Karl Marx
Page 22
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: in Berlin, 20
family, civil society, and the state, 29–34
idealist philosophy of, 76, 77
on India, 117
on Jewish suffrage, 19–20
Marx and, 16, 24–29, 33–35, 37–38, 64, 76, 117, 128
and professional civil service, 33
social classes, theory of, 32–33, 33–36, 34, 60
support for Eduard Gans, 18–21, 20
system of allegiances proposed by, 29–32
Young Hegelians, 16, 25–27, 38–40, 49–53, 56, 60–62, 76, 78, 140
—works: Philosophy of History, 117
Philosophy of Right, 19–20, 23–26, 29–30, 32, 63–64, 74
Rechtsphilosophie, 20, 27–32
Heidelberg University, 19–20
Die heilige Familie [The Holy Family] (Marx and Engels), 49–53, 60–62, 78
Heine, Heinrich, 8, 18, 19, 57, 59, 168
Hep-Hep riots (1819), 18
Heraclitus, philosophy of, 124
Herwegh, Georg, 26
Herzen, Alexander, 180
Hess, Moses: on cultural dimensions of national movements, 116
on history, 114
Marx’s relations with, 8, 22–23, 55–56, 60, 65
Rheinische Zeitung founded by, 22–23
—works: “On Money,” 47
“Die Philosophie der Tat” [The Philosophy of the Deed], 65
Rom und Jerusalem: Die lettzte Nationalitäten Frage [Rome and Jerusalem: The Last Nationality Question], 47–48, 114
Hindenburg, Paul von, 189
Hirsch, Samuel, 50, 51
Historical School of Jurisprudence, 23–24
history: of communism, 71–80
human agency in, 65–66, 77–80, 113–14, 139, 141
Jewish emancipation, 5, 7, 28, 41–44, 47–53, 60–61, 62, 78
materialist conception of, 65–66, 78–79, 129, 130
modes of production related to, 78–80
nationalism in, 47–48, 95–97, 112–16
religion, 38–39, 76
revolutionary terrorism in, 20, 62–63, 164–66, 167, 178, 180
social class in, 33–36, 60, 86–87
Western imperialism and the Third World, 117–20
History of the Jewish People (Graetz), 171
Hobbes, Thomas, 29, 31, 147
The Holy Family—or the Critique of Critical Critique (Marx and Engels), 49–53, 60–62, 78
Homo faber, 65–67, 78, 92, 94, 143
human agency, 77–80, 78, 113–14, 139, 141
human being (Gattungswesen), 65
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 14
Hume, David, 20, 21
Hungary: anti-communist uprisings in, 191
IMES (Internationale Marx-Engels Stiftung), 201–2
Inaugural Address of the General Council of the IWA, 133–35
Indian Revolt (1857), 116, 118–21
industrial capitalism: alienation of workers in, 64, 67–69, 80, 86–87
free market ideology, 134, 139, 187–88
globalization, 87–88, 114, 116, 188
nationalization, 70–72, 74, 95–97, 131, 152
personal worth in, 86–87
production under, 86–87, 90–92, 117–20, 188
property rights under, 90–91, 188–89
social psychology of, 90–92
Ten Regulations (Marx), 89–93, 96, 97, 142, 189
of western European societies, 19, 60, 68, 118–19, 142, 175–76, 187, 190–91
inheritance, abolition of, 89, 91, 92
Institute of Marxism-Leninism (East Berlin), 200
Institute of Marxism-Leninism (Moscow), 200
International Workingmen’s Association (IWA): addresses of the General Council (1870), 151–52, 199
The Civil War in France (Marx), 153, 155–58, 160, 199
congresses of, 137, 162–63
demise of, 164–65
First International, 131, 132, 137
founding of, 132
Franco-Prussian War impact on, 151–52
French Branch, 153–54, 161, 162
General Council, 133–36, 149, 151–53, 162–64
General Rules, 134–35
internal tensions in, 153–54, 161, 162–65
Paris Commune (1871) and, 152–53, 159–60, 161
solidarity with Polish insurgents, 135
