College in, 125–126
Latino voters in, 110
median income of voters in, 11
poor voters in, 11
race baiting in, 59–60
racism among voters in, 63–65
sexism among voters in, 78–82
unions in, 126–127
working-class women voters in, 75, 77
primary elections of 2016
median income of voters in, 11
poor voters in, 11
privacy, 29, 116
professional elites
on college, necessity of, 43–45, 86
definition and use of term, 10
geographic mobility of, 36–38, 41
; income of, 91
parenting approaches of, 54–57
racism among, 61–62, 63
social codes of, 45
stay-at-home motherhood among, 76–77
values of (see values)
work devotion among, 37–38, 57, 77
work ethic of, 20, 37–38
working-class resentment of, 25–34
work in identity of, 37–38
professional-managerial elite (PME), definition and use of term, 10. See also professional elites
progressive coalition, 111–113. See also liberals
Protestant work ethic, 37
prove-it-again bias, 62, 71, 79
public housing subsidies, 100
public opinion
on corporations, 102–103
on government benefits, gaps in, 97–101
on government benefits, how to improve, 101–107
on role of government, 100–102
public safety, government role in, 101
race baiting, 59–60
racism, 59–72
in assessments of morality and merit, 61
class differences in expressions of, 61–63
elite displacement of blame for, 60–61, 63
in elite hiring decisions, 61
in elite wages-of-whiteness strategy, 59–60
explicit, 62
false choice between white working class and, 71, 130–131
in policing, 116–119
among professional elites, 61–62, 63
in Trump’s rhetoric, 59–60, 63–64
among Trump supporters, 63–65
ubiquity of, 60–61
whites’ sense of loss and, 67–70
working-class embrace of as a way of expressing class anger, 64
rape, in military, 119
real men, 78
redneck stereotypes, 52
red states, 40, 78
regulation, government, 103–104
regulatory capture, 103
religion
elite approach to, 27–28, 38
work as, 38
working-class embrace of, reasons for, 20–21, 69
Republican Party
appeal to white working class, 124–125
class cluelessness in, 122
vs. Democratic Party, connection with working class, 121–127
on government role in poverty, 101
low-income supporters of, 11
resentment, working-class
of African-Americans, 67
of the poor, 13–23
of professional elites, 25–34
responsibility
changes to ambit of, 68–69, 71, 130
as working-class value, 17, 18t, 19
retraining programs, 99, 114
rich, the
tax cuts for, 124
working-class admiration for, 26
Richards, Ben, 64
Rieder, Jonathan, 21, 62
Rivera, Lauren, 46
rules, respect for, 66–67
rural areas
as education deserts, 48
in Electoral College, 125–126
health care in, 94
immigrants in, 66
traditional values in, 31
safety, government role in, 101–102
safety nets, social
of elites, 21