222. “Ekblaw’s Lecture Was Well Attended,” Urbana Courier, March 1, 1919.
223. “Ekblaw’s Relics Exhibited,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 22, 1918.
224. “Laugh Is on Ekblaw; He Froze His Ears,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 16, 1918.
225. W. Elmer Ekblaw, “The Material Response of the Polar Eskimo to Their Far Arctic Environment,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 17 (Dec. 1927): 148–98.
226. “Meteor Creates Much Excitement,” Urbana Courier, July 17, 1911.
227. “Mysterious Airship over Illinois,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 13, 1909; “Was It an Air Ship?” Urbana Courier, July 21, 1909; “Say They Saw Airship,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 12, 1910; “Thought They Saw Airship,” Urbana Courier, May 15, 1912; “Air Ship Had Searchlight,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 30, 1911; “Thought They Saw Airship,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 8, 1910; “Lady Saw Queer Light,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 3, 1907.
228. “Merchant Distributes 500 Kites among Children,” Urbana Courier, April 6, 1912; “Attraction at Park,” Urbana Courier, May 31, 1910; “Opinions of Our Reader,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 30, 1915; “Name Those in Final Contest,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 24, 1916; “Philo Boys Fly Flag from Kite,” Urbana Courier, April 19, 1917; “Mumford Wins Kite Contest,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 27, 1916.
229. “Children’s Games,” Urbana Courier, July 6, 1906.
230. “Kite Battle to Be Introduced,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 16, 1916; “Twenty-five Qualify in Preliminaries,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 20, 1916.
231. On crowds, Dateline Quincy, “Balloon Tries Record Flight,” Urbana Courier, May 12, 1910. On a Kansas City to South Bend flight, “St. Louis IV Wins Air Race,” Urbana Courier, July 13, 1911; “Men Are Lost in Forest,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 9, 1911; “Centennial Fetes Open in St. Louis,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 4, 1909; “Balloons Sail Across Lake,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 20, 1910. On French, British, and German competitors in a St. Louis race, see “Lakes Are Their Peril,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 13, 1907.
232. Cologne, “Big Storm Wrecks Balloon,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 22, 1909; Berlin, “Seventeen Balloons Contest for Trophy,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 15, 1906.
233. “Balloon Causes Storm,” Urbana Courier, July 3, 1909; “Aeronauts Hurt When Balloon Falls,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 6, 1911; “Aeronauts in Long Fall,” Urbana Courier, May 12, 1910.
234. “Balloon Mystery Is Solved; Record Is Made,” Urbana Courier, April 28, 1911.
235. “Balloons Pass Over Urbana,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 25, 1920.
236. “Balloon Sails Over Urbana,” Urbana Courier, April 27, 1911.
237. “The Modern Woodmen,” Urbana Courier, June 9, 1905; athletic carnival, “What Time Does Balloon Go Up?,” Urbana Courier, May 23, 1909; corn carnival, “Will Have Balloon Ascensions,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 27, 1910; Sunday school, “Rev. Walden Is Captain,” Urbana Courier, July 17, 1907; horse show, “Balloon Ascension by Local Talent,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 24, 1915; Commercial Club, “Will Be a Double Header,” Urbana Courier, July 17, 1914; Fourth of July, “Sam M’Williams, Aeronaut,” Urbana Courier, May 13, 1903.
238. “University Exhibit at Fair,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 14, 1910; on usual features, “Business Men Punch Eagle in the Ribs,” Urbana Courier, May 28, 1903; “Special Cars to Balloon Ascension at Homer Park,” Urbana Courier, July 25, 1907; on crowd size, “Bud Mars Makes Daring Flights,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 29, 1912.
239. Dolly Shepherd with Peter Hearn, in collaboration with Molly Sedgwick, When the ’Chute Went Up . . . The Adventures of an Edwardian Lady Parachutist (London: Robert Hale, 1984), 44, 46.