structure of, 132, 134–35
U.S. headquarters of, 137, 162
Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 61
Irish national movement, 136
Israel, State of, 196
Italy, 115, 131
Jacobins, 62–63
Jena, University of, 22
Jerusalem, 194–98
Jewish emancipation, 5, 7, 28, 41–44, 47–53, 60–61, 62, 78
Jewish history, Graetz on, 171–72
Jewish identity: conversion to Christianity, 10–11, 19, 42, 48–49, 127, 197–98
Jews as foreigners, 20
of Lassalle, 124, 126
Marx on, 12, 44–45, 54, 165
names reflecting, 9–10
nationalism, 47–48, 114
Judaism: assimilation into German society, 18–19
and capitalism, 43, 46–47, 53–54
Christianity compared with, 45–46
Marx on, 43, 45, 47–49
religious traditions of, 18–19, 44, 52
Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, 18–19
“Zur Judenfrage” [On the Jewish Question] (Marx), 201: and emancipation and equal rights for Jews, 28, 41–44, 48, 49–53
equation of Judaism with capitalism, 43, 45, 47–48
on “everyday” real Jews, 44–45
Die heilige Familie [The Holy Family] and, 49–53, 60–62, 78
Judentum (use of term), 47, 53, 201
Das Judentum in der Fremde (Bauer), 54
Jura Federation, 164
Kant, Immanuel, 16, 26
Das Kapital (Marx), 27–28, 127–29, 139
Darwin and, 148
economic research for, 134
Engels and, 138, 142, 144–46
on the English working class, 142, 187
factory legislation in England, 187
publication of, 138, 139, 142, 144–45
publicity for, 145–46
on the rural commune, 179–80
on social upheaval in England [Umwältzung], 166–67
on the transition to socialism, 142–43
translations of, 143, 162, 175, 199–200
volume 1, 138, 139, 143–45
Western European sensibility of, 179
Kautsky, Karl, 144, 165, 183
Keynes, John Maynard, 187
Kierkegaard, Søren, 39
Kolokol (journal), 180
Kotzebue, August von, 20
Kreuznach Notebooks (Marx), 25–26, 63
Kugelmann, Ludwig, 147–48, 160
labor: and alienation, 65–68, 70, 86–87, 140–41, 191
animal production compared with human labor, 65–66
commodification of, 86–87, 139–40
in a communist society, 80–81
division of, 67–68, 80–81
factory and social legislation, 142
Homo faber, 65–67, 78, 92, 94, 143
industrial revolution, 86–87
and the modern division of, 67–68
philosophical anthropology, 65–67
Ten Hours Bill, 134
Ten Regulations (Marx) on, 89–93, 96, 97, 142, 189
workers’ insurrection in Paris (1848), 82, 95, 98
Lafargue, Paul, 123, 161
Lange, Friedrich Albert, 148
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 102, 124–28, 132, 158, 168–69
League of Communists (Bund der Kommunisten), 81–85, 94, 96–97, 100, 105–7, 110, 124, 131, 159, 166
League of the Just (Bund der Gerechten), 81–82
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 20, 21
Leroux, Pierre, 59
Levi, Mordechai (Marx’s grandfather), 8–9
Lewy, Heschel (Marx’s father), 9, 11–12, 49, 51–52
Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 168–69, 183
Lincoln, Abraham, 136
Locke, John, 29, 31
London: arrival in, 15, 100
birth of Alfred “Freddy” Demuth, 101–4
The Communist Manifesto printed in, 82–83
death of Marx, 144, 147–48, 184–86
development of critique of political economy, 27–28, 127–30
develops his approach to nationalism, 112–15
Engels in, 181
financial struggles, 59, 102–3, 107–8
German Workers’ Educational Association, 106
International Workingmen’s Association, 131–32
League of Communists in, 81–85, 94, 96–97, 105–7, 110, 124, 131, 159, 166
