59. Diary entry, July 14, 1782, Howard C. Rice and Anne S. K. Brown, eds., The American Campaigns of Rochambeau’s Army, 1780–1783, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), 73.
60. As quoted in Chernow, Washington: A Life, 396.
61. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
62. Freeman, George Washington, vol. 5 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952), 491.
63. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 112.
64. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 137–38.
65. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
66. Sparks, The Life of George Washington, 284–85.
67. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of Washington, 58.
68. Virginia Gazette, January 17 and 31, 1777, Colonial Williamsburg Archives.
69. Genevieve Bugay, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
70. As quoted in Rupert Hughes, George Washington: The Savior of the States, 1771–1781 (New York: William Morrow, 1930), 82.
71. Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” 837.
72. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 92.
73. Letter from George Washington to Landon Carter, April 15, 1777, PGWRev, vol. 9, 170–71.
74. Sparks, The Life of George Washington, 329–30.
75. William Whitney Cone, Some Account of the Cone Family in America (Topeka, KS: Crane & Company, 1903), 323.
76. Humphreys, Life of General Washington, 33.
77. Conkling, Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington, 47; Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 137.
78. Hughes, George Washington: The Savior of the States, 44.
79. Letter from George Weedon to George Washington, March 30, 1778, PGWRev, vol. 14, 361–62.
80. Letters from Mary Washington to Lund Washington, December 4 and 23, 1778; Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
81. Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” 838.
82. Letter from Benjamin Harrison to George Washington, February 25, 1781; manuscript/mixed material, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
83. Letter from George Washington to Benjamin Harrison, March 21, 1781; as quoted in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, vol. 21 (Washington, DC: United States Printing Office, 1937), 340–42.
84. Letter from Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, April 8, 1781; Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vol. 1 (London: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 397.
85. Letter from Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 5, 1783, Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vol. 2, 56.
86. Conkling, Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington, 47.
87. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 241.
88. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 422.
89. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: In the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 471.
90. Freeman, George Washington, vol. 5, 409.
91. Emily White Fleming, Historic Periods of Fredericksburg, 1608–1861 (Richmond: W. C. Hill Printing, 1921), 21.
92. Freeman, George Washington, vol. 5, 409.
93. Bill from Captain Marban to Mary Washington, September 8, 1783, W-1310/A.27, Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Mount Vernon, Virginia.
94. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 285.
95. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 238.
96. Stokesbury, A Short History of the American Revolution, 279.
97. Hughes, George Washington: The Savior of the States, 119.
98. Hill, Ball Families of Virginia’s Northern Neck, 20.
99. Benjamin Tallmadge, Memoir of Col. Benjamin Tallmadge (New York: Thomas Holman, Book and Job Printer, 1858), 63–64.
CHAPTER 11: A SEPARATE PEACE
1. Humphreys, Life of General Washington, 37.
2. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783–1793, 39.
3. Letter from George Washington to Arthur Young, December 12, 1793, PGWPres, ed. David R. Hoth, vol. 14 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008), 504–14.
4. Lund Washington, list of escaped slaves, 1781, Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Mount Vernon, Virginia.
5. Letter from George Washington to Lund Washington, April 30, 1781, manuscript/mixed material, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6. Letter from George Washington to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785, PGWCon, ed. W. W. Abbot, vol. 2 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1992), 253–56.
7. Letter from George Washington to Fielding Lewis Jr., February 27, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 161–62.
8. Letter from George Washington to John Augustine Washington, January 16, 1783, manuscript/mixed material, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
9. Flora Fraser, George & Martha Washington: A Revolutionary Marriage (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 284–86.
10. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 141.
11. Fleming, Historic Periods of Fredericksburg, 22.
12. David M. Matteson, “The Fredericksburg Peace Ball,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 49, no. 2 (April 1941), 153.
13. Letter from George Washington to Jacob Read, February 12, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 112–13.
14. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 306.
15. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 423.
16. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 142–43.
17. Letter from Nellie Parke Custis Lewis, March 16, 1851, Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
18. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 142–43.
19. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 123–24.
20. Harland, 123.
21. Letter from Citizens of Fredericksburg to George Washington, February 14, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 120–22.
22. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of George Washington, 64–65.
23. Mount Vernon, “Lafayette Gingerbread,” http://www.mountvernon.org/inn/recipes/article/lafayette-gingerbread/.
24. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 128.
25. See, for example, letter from the Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 6, 1786, PGWCon, vol. 3, 547; letter from the Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, October 15, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 378; and letter from the Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, May 25, 1788, PGWCon, vol. 6, 295.
