The Heartland

by Kristin L. Hoganson

  152. Frank Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Nov. 9, 1906, Folder 1, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.

  153. Frank Meyer to Mr. Fairchild, Jan. 21, 1907, Folder 2, Box 1, Letters, Records of Frank N. Meyer, Plant Explorer, 1902–18, RG 54 Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, National Archives, College Park.

  154. Prairie Farmer’s Reliable Directory of Farmers and Breeders, Champaign County, 13, 260. On the origins of the newly introduced “Soja Bean,” see L. S. Robertson, “The Importance of Leguminous Crops to Agriculture,” The Illinois Agriculturist 3 (1899): 25–33. D. S. Dalbey, “Pork Production in Illinois,” The Illinois Agriculturist 6 (1902): 74–80. Sonya Salamon, Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 24.

  155. On unscientific, see H. Han, “Farmers of Forty Centuries,” Chinese Students’ Monthly 7 (March 10, 1912): 474–75; on self-maintaining, see “Agriculture of China and Japan,” Urbana Courier, March 16, 1910.

  156. “Agricultural Institute at the Illinois Industrial University,” Folder: Institutes and Short Courses, 1879–1910, Box 1, Dean’s Office, Agriculture, Conference lecture and Short Course Publications, UIUC Archives; “University College Institute,” Western Rural, Feb. 24, 1883.

  157. “M’Kinley Interviewed,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 27, 1913.

  158. H. S. Grindley, “The Science of Agriculture,” Illinois Agriculturist 2 (1898): 50–53.

  159. Phillips, “Antebellum Agricultural Reform,” 803.

  160. On planting, see “Foreign Correspondence,” Illinois Farmer 9 (Sept. 1864): 261.

  161. “Abortion in Cows Produced by Smut on Corn,” Illinois Farmer 9 (April 1864): 152.

  162. H. S. Grindley, “The Science of Agriculture,” Illinois Agriculturist 2 (1898): 50–53, 51.

  163. Rural [Matthias L. Dunlap], “The Farm and Garden,” clipping of March 17, 1869, Dunlap 2, vol. of clippings, Box 3, Matthias L. Dunlap Papers, UIUC Archives.

  164. On study in Germany in general, Charles Franklin Thwing, The American and the German University: One Hundred Years of History (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1928); Clara Eve Schieber, The Transformation of American Sentiment toward Germany, 1870–1914 (1923; reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1973), 256–58.

  165. “Landwirtschaft,” Folder 1863–67, Box 1, Willard C. Flagg Papers, UIUC Archives.

  166. “State Agricultural Associations,” Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society; With the Proceedings of the County Societies and Kindred Associations 1 (1853–1854), 1–5, 23–24, 28.

  167. “Report of the Executive Committee for 1853–54,” Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society (Springfield: Lanphier & Walker, 1855), 1–5.

  168. “Education of Farmers,” Illinois Farmer 2 (June 1857): 125–26.

  169. Lyman Carter, “The United States Agricultural Society, 1852–1860: Its Relation to the Origin of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Land Grant Colleges,” Agricultural History 11 (Oct. 1937): 278–88.

  170. Phillips, “Antebellum Agricultural Reform,” Agricultural History, 799.

  171. “Illinois Industrial University,” Folder: 1877; Box 1: President John M. Gregory, Publications Scrapbooks, 1868, 1873–1890; Series 2/1/11; UIUC Archives.

  172. “Biennial Report of the Illinois Industrial University to the State,” Folder: University Discourses 1882–1886; Box 1: President John M. Gregory, Publications Scrapbooks, 1868, 1873–1890; Series 2/1/11; UIUC Archives.

  173. Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy, ix, 8; Mark R. Finlay, “The German Agricultural Experiment Stations and the Beginnings of American Agricultural Research,” Agricultural History 62 (Spring, 1988): 41–50. On researches, H. S. Grindley, “The Science of Agriculture,” Illinois Agriculturist 2 (1898): 50–53.

  174. Winton U. Solberg, The University of Illinois 1894–1904: The Shaping of the University (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 125.

  175. E. Davenport to President Draper, Dec. 7, 1903, Folder: Eugene Davenport, Box 10, President Andrew S. Draper, Faculty Correspondence, UIUC Archives.