Marx’s reputation in, 124, 126, 133, 149, 152–53, 159–62, 183, 186
socialists’ pilgrimages to, 183
SPD (German Social Democratic Party) directed by Marx from, 168–71
writes for New York Tribune, 107, 116, 122, 138, 166, 194, 199
writing of Grundrisse, 140, 142, 192
writing on India, 116–21
writing on Napoleon III, 99–100, 109–12, 113
London German Workers Educational Association, 133
London Society for the Conversion of the Jews, 197–98
Longuet, Charles, 184
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III), 99–100, 109–13, 152–54
Ludendorff, Erich, 189
Luxemburg, Rosa, 165
Macaulay, Thomas, 48
Manifesto of the Communist Party. See Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels)
marriage, of Marx, 15, 24–25, 71, 102–3
Marx, Edgar (son), 58
Marx, Eleanor (daughter), 1, 2, 104, 123, 144, 161, 163, 171, 182
Marx, Franziska (daughter), 102
Marx, Guido (son), 102
Marx, Heinrich (Heschel; father), 9, 11–12, 49, 51–52
Marx, Jenny (daughter), 58, 123, 161, 182, 184
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen), 15, 24–25, 102–3, 108, 163, 183
Marx, Karl: Bakunin’s relations with, 56, 59, 162–66, 180, 190
Bauer opposed by, 38, 41, 43–44, 49–53
British citizenship requested by, 182
and British Museum Reading Room, 124, 186
Darwin and, 144, 145, 147, 148
death of, 184–85
death of wife and daughter Jenny, 183, 184
as editor of Rheinische Zeitung (RZ), 26–27, 33
on the 1848 revolutions, 95, 108–10, 112–14, 130–31
English fluency of, 194–95
eulogy by Engels, 144, 146–48, 184–86
Eurocentricity of, 116–21, 183–84
Feuerbach’s influence on, 60–61, 77–78
financial situation of, 58–59, 102–3, 107–8, 138, 182
government surveillance of, 173–74
and Graetz, 171–72, 175
health of, 122, 171–75, 181–84
Hegel and, 16, 24–29, 33–35, 37–38, 64, 76, 117, 128
and Hess, 55–56, 60, 65
on history, 34–35, 78–80, 113, 130, 163–64, 177–78
involvement in IWA, 131, 133–34, 136, 137, 149, 150–54, 162–63
on the Jewish community in Jerusalem, 195–98
on Jewish emancipation, 47–53, 60, 61, 78
Jewish identity of, ix–x, 1–2, 12–13, 43–54, 125–27
and Lassalle, 125–27
League of Communists (Bund der Kommunisten), 81–85, 94, 96–97, 105–6, 124, 131, 159
legacy of, x–xi, 56–57, 112–13, 156, 187–93
marriage to Jenny von Westphalen, 15, 24–25, 102–3
on nationalism, 95–97, 114–16
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 97
and Paris Commune (1871), 153, 175, 199
paternity of Alfred Demuth attributed to, 101–4
personality of, 56–57, 59, 106, 125–27
on political economy, 27–28, 34, 61, 64–67, 127–31, 139, 191
Prussian citizenship of, 33–34, 97, 122
relations with Ludwig von Westphalen, 15, 22
return to Germany, 96–99
on revolutionary terrorism, 20, 62–63, 164, 167, 178, 180
Rheinische Zeitung articles, 22–24
and SPD (German Social Democratic Party), 168–69
speeches of, 163–64, 163–65, 167
theory of social classes, 34–36, 78–81, 85, 88–89, 92–93
travel restrictions on, 136, 137
university education of, 9, 13–22, 21–22
on the village commune, 176–77, 179–80
—works: “Address of the Central Committee of the League of Communists,” 105–6
Anti-Dühring, 182–83
The Civil War in France, 153, 155–58, 160, 199
“The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1849,” 109–11
collected works, 200–202
Critique of the Gotha Program, 169–71
“Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” 109–13