26. Ledger B, February 15, 1784; Washington Papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
27. Virginia Gazette, or The American Advertiser, February 21, 1784, Newspaper Vault VA Vault, Library of Congress Archives, Washington, DC.
28. Letter from George Washington to the Citizens of Fredericksburg, February 14, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 122–23.
29. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 463.
30. Letter from George Washington to Daniel Boinod and Alexander Gaillard, February 18, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 126–27.
31. Letter from George Washington to Elias Boundinot, February 18, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 127–28.
32. Letter from George Washington to Annis Boundinot, February 18, 1784, PGWCon, vol. 1, 132–33.
33. Letter from William Simmes, June 23, 1783; Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
34. Diary entry, April 29, 1785, DGW, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1978), 131.
35. Resolutions of the Dismal Swamp Company, May 2, 1785, PGWCon, vol. 2, 530–31.
36. Diary entry, May 5, 1785, DGW, vol. 4, 134.
37. Diary entry, February 18, 1786, DGW, vol. 4, 276–83; Washington’s slave list, June 1799, PGWRet, ed. W. W. Abbot, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 527–42.
38. Letter from George Washington to Edwa
rd Newenham, April 20, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 151–53; Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 43.
39. Diary entry, April 24, 1786, DGW, vol. 4, 316–17.
40. Letter from Adrienne, Marquise de Lafayette, to George Washington, April 15, 1785, PGWCon, vol. 2, 502–3.
41. Letter from George Washington to Adrienne, Marquise de Lafayette, May 10, 1786, PGWCon, vol. 4, 39–40.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 12 (Richmond: George Cochran, 1823), 375–76.
43. An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, 1786; Special Collections, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
44. James Byrd, “Was the American Revolution a Holy War?” Washington Post, July 7, 2013.
45. Mary Thompson, in discussion with Scott Mauer, May 16, 2018.
CHAPTER 12: HONORED MADAM
1. Letter from Mary Washington to John Augustine Washington, no date; Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
2. Daniel Blake Smith, “Mortality and Family in the Colonial Chesapeake,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 8, no. 3, Winter 1978, 416–18.
3. Letter from Mary Ball Washington to John Augustine Washington, no date; Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
4. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
5. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 37.
6. Letter from George Washington to Mary Ball Washington, February 15, 1787, PGWCon, ed. W. W. Abbot, vol. 5 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997), 33–37.
7. Letter from Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 7, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 15.
8. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 521–23.
9. Matthew Hale, Contemplations, Moral and Divine (London: D. Brown, J. Walthoe, et al., 1711), 182.
10. Hale, Contemplations, Moral and Divine, 110–11.
11. Hale, 143.
12. Hale, 163.
13. Diary entry, April 26, 1787, DGW, vol. 5, 143–44; letter from George Washington to Henry Knox, April 27, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 157–59.
14. Letter from George Washington to Robert Morris, May 5, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 171.
15. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
16. Diary entry, April 27, 1787, DGW, vol. 5, 145.
17. As quoted in Chernow, Washington: A Life, 526.
18. Diary entry, May 25, 1787, DGW, vol. 5, 162.
19. Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency: George Washington (New York: Random House, 2004), 177.
20. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 118.
21. Flexner, 116.
22. The Virginia Plan, May 29, 1787, PJM, ed. Robert A. Rutland, Charles F. Hobson, William M. E. Rachal, and Frederika J. Teute, vol. 10 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 12–18.
23. Reply to the New Jersey plan, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 55–63.
24. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 232.
25. Letter from George Washington to George Augustine Washington, June 3, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 217–19.
26. Letter from George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, July 10, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 257.
27. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 132–33.
28. Diary entry, September 17, 1787, DGW, vol. 5, 185.
29. Diary entry, September 22, 1787, DGW, vol. 5, 186–87.
30. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 10 (Richmond: George Cochran, 1822), 439–43.
31. Letter from John Dawson to James Madison, June 12, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 47–48.
32. Letter from William Roberts to George Washington, September 2, 1787, PGWCon, vol. 5, 308–9.
33. Herbert Baxter Adams, The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1893), 29.
34. List of taxable property in Fredericksburg, 1787 and 1788, Fredericksburg Circuit Court Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
35. J. Travis Walker, in discussion with Scott Mauer, May 31, 2018.
36. The Debates in the Several State Conventions, of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 3 (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1836), 176.
37. The Debates in the Several State Conventions, 657–59.
38. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 365.
39. Diary entry, June 10, 1788, DGW, vol. 5, 339–40.
40. General ledger B, June 17, 1788, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
41. Philip Slaughter, History of St. George’s Parish (Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph & English, 1890), 25.