  176. Cyril G. Hopkins to Sir J. Henry Gilbert, August 14, 1901, Letterbook 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  177. C. G. Hopkins to O. O. Churchill, April 2, 1900, Letterbook April 22, 1909, to Nov. 7, 1910, Box 4, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  178. C. G. Hopkins to K. L. Sharp, June 19, 1902, Letterbook 3, Box 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  179. C. G. Hopkins to H. W. Mumford, June 11, 1902, Letterbook 3, Box 1, and C. G. Hopkins to William Rennie, March 20, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, both in Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  180. C. G. Hopkins to Farmers Seed Company, March 20, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agricultural Experimental Station, Letterbooks, UIUC Archives. On poor land corn, C. G. Hopkins to George Oldendorph, April 18, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agriculture Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  181. C. G. Hopkins to W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Jan. 14, 1904, Letterbook 10, Box 3, Agriculture Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  182. Cyril G. Hopkins to Meyer and Raapke, Jan. 21, 1902, Letterbook 2, Box 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  183. C. G. Hopkins to T. L. Lyon, April 16, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  184. C. G. Hopkins to Professor C. Fruwirth, May 30, 1902, Letterbook 3, Box 1; C. G. Hopkins to W. H. Fairfield, Aug. 17, 1903, Letterbook 8, Box 3, both in Agriculture Experimental Station, UIUC Archives.

  185. C. G. Hopkins to Professor F. Wohltmann, March 17, 1902, Letterbook 2, Box 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  186. Thomas F. Hunt, “George Espy Morrow,” The Illinois Agriculturist 4 (1900): 3–15, UIUC Archives.

  187. The Biographical Record of Champaign County, Illinois, 350.

  188. C. G. Hopkins to Port Huron Co., July 3, 1903, Letterbook 8, Box 3, Agricultural Experiment Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  189. On travel with colleague, Cyril G. Hopkins to J. A. Widtsoe, June 11, 1901, Letterbook 1, Box 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives. I owe the term agronaut to Zachary Poppel’s dissertation, “Sierra Leone and the Rural University in the Wake of Empire” (PhD diss., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2014).

  190. Cyril G. Hopkins to Professor S. A. Hoover, July 13, 1901, Letterbook 1, Box 1, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  191. L. H. Smith to Prof. A. T. Wiancko, May 7, 1910, Letterbook April 22, 1909–Nov. 7, 1910, Box 4, Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  192. “New Professors at University of Illinois,” Farmer and Breeder for the Farm Home 11 (August 1899): 1. On Detmers and McIntosh, Winton U. Solberg, The University of Illinois, 1867–1894 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968), 106, 239.

  193. “Draft University Man into Kaiser’s Army,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 5, 1914.

  194. “University,” Urbana Courier, May 7, 1909; “University,” Urbana Courier, May 11, 1909.

  195. Remarks by Colonel Blair of Nova Scotia, Annual Report of the Illinois Farmers’ Institute (1901) (Springfield: Phillips Bros., 1901), 155–56.

  196. “Mexicans Are Coming,” Urbana Courier, May 13, 1909.

  197. “Escapes from Mexican Prison,” Urbana Courier, January 19, 1917.

  198. Richard Yates, “Address of Welcome,” Sixth Annual Mee
ting of the Illinois Farmers’ Institute (Springfield: Phillips Bros., 1901), 55–57.

  199. S. F. Null, “Education for the Farmer,” The Illinois Agriculturist 7 (Oct. 1902), np.

  200. “The Spirit of Human Progress . . . ,” Breeder’s Gazette, Dec. 19, 1900, 945.

  201. [Remarks by Colonel Blair of Nova Scotia—untitled], Annual Report of the Illinois Farmers’ Institute, 155–56.

  202. “Knowledge as Applied to Agriculture,” Prairie Farmer, Jan. 1, 1850.

  203. J. R. Dodge, “Report of the Statistician,” Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1885 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1885), 344–430.

  204. “Farming in India,” Farmers Advance (Chicago: McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., 1884), 2.

  205. C. G. Hopkins to Dr. D. Morris, April 15, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2; C. G. Hopkins to John R. Clisby, Feb. 24, 1903, Letterbook 6, Box 2, both in Agricultural Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  206. Volume: Notable People I Have Known or Seen, [np], Box 4, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  207. Cyril G. Hopkins to German Kali Works, Dec. 5, 1901, Letterbook 2, Box 1, Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  208. [Eugene V. Davenport], “Subdivision of Agriculture for Purposes of Instruction,” speech of 1901, Folder: Subdivision of Agriculture for Purposes of Instruction, Box 5, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  209. [Eugene V. Davenport], “The Relation of Agricultural Organizations to Agricultural Development,” speech of 1902, 1–2; Folder: Agricultural Organizations, Box 5, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  210. E. Davenport, “Rural Improvement in America,” speech of 1908; Folder: Address—Rural Improvement, Nov. 19, 1908; Box 5, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  211. E. Davenport, The Development of American Agriculture: What It Is and What It Means (Urbana: np, 1909), 5.