240. “Humane Officer Told Showmen to Play Monk,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 22, 1907; “Repeated Performance,” Urbana Courier, July 15, 1907.
241. “Balloon Ascension by Local Talent,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 24, 1915.
242. “Aeronautic Club Is Organized,” Urbana Courier, May 19, 1910; “Bi-Plane Wrecked in Trial Ascension,” Urbana Courier, May 21, 1910.
243. “Villa Grove Boy Will Fly Within Two Weeks,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 8, 1911; “Villa Grove Boy Will Fly Next Monday,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 15, 1911.
244. “Woman Aviator Falls to Death,” Urbana Courier, June 18, 1912; “Country Is Mad Over Aviation,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 24, 1912.
245. “Aeroplane Seen Passing O’er City,” Urbana Courier, April 15, 1915.
246. “Aeronautical Course at the University of Illinois,” Aerial Age Weekly 3 (Aug. 28, 1916): 721; “Satan Day to Fly at University of Illinois,” Aerial Age Weekly 2 (Jan. 17, 1916): 424.
247. His real name was also unusual: Curtis La Q. Day. “Villa Would Make Local Boy Chief,” Urbana Courier, April 19, 1915.
248. “Moisant Is Native of Kankakee,” Urbana Courier, Sept 7, 1911. “Moisant Here to Plan for Flight,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 19, 1911. On European and South American travels, see “Moisant Flyers again at Kankakee,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 21, 1912.
249. Peter Simons, “Aviation’s Heartland: The Flying Farmers and Postwar Flight,” Agricultural History 89 (Spring 2015): 225–46.
250. “British Aviator Wins Bennett Cup,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 31, 1910; “Moisant Flyers Again at Kankakee,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 21, 1912.
251. “This Week at West End Park,” Urbana Courier, July 12, 1903.
252. Irishman, “Close Contract with Moisant,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 21, 1911; fool flyer, “Simon Feared Dangerous Wind,” Urbana Courier, Sept 5, 1911; Russian, “Bud Mars Will Fly during Fair,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 21, 1912.
253. “Bud Mars Makes Daring Flights,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 29, 1912.
254. “Hutchinson Is No Novice,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 27, 1915.
255. “John Russell—Aeronaut!,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 12, 1908.
256. “Balloon Indiana Wins,” Urbana Courier, June 9, 1909; “Balloonists Are Fired Upon,” Urbana Daily Courier, Jan. 10, 1911.
257. “Airman Spy Is Shot,” Urbana Courier, Feb. 2, 1912; “U.S. Aviators Fired On,” Aerial Age Weekly 1 (Sept. 13, 1915): 613–14; “Biplane Fooled Game Birds,” Urbana Courier, Oct. 16, 1910.
258. Henry Woodhouse, “What the Aircraft Will Do for Humanity after the War,” Flying 3 (Oct. 1914): 261.
259. “Airship Bombs Kill Arabs,” Urbana Courier, March 19, 1912.
260. “German Airship Drops Bombs on Antwerp Citizens,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 26, 1914.
261. “Thousands See Fight in Air,” Urbana Courier, Feb. 15, 1915.
262. “Air Raids Terrorize Germans,” Urbana Courier, July 13, 1918.
263. “Letters from Soldiers at Home and Abroad,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 1, 1918.
264. “Sees Plenty of Excitement,” Urbana Courier, Aug. 10, 1918.
265. Thomas S. Snyder, Chanute Field: The Hum of the Motor Replaced the Song of the Reaper, 1917–1921 (Chanute Technical Training Center: History Office, 1975), 32.
266. “Will Build Fine Flatville Church,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 13, 1914; “English in October,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 11, 1907.
267. “Something about the Dutch ‘Flats,’” Urbana Courier, July 1, 1911.
268. On suspicions of spies, see Snyder, Chanute Field, 13; “Flatville Minister Denies Incident,” Urbana Daily Courier, April 7, 1917.