42. Letter from George Washington to Henry Knox, June 17, 1788, PGWCon, vol. 6, 332; letter from George Washington to Richard Henderson, June 19, 1788, PGWCon, vol. 6, 339; letter from George Washington to James Madison, June 23, 1788, PGWCon, vol. 6, 351.
43. The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. 1, 332–33.
CHAPTER 13: UNTO DUST SHALT THOU RETURN
1. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 550–51.
2. Virginia Herald and Fredericksburg Advertiser, April 23, 1789, Central Rappahannock Heritage Center, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
3. Letter from George Washington to Marquis de Lafayette, April 28, 1788, PGWCon, ed. W. W. Abbot. vol. 6 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997), 242–46.
4. Letter from George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, PGWPres, ed. Dorothy Twohig, vol. 1 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987), 31–33.
5. Letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 23, 1789, PJM, vol. 12, ed. Charles F. Hobson and Robert A. Rutland (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1979), 182–83; letter from Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, August 9, 1789, PTJ, vol. 15, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958), 336–38.
6. Letter from George Washington to John Langdon, April 14, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 2, 54.
7. Letter from George Washington to Richard Conway, March 6, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 1, 368–69.
8. Virginia Herald and Fredericksburg Advertiser, March 12, 1789, microfilm, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
9. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 145–46.
10. Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” 841.
11. General ledger B, March 11, 1789, Washington Papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
12. Letter from Robert Lewis to George Washington, March 18, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 1, 404.
13. Virginia Gazette, November 17, 1738; Colonial Williamsburg Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
14. Virginia Gazette, June 16, 1768.
15. Letter from Benjamin Rush to Elisha Hall, July 6, 1789; Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 518.
16. James E. Guba and Philander D. Chase, “Anthrax and the President, 1789,” Papers of George Washington Newsletter, no. 5, Spring 2002, 4–6.
17. Letter from Betty Lewis to George Washington, July 24, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 3, 301–2.
18. Letter from Burgess Ball to George Washington, August 25, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 3, 536–37.
19. The Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (Charleston: W. P. Young, 1808), 219–220.
20. Letter from Burgess Ball to George Washington, August 25, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 3, 536–37.
21. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 365–67.
22. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 146.
23. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 227.
24. Gazette of the United States, September 9, 1789; as quoted in William Spohn Baker, Washington after the Revolution (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1898), 133–34.
25. Washington Irving, Life of George Washington, vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Put
nam and Son, 1869), 25.
26. Virginia Herald and Fredericksburg Advertiser, August 27, 1789; microfilm, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
27. Diary entry, September 1, 1789, Robert Lewis, Diary, July 4, 1789 to September 1, 1789, 68–69; Papers of George Washington, Archives of Mount Vernon, Virginia.
28. As quoted in Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” 841.
29. Letter from George Washington to Henry Knox, September 4, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 3, 600.
30. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 589.
31. Gazette of the United States, September 8, 1789; as quoted in Baker, Washington after the Revolution, 133.
32. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 589.
33. Letter from George Washington to Betty Lewis, September 13, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 4, 32–36.
34. Statement of money received and paid on the account of the estate of Mary Washington, Virginiana Room, Central Rappahannock Regional Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
35. Statement of money received and paid on the account of the estate of Mary Washington, Virginiana Room, Central Rappahannock Regional Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
36. Adams, The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, vol. 2, 28–29.
37. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
38. Virginia Herald and Fredericksburg Advertiser, October 15, 1789; microfilm, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
39. Memorandum of effects not mentioned in Mrs. Washington’s will, date unknown, Central Rappahannock Heritage Center, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
40. Letter from Betty Lewis to George Washington, October 1, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 4, 122–23, letter from Burgess Ball to Charles Carter, October 8, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 4, 146–47.
41. Letter from Burgess Ball to George Washington, December 26, 1789, PGWPres, vol. 4, 448–49.
42. Letter from Charles Carter to George Washington, October 14, 1793, PGWPres, vol. 14, 204–5.
43. Letter from George Washington to Charles Carter, May 29, 1794, PGWPres, vol. 16, 152–53.
EPILOGUE: A MONUMENTAL LEGACY
1. Letter from George Washington to Burgess Ball, September 22, 1799, PGWRet, ed. W. W. Abbot, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 318.
2. Letter from Hugh Mercer to George Washington, April 6, 1774, PGWCol, vol. 10, 23, letter from George Washington to Hugh Mercer, April 11, 1774, PGWCol, vol. 10, 27–28.
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