  212. Davenport, “Rural Improvement in America.”

  213. Ibid.

  214. Davenport, The Development of American Agriculture, 10.

  215. Davenport, “Rural Improvement in America.”

  216. On new worlds, Davenport, The Development of American Agriculture, 10. On moving, E. Davenport, “The Development of American Agriculture,” speech delivered 1909; Folder: Publications 1909; Box 20; Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  217. “Dean Illinois College of Agriculture,” Farmer and Breeder for the Farm Home 11 (August 1899): 1. Solberg, The University of Illinois 1894–1904, 121–22.

  218. Eugene V. Davenport, “What One Life Has Seen,” Binder 2, Box 4, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives, 8.

  219. On socializing, see Emma E. Davenport, Brazil Diary, Jan. 1, 1892, Box 1, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives. Davenport, “What One Life Has Seen,” 19, 24, 43–44.

  220. Eugene Davenport to Dr. H. H. Gilbert, May 18, 1892, Gil 6: Letters from USA, Box 552 Sir Henry Gilbert, Rothamsted.

  221. Davenport, “What One Life Has Seen,” 49, 51, 58.

  222. Eugene Davenport to Joseph E. Gilbert, Dec. 28, 1898, Gil 6: Letters from USA, Box 552 Sir Henry Gilbert, Rothamsted.

  223. “University,” Urbana Courier, May 5, 1909.

  224. “College News,” The Illinois Agriculturist 7 (Dec. 1902): 43.

  225. E. Davenport, “Agriculture at the University of Illinois,” University of Illinois Bulletin 14 (March 19, 1917): 1–2; Folder: Publications 1917; Box 20, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  226. Camili R. Lopez, “Coffee Growing in Mexico,” The Illinois Agriculturist 19 (June 1915): 767–68; Box 20, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  227. “Congress of Nations at Local Commercial Session,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 2, 1913.

  228. “Foreigners Show How U.S. Misses Its Opportunities,” Urbana Courier, May 26, 1920.

  229. C. G. Hopkins to Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, April 26, 1902, in Letterbook 3, Box 1, Agricultural Experiment Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  230. Louie H. Smith to “Whom It May Concern,” July 29, 1911, Letterbook Nov. 19, 1910–Aug. 6, 1912, Box 4, Agriculture Experimental Station Letterbooks, UIUC Archives.

  231. Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines Past and Present, vol. 1 (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1914), frontispiece.

  232. Antonio Bautista, “Agriculture in the Philippines,” The Illinois Agriculturist 8 (Feb. 1904): 113–15.

  233. Notable People I Have Known or Seen, [np], Box 4, Eugene V. Davenport Papers, UIUC Archives.

  234. Ibid.

  235. William B. McKinley: Memorial Addresses, 8.

  236. “Five Hunder [sic] People Hear Address by McKinley,” Urbana Courier, June 24, 1914.

  237. “Hon. W. B. M’Kinley Is at ‘Home, Sweet Home,’” Urbana Courier, Oct. 3, 1905.

  238. “M’Kinley in Urbana,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 22, 1905.

  239. “Speaker Cannon Back from His Holiday Trip,” Urbana Courier, April 9, 1907.

  240. Rathindranath Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 1958 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978), 23, 85.

  241. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 75.

  242. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 75–81.

  243. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 79, 81, 123–24; Harold M. Hurwitz, “Tagore in Urbana, Illinois,” Indian Literature 4 (1961): 27–36.

  244. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 80–81.

  245. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 80.

  246. Mayce F. Seymour, “The Golden Time,” Visvabharati Quarterly 25 (Summer 1959): 1–15.

  247. “Ten Nations Included,” Urbana Courier, May 15, 1907.

  248. “University,” Urbana Courier, May 15, 1909.

  249. “Cosmopolitan Club Meeting,” Daily Illini, Dec. 13, 1906.

  250. On slides, “Cosmopolitan Club Meeting,” Daily Illini, April 24, 1907; on Hindu life, “Cosmopolitan Club,” Daily Illini, Jan. 30, 1907.