269. “Professorship in Aeronautics in the University of Illinois,” Flying 5 (Sept. 1916): 329.
270. “School Grows Rapidly,” Aerial Age Weekly 5 (July 16, 1917): 599.
271. “Air Squadron in Long Flight to New Field,” Aerial Age Weekly 5 (July 23, 1917): 629.
272. E. N. Fales, Learning to Fly in the U.S. Army: A Manual of Aviation Practice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1917), 89–94.
273. Fales, Learning to Fly in the U.S. Army, 89–94.
274. J. G. Gilpatric, “Flying From Small Fields,” Aerial Age Weekly 4 (Dec. 25, 1916): 386.
275. “Comp
any Leaves Very Soon,” Rantoul Weekly News, Oct. 24, 1917; “Captain O. E. Carlstrom Ordered to Camp Logan,” Rantoul Weekly News, Sept. 26, 1917; “Rantoul Flyers Drop 300 Feet,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 3, 1917; “Novices Hard on Aeroplanes,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 17, 1917.
276. “Government’s Aeros Not Suitable for Mexico,” Aerial Age Weekly 3 (April 3, 1916): 86. In 1918, the U.S. Army Signal Corps had twenty-nine flying fields. Seven were north of Tennessee: two in Illinois, two in Ohio, and one each in Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania, “Where Flying Fields of U.S. Aviation Service Are Located,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 12, 1918.
277. “Difficulties of the Mexican Campaign,” Aerial Age Weekly 3 (July 3, 1916): 470. Roger G. Miller, A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916 (Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2003).
278. Snyder, Chanute Field, 28.
279. W. H. Williamson, Octave Chanute: Aviation Pioneer ([Rantoul]: Chanute Field [Air Base], 1940), 1, 7, 11.
280. Donald O. Weckhorst, 75 Year Pictorial History of Chanute Air Force Base, Rantoul, Illinois (Nappanee, IN: Evangel Press, 1992), 21.
281. “Officers Moved,” Rantoul Weekly News, July 18, 1917.
282. “Air Men Who Have Passed Their H. M. A. Tests Leave Today,” Rantoul Weekly News, Sept. 12, 1917.
283. Weckhorst, 75 Year Pictorial History of Chanute Air Force Base, 48.
284. On pies, Snyder, Chanute Field, 14. “Large Crowd Bid God-Speed,” Rantoul Weekly News, Feb. 13, 1918. “Former Illinois Man is American ‘Ace,’” Urbana Courier, Jan. 21, 1919; “Champaign Boy ‘Got Hun or Two,’” Urbana Courier, Feb. 11, 1919; “Lieut. W. W. Spain Writes from France,” Rantoul Weekly Press, April 17, 1918. On brought down, see “Campus Brevities,” Daily Illini, Nov. 13, 1918.
285. “Novices Hard on Aeroplanes,” Urbana Courier, Sept. 17, 1917.
286. “Celebration Was Double Header,” Rantoul Weekly Press, July 10, 1918; “Thousands Again Flock to Rantoul,” Rantoul Weekly News, Sept. 26, 1917; “Chanute Fliers Thrill Crowd at Exposition,” Air Puffs, Dec. 7, 1918. Weckhorst, 75 Year Pictorial History of Chanute Air Force Base, 44.
287. “Lone American Brings Down Seven Flyers,” Air Puffs, June 28, 1918, 8.
288. “Every Day like County Fair in Twin Cities,” Urbana Courier, July 18, 1917.
289. “Plane Alights near Homer,” Urbana Courier, June 6, 1918.
290. “Chanute Field News,” Aerial Age Weekly 6 (Dec. 24, 1917): 645.
291. “Chanute Field News,” Aerial Age Weekly 7 (May 13, 1918): 439. On flares, “Illinois Day at Chanute,” Rantoul Weekly Press, May 14, 1919.
292. “Thousands Will Pour into City,” Urbana Courier, May 16, 1918.
