I wish finally to make mention of my unforgettable tutor at Oxford, the great stratigrapher, field-trip speed-walker, longtime supporter, and friend Harold Reading, who over three long years hammered geology into my head with about the same energy that, in the field, he hammered fossils out of limestones. Harold succeeded, if not in winning me the greatest of all degrees, nor in persuading me to follow a glittering career in oil, or gold, or academia, but in keeping strongly alive my interest in the earth, for all the decades that have passed since he taught me. It is with the deepest gratitude for his wisdom, kindness and friendship, that I dedicate this book to him—the longest of all my essays, and thirty-five years late, but well meant all the same.
Searchable Terms
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Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Accurate Delineations and Descriptions of the Natural Order of the Various Strata That are Found in Different Parts of England and Wales (Smith), 156–57
Adam brothers, 6, 205
Adelard of Bath, 122
Adelphi houses, 6–7, 204–5, 205
Agassiz, Louis, 295
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 22
Agricultural Magazine, 202
Agriculture, British Board of, 198, 199, 211, 217
Aikin, Arthur, 225
Allen, William, 224
Allen & Hanbury, 224
ammonites, 189
descriptions of, ix–xi, 165–66, 172–73, 179–80
evolution of, ix–x
found by author, 165–66, 170, 172–74
illustrations of, ix–xi, 173, 181, 188, 271
origin of name, ix
Annalis Veteris et Novi Testamenti (Ussher), 15n
Anning, Mary, 108–9, 112, 128, 240
Aptyxiella, 179–80
Arbuthnot, Charles, 246
Arkwright, Richard, 17
Art of Measuring, The (Fenning), 53
Ashmolean Museum, 35, 179
Asteroceras, 188, 189
Austen, Jane, 121
Baily, Francis, 295
Baker, George, 299
Banks, Sir Joseph, 204, 242, 261, 262, 266
Bounty expedition and, 200
Geological Society’s dispute with, 227
WS’s map dedicated to, 220
as WS’s patron, 149, 200, 201–3, 209–10, 217, 245, 246, 247
Barne, Barne, 246
baronets, 277n
Barry, Edward, 296
Barry, Sir Charles, 296, 298
Bath, 51, 59, 95, 101, 114, 115, 118, 146, 148, 161, 169, 180, 181
Billingsley and Davis’s maps of, 124–25, 127
hot springs of, 121–22, 208–9, 253
population of, 122
Roman naming of, 121
Warner’s guide to, 214
Warner’s map of, 148
WS’s map of, 126–28, 126, 142, 148, 289
WS’s plaque in, 102, 103
Bath Agricultural Society, 130, 149
Bath and West of England Society, 123–24, 129
Bath Chronicle, 101, 122, 197
Bath Corporation, 208, 209
Bath stone, 82, 243
Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth duke of, 153–55, 205
estates of, 154, 209
sheepshearings of, 154–55
WS’s relationship with, 149, 156, 160, 196, 197, 209
Beeching, Richard, 79
Bennett, Etheldred, 110, 113–14, 233
Berisford, John, 255
Bevan, Benjamin, 201
Bible, 12–13, 13, 112, 248
Big Ben, 296
Billingsley, John, 124–25, 127
Birmingham, 24n
bituminous coal, 48
bivalves, 71, 111
Blessed Order of the Visitation, 163
Bligh, William, 200
Board of Agriculture, British, 198, 199, 211, 217
bombazine, 113
Booth, Junius Brutus, 22n
Bounty expedition, 200
Bowdler, Thomas, 260n
Bowerbank, James, 240
brachiopods, 33, 71–72
Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third duke of, 42–43, 45, 77
Brisbane, Sir Thomas, 295
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 292, 294–95, 296, 299
British Geological Survey, 109
British Museum, 94, 111, 241, 246, 253, 263
see also Natural History Museum, London
Brogden, James, 245–46, 248, 251–52, 261
Brunsden, Denys, 170n–71n
Buckland, William, 109, 270–71, 284–86, 287n, 300
Burdett-Coutts, Angela, 57n
Burke, Edmund, 22
Burlington House, see Geological Society of London
Cambrian epoch, 176n
Cambridge University, 236, 286
camera lucida, 281–82