  251. “Cosmopolitan Club Meeting,” Daily Illini, Dec. 17, 1907.

  252. “Mr. W. Y. Hu,” Daily Illini, March 10, 1909.

  253. On slides, “Cosmopolitan Club Meeting,” Daily Illini, April 24, 1907; on Hindu life, “Cosmopolitan Club,” Daily Illini, Jan. 30, 1907; on reforms in China, “Cosmopolitan Club,” Daily Illini, Dec. 11, 1907.

  254. On Bose as Secretary, “Foreign Students Form Club,” Daily Illini, Oct. 29, 1906; “Foreign Student’s Career,” Daily Illini, May 24, 1907.

  255. “Cosmopolitan Club,” Daily Illini, Feb. 26, 1907.

  256. “Filipinos Entertain with Program of Native Stunts,” Daily Illini, April 6, 1909.

  257. “Convention of Cosmopolitan Clubs,” Daily Illini, Dec. 15, 1907.

  258. “The Cosmopolitan Club at Michigan,” Daily Illini, Dec. 18, 1908.

  259. “Cosmopolitan Club [sic] Have Laudable Aims,” Daily Illini, Feb. 22, 1910.

  260. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 82–84.

  261. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 86–88.

  262. On flags, “Cosmopolitan Club Holds Dance,” Daily Illini, May 6, 1911.

  263. “Cosmopolitan Clubs Favor World Peace,” Daily Illini, Jan. 7, 1909.

  264. “Cosmopolitan Club Holds Third Annual Banquet,” Daily Illini, May 15, 1910.

  265. “Cosmopolitan Club [sic] Have Laudable Aims,” Daily Illini, Feb. 22, 1910.

  266. “Cosmopolitan Club to Plead for Rudowitz,” Daily Illini, Dec. 15, 1908; “Cosmopolitan Club Calls Mass Meeting,” Daily Illini, Dec. 18, 1908.

  267. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 113; “Urbana Is Named as an International Capital,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 7, 1911; “World’s Peace Burlesque True Cosmopolitan Success,” Daily Illini, Jan. 7, 1911.

  268. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 123–24.

  269. Tagore, On the Edges of Time, 75–81; on narrowness, 81, 123–24. Hurwitz, “Tagore in Urba
na, Illinois,” 27–36. “Illinois News,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 20, 1913.

  270. “Dr. Tagore Will Deliver Third Talk Saturday,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 29, 1916; “Nationalism Is Tagore’s Theme,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 30, 1916.

  271. “America Daring and Crude Says Tagore,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 18, 1917.

  Chapter 5: Flownover States: The View from the Middle of Everything

  1. “Champaign,” Urbana Courier, July 19, 1911.

  2. “Ringling Parade All New,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 21, 1912.

  3. Ad for F. K. Robeson, Urbana Courier, Oct. 30, 1915.

  4. “Homer Does Full Share in War,” Urbana Courier, July 13, 1917.

  5. “Santiago Is After Passport,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 24, 1917.

  6. “Greatest Authority on Poultry to Lecture,” Urbana Courier, April 4, 1918.

  7. “Letters from Our Boys in France,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 10, 1918.

  8. “Shower of Butterflies,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 5, 1918.

  9. “May Study Bird Life at Renner’s,” Urbana Courier, June 19, 1920.

  10. Margaret Whitewater quoted in Randy Eli Grothe, “The Kickapoo: Strangers in Their Own Land,” Dallas Morning News, May 8, 1977.

  11. Peter Adey, Aerial Life: Spaces, Mobilities, Affects (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 88. On panoptic depictions of the Midwest, see Jason Weems, Barnstorming the Prairies: How Aerial Vision Shaped the Midwest (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015), xiv, xix, 18.

  12. Digitized issues of the Urbana Daily Courier run from 1903 to 1905. From 1906 to 1915, the masthead read Urbana Courier-Herald. Starting in 1916, the newspaper resumed publication as the Urbana Daily Courier. I cite this paper as the Urbana Courier for brevity and continuity and because that is how it is identified in the Illinois Digital Newspaper Collection.

  13. Robert Michael Morrissey, “The Power of the Ecotone: Bison, Slavery, and the Rise and Fall of the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia,” Journal of American History 102 (Dec. 2015): 667–92; on population density, Allan G. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century, 1963 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994), 8.