64. Marina Moskowitz, “Broadcasting Seeds on the American Landscape,” in Cultures of Commerce: Representation and American Business Culture, 1877–1960, ed. Elspeth H. Brown, Catherine Gudis, and Marina Moskowitz (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 9–26.
65. Briggs and Bros. Quarterly Illustrated Floral Work (Chicago: Briggs and Bros., 1876), 67, 68, 69.
66. Bull’s Catalogue of Seeds, 1901, inside cover.
67. General Trade Catalogue of Vegetable, Agricultural, Flower, Tree, and Other Seeds Offered by Ernst Benary Seed Merchant and Grower Erfurt (Germany), 1898–99 (Erfurt: G.A. Koenig, [1898]).
68. Alan I. Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870–1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985).
69. Anne Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 103–09. Allan G. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century, 1963 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994), 121. One Champaign horse breeder made five purchasing journeys to the “old world” (meaning northwest Europe) prior to 1900; Biographical Record of Champaign County, Illinois (Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1900), 565.
70. “List of Awards at the Illinois State Fair for 1875,” Transactions of the Department of Agriculture of the State of Illinois with Reports from County Agricultural Boards, for the Year 1875, 5 (Springfield: State Journal Book, 1875), 36, 41–43.
71. “Wanted, for Sale and Exchange,” Prairie Farmer, Dec. 26, 1907, 18.
72. “Breeders’ Directory,” American Swine and Poultry Journal 3 (Sept. 1875): 80.
73. L. C. Francis, “The Successful Bee-Keeper,” Transactions of the Department of Agriculture of the State of Illinois, with Reports from County Agricultural Boards, for the Year 1872, 2 (1873), 205–07.
74. “Italian Bees,” The American Bee Journal 10 (March 1874): 68; on fecundity, P. J. Colburn, “Italians vs. Black Bees,” The American Bee Journal 10 (Oct. 1874): 227–28.
75. Eugene Secor, “New Races of Bees—Are They an Improvement?” The American Bee Journal 30 (Oct. 20, 1892): 531; Wm. S. Barclay, “The Races of Bees—Italians Are the Best,” The American Bee Journal 30 (Oct. 27, 1892): 567.
76. C. G. Hopkins to A. D. McNair, March 17, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives. On German cultures, see E. Davenport to A.S. Draper, May 5, 1897, Folder: Eugene Davenport, Box 3, President Andrew S. Draper, Faculty Correspondence, UIUC Archives.
77. Erin K. Cameron, Kyle M. Knysh, Heather C. Proctor, and Erin M. Bayne, “Influence of Two Exotic Earthworm Species with Different Foraging Strategies on Abundance and Composition of Boreal Microarthropods,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57 (2013): 334–40. Nico Eisenhauer, Stephan Partsch, Dennis Parkinson, and Stefan Scheu, “Invasion of a Deciduous Forest by Earthworms: Changes in Soil Chemistry, Microflora, Microarthropods and Vegetation,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39 (2007): 1099–1110. K. E. Lee, Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use (New York: Academic Press, 1985), chaps. 10–13.
78. C. G. Hopkins to E. D. Coons, Feb. 13, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives; C. G. Hopkins to A. D. McNair, March 17, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives. On German cultures, see E. Davenport to A. S. Draper, May 5, 1897, Folder: Eugene Davenport, Box 3, President Andrew S. Draper, Faculty Correspondence, UIUC Archives.
79. Marina Moskowitz, “The Limits of Globalization? The Horticultural Trades in Postbellum America,” Food and Globalization: Consumption, Markets and Politics in the Modern World, ed. Alexander Nützenadel and Frank Trentmann (New York: Berg, 2008), 57–74.
80. On prices, Charles Postel, The Populist Vision (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 108. William Appleman Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York: Random House, 1969), 177, 182. J. W. McHarry, [Report of the Mason County Pomona Grange], Journal of Proceedings. Nineteenth Session of the Illinois State Grange, Patrons of Husbandry (1889) (Old Harmony: Grange News Publishing Co., 1890), 61–62.
81. Oscar S. Straus, “Reform in the Consular Service” (Washington, DC: National Civil-Service Reform League, 1894), 5, 9.
82. Dodge, “Report of the Statistician,” Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1886, 359–458; Regulations Prescribed for the Use of the Consular Service of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1870), 37–39, 68–70.
83. Thomas G. Paterson, “American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890’s to 1906,” The Business History Review 40 (Spring 1966): 77–97; Elmer Plischke, U.S. Department of State: A Reference History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 223.
84. “The Illinois Press Association,” Inter Ocean, June 24, 1879.
85. “Local and Near-By,” Urbana Daily Courier, June 16, 1903. On mayor, see “Is Critically Ill,” Urbana Daily Courier, Aug. 3, 1910.