Camerton & Limpley Stoke Railway (the Clank), 79–82, 80, 83 camlets, 113
canals, 18, 49, 129, 150, 207
economic effects of, 43–45
“mania” for building of, 43–44, 51
WS as surveyor for, 51–52, 58, 61, 77–78, 83–91, 92–101, 115
Candler, E., 104
Carboniferous Coal Measures, 47
Carboniferous period, 134, 174
Upper, 64, 76, 83
Carter, John, 147
Cary, George, 7
Cary, John, 6, 142, 144
as mapmaker, 139–40
WS’s maps published by, 7, 8, 214–15, 218, 237, 261, 268, 271, 290
WS’s relationship with, 140–41, 215, 290
Cary atlases, 7, 8, 139–40, 142, 261
Cary’s New Itinerary (Cary), 140
Catalogue of English Fossils (Woodward), 93
Catalogue of the Organic Remains of the County of Wilts, A (Bennett), 110
chalk, 52, 132–33, 168, 170, 189–90, 216–17
Character of Moses Established, The (Townsend), 214
Chedworth Buns, 29, 93n
Christian, Fletcher, 200
chronostratigraphy, 173
“chums,” 258
Churchill, xvii, 11, 12, 15–16, 17, 18, 21, 22n, 29, 32, 52, 54, 55, 187, 241–42, 290
Clarke, Edward, 236–37
Clink Prison, 254n
Clipsham stone, 298
Clunch Clay, 142
Clypeus ploti, 33, 33, 93n
coal, 18, 60, 83, 133, 196, 207–8
bituminous, 48
effects of mountain-building on, 48–49, 68, 71n
formation of, 38, 47–48
map needed for locating of, 47
miner names for seams of, 70 mining history of, 45–47
seam depths of, 71–72
sequence of rock types found near, 49, 71–75
transportation of, see canals
coelacanths, 112
Coke, Thomas William, 20, 149, 151–53, 156
Collett, Samuel, 161
Collyweston slate, 187n Combe Down quarry, 243–44, 245, 256, 268
Conolly, Charles, 212, 243, 245
Tucking Mill House sold to WS by, 136–37, 256
WS sent to debtors’ prison by, 255–57, 261
Conybeare, William, 109
Cotswold stone, 183–84
Cottage Crescent, 102
County Agricultural Report, Somerset, 124–25
Course and Phenomena of Earthquakes, The (Michell), 94–95
Court of Common Pleas, 256–57
Craven Coffee House, 204
Crawshay, Richard, 210 Creation, 285
Ussher’s dating of, 12–15, 24, 25, 38n, 41, 69n, 285
Cretaceous period, 168–69, 170, 179, 216
Middle, 110
Upper, 141
Crompton, Samuel, 17n
Crook, Thomas, 151, 156
Cruse, Jeremiah, 197, 203
Cunnington, William, 113, 115
cyclothems, 49, 177
Darby, Abraham, 18
Darwin, Charles, xvi, 8, 16, 24, 106, 182, 240, 287n, 300
Darwin, Erasmus, 24 Davis, Thomas, 124–25, 127
Davy, Sir Humphry, 123, 224
Debrett, John, 157–60, 196, 201, 210
Debrett’s Peerage, 158
debtors’ prisons, 2–6, 3
description of, 258–59, 260
see also King’s Bench Prison
de la Beche, Sir Henry, 109, 296, 298
Delineation of The Strata of England and Wales with a part of Scotland, A (Smith), xv–xviii, 192–222, 246, 267
Cary’s topographic map used as base for, 215–16
color scheme of, 125, 127, 142–43, 144–45, 216
completion of, 217–19
delays in work on, 209–10
description of, xv–xvi, 219
editions and prices of, 218, 235
engraving of, 216
Geological Society delegation’s viewing of, 222–23, 227–28
Greenough and Hall’s plagiarism of, xviii, 193, 228–31, 234–35, 237–38
importance and legacy of, xvi–xvii, xix, 7–8
number of copies of, 20
precursors to, xiii, 126–28, 126, 142–45, 202
reasons for making of, 195–97
sales of, 235, 268 scale and size of, xvi, 215
Society of Arts prize awarded for, 196, 219
title of, xvi, 7, 219–20
WS’s first idea for, 124–25, 138, 161–62
Derbyshire, 94, 198, 200, 210, 230
Devonian period, 68, 69, 270, 278
Dickens, Charles, 122, 206, 254n, 296, 298
Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), 107, 110, 154, 204, 294n
Dictionary of the English Language, A (Johnson), 21, 139
Difficult Times Briefly Investigated, by an Accurate Observer of Passing Events (Smith), 262–63
Dissenters, 195
divines, as fossilists, 111
divine virtue, and placing of fossils, 36
Dogger epoch, 173n
Dosse & Co., 256
Dover, White Cliffs of, 168, 170, 216–17