293. “Was Big Day for Champaign,” Urbana Courier, May 18, 1918; on fancy flying, “High Twelve Club Goes on Visit to Chanute Field,” Urbana Courier, July 18, 1918; “Twin City Residents Given Exhibition by Chanute Fliers,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 11, 1918.
294. “Body Arrives from Overseas,” Urbana Courier, July 29, 1920.
295. “Airplane Crashes onto Moving Train,” Urbana Courier, April 30, 1918.
296. “Lieut. Wm. Slade Died of His Injuries This Morning,” Rantoul Weekly Press, July 23, 1919.
297. J. N. Smith to Newton B. Baker, Nov. 16, 1918, file 153, Papers Pertaining to Chanute Field Damage Claims, Box 1449, Chanute Field, RG 18 Army Air Forces, Central Decimal Files, 1917–38, Project Files-Airfields, National Archives, College Park.
298. “Carrier Pigeons Wanted at Front,” Aerial Age Weekly 6 (Sept. 17, 1917): 13.
299. “Field Has Excellent Record,” Rantoul Weekly Press, June 26, 1918.
300. Weckhorst, 75 Year Pictorial History of Chanute Air Force Base, 48.
301. “Chanute Field News,” Aerial Age Weekly 6 (Dec. 24, 1917): 645.
302. “Illinois Central,” Urbana Courier, April 10, 1905.
303. “Homer Does Full Share in War,” Urbana Courier, July 13, 1917; “G .O. Saddler Injured,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 18, 1918; “Former U. of I. Man Is Killed at Kelley Field,” Urbana Courier, April 10, 1918.
304. Walter Shea Wood, “The 130th Infantry, Illinois National Guard: A Military History, 1778–1919,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908–1984) 30 (July 1937): 193–255. On Champaign guardsmen, Roster of the Illinois Guard on the Mexican Border, 1916–1917 (Springfield, IL: np, 1928). “Member of Co. M Comes Home on Furlough,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 21, 1916. On song, “First Cavalry Faces Mexico,” Urbana Courier, July 5, 1915.
305. Maxwell Kirby, the commanding officer from Sept. 22–30, 1917, was part of the First Aero Squadron in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico; Snyder, Chanute Field, 14, 49; on further training in San Antonio, 25. “Field Loses Popular Officer,” Air Puffs, Oct. 11, 1918, 1; “Personals,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 4, 1917.
306. “Tenth Aerial Squadron Arrives Saturday,” Rantoul Weekly News, July 11, 1917.
307. “Was Lost in Desert,” Rantoul Weekly News, July 11, 1917.
308. “Aeroplanes in Mexican Manoeuvers,” Aerial Age Weekly 4 (Jan. 8, 1917): 432, 452–53.
309. William C. Pool, “Military Aviation Texas, 1913–1917,” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 59 (April 1956): 429–54.
310. “U.S. Troops Win First Battle,” Urbana Courier, March 31, 1916.
311. Major Arthur E. Wilburn came to Champaign from the “Villa campaign into Mexico” and, several years before that, the Philippines; “Major Arthur E. Wilburn,” Rantoul Weekly Press, July 31, 1918. On Charles Way’s Philippine service, see “Squadron D,” Air Puffs, Nov. 30, 1918, 1; on Ira Longanecker’s service in the Philippines, Hawai‘i, and the border outpost of Douglas, Arizona, see Snyder, Chanute Field, 57. On U.S. aviation detachments in Hawai‘i and the Philippines, see “Aircraft as a Military Asset,” Flying 3 (June 1914): 133.
312. On aviation after World War II, Simons, “Aviation’s Heartland,” 240.
Chapter 6: Home, Land, Security: Exile, Dispossession, and Loss
1. History of Champaign County, Illinois (Philadelphia: Brink, McDonough and Co., 1878), 14.
2. Ibid.
3. “The City and Vicinity,” Champaign Daily Gazette, Dec. 16, 1899.