86. “W. R. Grant Enthused by Canadian Opportunities,” Urbana Courier, Feb. 23, 1910.
87. “Ten Months of Travel and Study in Europe,” Folder: Travel in Europe, Box 3, President John M. Gregory Papers, UIUC Archives.
88. Gretchen S. Rauschenberg, Chicago’s “Mr. Rural”: The Life of Matthias Lane Dunlap (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 2007), 132, 146.
89. “The Late Mrs. Dunlap,” Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
90. “H. J. Dunlap Is Taken by Death,” Urbana Daily Courier, Oct. 27, 1919.
91. “Inter-Ocean,” clipping, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC. “Hiram J. Dunlap,” Department Register, Oct. 15, 1912, Folder: Hiram Dunlap, Applications and Recommendations for Appointment to the Consular and Diplomatic Services, 1901–24, Box 68, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, College Park.
92. “Training for Consular Service,” Urbana Courier, March 31, 1911.
93. Third Assistant Secretary, Department of State, to Hiram J. Dunlap, Dec. 6, 1905, Consular Posts, Cologne Germany, vol. 46, RG 84 Records of Foreign Service Posts, National Archives, College Park.
94. Rauschenberg, Chicago’s “Mr. Rural,” 56, 249.
95. “Off for Germany,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Jan. 3, 1890, 1.
96. “Local Brevities,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Jan. 14, 1890, 1.
97. “A Week in Washington,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Jan. 16, 1890, 1.
98. “Landed Safely,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Feb. 19, 1890, 1. On Phelps, see H. J. D., “From Germany,” June 14, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
99. H. J .D., “Poland in Germany,” Feb. 25, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC. On Nellie as clerk, Hiram J. Dunlap, Feb. 14, 1890 entry, Log book, vol. 57, Breslau, Germany, Consular Posts, Records of Foreign Service Posts, RG 84, National Archives, College Park.
100. “Local Brevities,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Nov. 30, 1889, 1.
101. H. J. Dunlap to Assistant Secretary of State W. F. Wharton, April 19, 1890, Despatches from United States Consuls in Breslau, 1878–1906, reel 2, The National Archives. On crop reports, Alvey A. Adee to the Consular Officers of the United States, Nov. 21, 1889; Consular Posts, Cologne Germany, v. 44; RG 84, Records of Foreign Service Posts, National Archives, College Park.
102. H. J. Dunlap to Assistant Secretary of State W. F. Wharton, May 13, 1890, Despatches from United States Consuls in Breslau, 1878–1906, Reel 2, National Archives.
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103. H. J. D., “H. J. Dunlap’s Experiences on the Ocean—Germany, As He Sees It,” clipping dated Feb. 10, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
104. H. J. D., “From Germany,” June 9, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
105. Clipping, “H. J. Dunlap Resigned His Position . . .” Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
106. H. J. D., “Chat from Abroad,” 28, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Furth, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Box 14, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
107. H. J. D., “German Methods,” April 30, [1890], Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
108. “The Late Mrs. Dunlap,” Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
109. Rauschenberg, Chicago’s “Mr. Rural,” 251.
110. “Great Crowd on Illinois Day,” Urbana Courier, April 5, 1904.
111. “H. J. Dunlap Is Taken by Death,” Urbana Daily Courier, Oct. 27, 1919.
112. “Impecuneous [sic] Americans in Europe,” report, Nov. 29, 1907, vol. 53, Letters and Reports from Consul to State Department, 1907, Consular Posts, Cologne Germany, RG 84 Records of Foreign Service Posts, National Archives, College Park.
113. H. J. Dunlap, “American Apple Trade in Germany,” July 23, 1908, v. 53, Letters and Reports from Consul to State Department, 1907, Consular Posts, Cologne Germany, RG 84 Records of Foreign Service Posts, National Archives, College Park.
114. “Farming Methods in Germany,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 13, 1906.
115. H. J. D., “Our Germany Letter,” April 14, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
116. H. J. D., “Our Germany Letter,” Aug. 6, 1890, Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
117. H. J. D., “Threshing Grain,” Scrapbook of H. J. Dunlap, Box 14, Baker-Busey-Dunlap Family Papers, Illinois History and Lincoln Collections, UIUC.
118. Alexander Nützenadel, “A Green International? Food Markets and Transnational Politics, c. 1850–1914,” in Food and Globalization: Consumption, Markets and Politics in the Modern World, ed. Alexander Nützenadel and Frank Trentmann (New York: Berg, 2008), 153–71.
119. Gardner, The Grange—Friend of the Farmer, 292–95.
120. R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History, revised ed. (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2002), 204. Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press, 1998), 326.