Dublin, 265
Dundry Hill, 131–32
Dunkerton, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 103, 124
Earth:
geological questions on age of, 24–26
tectonic movements and, 48, 68, 116, 116, 175
Ussher’s dating of, 12–15, 24, 25, 38n, 41, 69n, 285
East India Company, 111
echinoderms, 30 echinoids, 33, 40
Edinburgh, 9, 266
Edinburgh Review, 267
Egerton, Francis, third duke of Bridgewater, 42–43, 45, 77
Egremont, Lord, 196
enclosure acts, 18–19, 151, 153
Encyclopædia Britannica, 25n
England:
agricultural innovations in, 19–20, 151, 153
birth and death rates in, 20–21
class discrimination in, 8, 149–50, 199–200, 225–26, 228
enclosure acts in, 18–19, 151, 153
geologic tour of, 166–74, 176n
industrialization of, 17–18, 45
Jurassic era location of, 116, 116
Jurassic rock outcroppings in, 178
social changes in, 11–12, 15–26
titled ranks in, 277n
WS’s surveying expeditions in, 90–91, 92–101, 160, 190, 192, 203, 207, 242
English Diatesseron (Warner), 114n
eons, 168n
epiboles, 168n
epochs, 168n eras, 168n
Etruria, 17
evolutionary theory, 8, 16, 62
fossil hunting and, 106, 112–13, 118
Eype, 164, 167–68
Farey, John, 157, 197–200, 225, 262, 266n
Greenough aided by, 229, 230–31
WS’s relationship with, 156, 198–99, 201, 209, 210, 230, 231–32
Fenning, Daniel, 53
Fenning, Elizabeth, 53n
figured stones, 34–35, 39
Fitton, William, 262, 265–68, 287n
Floating Egg, The (Osborne), 98–99
Flood, 39, 40, 214 “Fossilogical Map of Bath and Its Environs, A”(Warner), 148
fossils, 106–20, 108, 109, 188–89
collections and collectors of, 106–15, 129–31, 224, 277
early theories about, 34–41, 112–13
found or purchased by author, 165–66, 168n, 170, 172–74
as key to geological dating, 105, 117–20, 168n
at Natural History Museum, 108, 111, 239–41, 245–50
at Scarborough City Museum, 275
used as poundstones and marbles, 28–29, 31, 32–33, 33
WS’s collection of, 105, 118, 197, 204, 205–6, 222, 227, 240–41, 245–50
see also specific fossils
fuller’s earth, 105, 133, 186
fulling, 104–5
Garrard, George, 154–55
“General Map of Strata in England and Wales”(Smith), xiii, 142–43
General Post Office (GPO), 140
Genesis, Book of, 16, 39
Geological Atlas of England and Wales (Smith), 7, 8, 261
Geological Inquiries, 233
geological map, Smith’s, see Delineation of The Strata of England and Wales with a part of Scotland, A
Geological Society of London, 199, 245, 247, 266, 277
bust and portrait of WS at, 300
founding members of, 224–25
rival map to WS’s produced by, 228–38
size of, 224
smaller map by WS hung at, 144–45
William Smith Award of, 170n–71n
Wollaston Medal of, 281–83, 283, 286–89
WS belatedly honored by, 238, 279–80, 286–89
WS denied membership in, 211, 223, 225–26, 228, 279, 286
WS’s first map hung at, 128
WS’s geological map hung at, xv–xviii, 220, 300–301
WS’s geological map viewed by delegation from, 222–23, 227–28
WS’s “Table of Strata” preserved at, 135, 289 Geological Survey of Ireland, 295
geological time, 64, 68, 134
divisions of, 168n, 302
geology:
class differences and, 200, 220–21, 225–26, 228, 232–33
early reference works on, 93–95
early theoretical work in, 68–69
first use of term, 25n
importance of WS’s map to, xvi–xvii, xix, 7–8
religious dogma challenged by, 24–26
Rugborne Farm as birthplace of, 61, 62
social effects of, 16
as three-dimensional science, 73–74
WS outpaced by advances in, 292–93
WS’s introduction to, 27–34
see also stratification
George III, King of England, 22, 51
grace-and-favor lodgings, 203
Great Oolite, 185
Greene, Richard, 110
Greenough, George Bellas, 225, 227, 266, 283, 287n, 300
background of, 223
character of, 232–33
as Geological Society president, 223, 237n, 284
reputation of, 284
WS’s battle with, 232–33
WS’s map plagiarized by, 228–38
The Map That Changed the World Page 31