4. “Pesotum,” Urbana Courier, March 16, 1914.
5. J. R. Stewart, ed., A Standard History of Champaign County, Illinois, vol. 2 (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1918), 1057–58.
6. “No Alien Enemies Report on First Day,” Urbana Courier, Feb. 4, 1918.
7. “Well Known Woman Registers as an Alien,” Urbana Courier, June 20, 1918.
8. “Immigration Officer Arrests German Boy,” Rantoul Weekly Press, April 7, 1920; “German Boy Was Deported,” Rantoul Weekly Press, April 14, 1920; “German Boy Was Not Deported,” Rantoul Weekly Press, April 28, 1920.
9. Mark Wyman and John W. Muirhead, “Jim Crow Comes to Central Illinois: Racial Segregation in Twentieth-Century Bloomington-Normal,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 110 (Summer 2017): 154–82; James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
10. Edwin Minor, “Annual Report Kickapoo Indian School, 1914,” Superintendents’ Annual Narrative and Statistical Reports from Field Jurisdictions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1907–1938, Roll 70 (Washington, DC: National Archives Microfilm Publications, 1975).
11. Joseph B. Herring, Kenekuk, The Kickapoo Prophet (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1988), 14.
12. On railroad rights, Treaty between the United States and the Kickapoo Indians, 1854, Princeton University Rare Books Library, 5; on the Atchison and Pike’s Peak Railroad Company’s rights, see “Kickapoo Treaty,” Freedom’s Champion (Atchison, KS), June 20, 1863. On a swindling agent, see “There Were a Large Number of Indians,” Atchison Daily Globe, Oct. 14, 1889.
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sp; 13. Edwin Minor, “Kickapoo School and Agency Report, 1912,” Kickapoo School Records, 1910–1920, Record Group 75, Superintendents’ Annual Narrative and Statistical Reports from the Field, Jurisdictions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1907–1938, Roll 70 (Washington, DC: National Archives Microfilm Publications, 1975).
14. Donald D. Stull, Kiikaapoa: The Kansas Kickapoo (Horton, KS: Kickapoo Tribal Press, 1984), 105; for a text of the 1862 treaty, 199–200.
15. Thomas Murphy, Superintendent Indian Affairs, to Hon. H. G. Taylor, Commissioner, April 8, 1869, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824–81, Kickapoo Agency, 1855–1876, Roll 373, 1867–1871 (Washington, DC: National Archives Microfilm Publications, 1958).
16. “The Red Man Gets There,” Galveston Daily News, Sept. 11, 1891; on home-seekers, see Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company, Cherokee Strip and Oklahoma. Opening of Cherokee Strip; Kickapoo, Pawnee and Tonkawa Reservations (Chicago: Poole Bros., 1893), 9.
17. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company, Cherokee Strip and Oklahoma, 13, 15; on residence, 20.
18. “The Story of a ‘Treaty,’” Boston Daily Advertiser, May 21, 1895.
19. “Kickapoo Craft,” Atchison Daily Globe, June 23, 1891.
20. “Allotments Almost Made,” Emporia Gazette, April 19, 1894.
21. “Refuse to Vacate,” Atchison Daily Globe, Aug. 15, 1895.
22. “Havoc of Flames,” Dallas Morning News, Aug. 24, 1894.
23. “The Story of a ‘Treaty,’” Boston Daily Advertiser, May 21, 1895.
24. “The Race for a Claim,” Morning Oregonian, May 24, 1895.
25. “Kickapoos Will Agree,” Galveston Daily News, Nov. 13, 1893.
26. Felipe A. Latorre and Dolores L. Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976), 52–54.
27. Lyn Ellen Bennett and Scott Abbott, “Barbed and Dangerous: Constructing the Meaning of Barbed Wire in Late Nineteenth-Century America,” Agricultural History 88 (Fall 2014): 566–90.
The Heartland Page 42