121. Gardner, The Grange—Friend of the Farmer, 334–35.
122. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, 336.
123. Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of Its Organization, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1931), 5–9, 13, 33, 87, 151.
124. “Plan Worldwide Crop News,” Urbana Courier, April 4, 1911.
125. Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture; vision, 25; charter, 52; publications 105, 110, 131, 133; contributors, 333. International Institute of Agriculture, Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics 1 (Nov. 1910): 130.
126. Wilford M. Wilson, “Weather Service and Weather Knowledge,” Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, vol. 1, 4th ed., ed. L. H. Bailey (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1912), 534–50; Jamie L. Pietruska, “Hurricanes, Crops, and Capital: The Meteorological Infrastructure of American Empire in the West Indies,” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15 (Oct. 2016): 418–45, 422.
127. M. F. Maury, “Science—Its Applicability to Agriculture,” Transactions of the Department of Agriculture of the State of Illinois (1872) (Springfield: State Journal Steam Print, 1873), 182–95. On demands for appropriations to the Signal-office and for an international conference, see the Proceedings of the Illinois Farmers’ State Convention Held at Bloomington, Ills., January 15 and 16, 1873 (Chicago: Inter-Ocean, 1873), 5; on Champaign delegates, 14.
128. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1895–96 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1896), x, xi; Donald Whitnah, A History of the United States Weather Bureau (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961); 94, 108, 113.
129. Whitnah, A History of the United States Weather Bureau, 36, 73, 113; “Wireless to Give Weather Reports,” Urbana Courier, May 25, 1909.
130. H. J. Dunlap to J. G. Cannon, Dec. 4, 1910, and H. J. Dunlap to Mr. Speaker, Dec. 22, 1910, both in Folder: Hiram Dunlap, Applications and Recommendations for Appointment to the Consular and Diplomatic Services, 1901–24, Box 68, RG 59 General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, College Park.
131. Jeremy Sarkin, Germany’s Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldiers (Cape Town: UCT Press, 2011), 5, 13, 28, 243.
132. Andrew Zimmerman, Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 81.
133. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction (Inventory No. 1, [1898]). “New Trees and Plants for U.S.,” Urbana Courier, Feb. 21, 1917.
134. E. Davenport to A. S. Draper, April 12, 1897, Folder: Eugene Davenport (Agriculture), Box 3, 1896–1897, President Andrew S. Draper, Faculty Correspondence, 1894–1904, UIUC Archives; on alfalfa, C. G. Hopkins to J. C. Whetsel, Nov. 9, 1903, Letterbook 10, Box 3, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives. On arboretum, Catalogue and Circular of the University of Illinois, 1890–91, published by the University, UIUC Archives, 29.
135. O. F. Cook, Inventory No. 1, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Numbers 1–1000 (Washington, DC: Department of Agriculture, nd), 10, 17; O. F. Cook, Inventory No. 2 of Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Numbers 1001–1900 (Washington, DC: Department of Agriculture, 1899), 5, 7, 8, 11, 37, 44; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Botany, Inventory No. 7, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Department of Agriculture, through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, for Distribution in Cooperation with the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, Numbers 2701–3400 (Washington, DC, Department of Agriculture, 1900), 7, 9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Inventory No. 8, Seeds and Plants, Imported for Distribution in Cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations, Numbers 3401–4350 (Washington, DC: Department of Agriculture, 1901), 61.
136. David Fairchild, assisted by Elizabeth and Alfred Kay, The World Was My Garden: Travels of a Plant Explorer (New York: Scribner’s, 1938), 136, 157, 243.
137. Frank N. Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Jan. 15, 1907, Folder 2, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.
138. Frank N. Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Feb. 16, 1906, Folder 1, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.
139. Frank N. Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Jan. 15, 1907, Folder 2, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives,
College Park.
140. Frank Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Habarowsk, Nov. 9, 1906, Folder 1, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.
141. Fairchild, The World Was My Garden, 225, 227.
142. Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the “Improvement” of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 75–76. 108, 172; on gardens as experimental stations, see Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), 11.
143. Harlan, “Gene Centers and Gene Utilization in American Agriculture,” 34–35.
144. Cook, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Numbers 1–1000, 7–8, 10.
145. David Fairchild, “How to Send Living Plant Material to America” (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, [1913]), 3. Frank Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Nov. 9, 1906, Folder 1, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.
146. Fairchild, The World Was My Garden, 166, 220.
147. Stuart McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 19, 26.
148. E. D. Merrill, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the City Nursery at the Cementerio del Norte Manila (Manila: Bureau of Science, 1912).
149. Jim Endersby, Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 3.
150. Fairchild, The World Was My Garden, 64.
151. Frank N. Meyer, typescript manuscript, 14, Folder 1, Box 3, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.
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