“Fetishism of Commodities,” 141
The German Ideology, 35–36, 60, 75–76, 78–80, 86, 128, 192
Grundrisse (draft notes for Das Kapital), 140, 142, 192
Die heilige Familie [The Holy Family], 49–53, 60–62, 78
IWA documents, 133–34, 151
“Zur Judenfrage,” 41–54, 201
Kreuznach Notebooks, 25–26, 63
League of Communists documents, 95–97
posthumous publication of, 109, 142–43, 192–93, 6035
The Poverty of Philosophy, 60
“Private Property and Communism,” 69–70
Selected Works, 192, 200
Theses of Feuerbach, 60–61
Times article denying responsibility for Paris Commune (1871), 160
translations of, 82, 134, 143, 157, 162, 175, 180, 199–201
“Wage Labor and Capital,” 98–99
writing style, 69–70, 74, 85–86, 109–11, 134, 140–41, 157–58, 179. See also Communist Manifesto; Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts; Kapital
Marx, Laura (daughter), 58, 123, 161, 180, 184
Marx, Samuel (Heinrich Marx’s brother), 12
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), 200
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe-2 (MEGA-2), 201–2
Marx-Engels Werke (East Germany), 200, 201
material force, 34, 37
materialism: classical materialism, 77
Feuerbach and, 76–79
French materialist thought, 76
globalization, 87–88, 114, 116, 188
historical materialism, 65–66, 78–79, 129, 130
Homo faber, 65–67, 78, 92, 94, 143
and human agency, 77–78
Marx’s new materialism, 77–78
mechanistic materialism, 79
Mazzini, Guiseppe, 136
Mendelssohn, Moses, 7
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai, 177
mode of production: in Asia, 117–20
contradictions of, 98
globalization, 87–88, 114, 116, 188
history and, 79–80, 113
and human labor, 67–68, 140
Third World industrial production, 117–20, 188
and transition to socialism, 169–71
wage labor, 67–68, 71, 98, 128, 138, 170–71, 188
monarchy, abolition of, 95, 96
money, 46, 47, 68–69, 86–88, 87, 115
Morocco, 183–84
Muslims, 116, 183–84
Nairobi Conference (UNESCO), 195–97
Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte), 99–100, 109–13, 152–54
Narodnik (Populist) groups, 178
nationalism, 47–48, 95–97, 112–16
nationaliza
tion, 70–72, 74, 95–97, 131, 152
Nechaev, Sergey, 165
Neue Oder Zeitung (Germany), 107
Neue Rheinische Zeitung (NRZ), 53–54, 97–99, 105, 114
New Deal, 187
New Moral World, 26
New York Tribune, 107, 116, 122, 138, 166, 194, 199
NRZ Revue, 105, 109, 111
obshchina (common property), 176–80
On the Civil Disabilities of the Jews in Britain (Macaulay), 48
“On Money” (Hess), 47
“Oriental Realm” (Hegel), 117–18
Oswald, F. (pseudonym, Engels), 144–45
Otechestvennye Zapiski, 175–76
Owen, Robert, 26, 132, 134, 142
Palestine, Jewish commonwealth in, 47–48, 114
Paris: birth of daughter Jenny, 58
DFJ (Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher), 27–28, 35–38, 64, 76
Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts, 60, 61, 63–65, 69–70, 128
Engels introduced to Marx in, 59–60
expatriate community in, 8, 57, 59, 72, 99–100
February Revolution in, 82, 95, 112
Heine’s friendship with Marx, 59–60
Marx expelled from, 57, 81, 95
Marx’s literary productivity in, 28–29, 41, 60, 81
Marx’s residence in, 50, 57, 81, 95, 99–100
municipal government as Commune de Paris, 153
Vorwärts newspaper, 60
workers’ insurrection (1848), 82, 95, 98
Paris Commune (1871): defeat of, 154–55, 155–56
Franco-Prussian War, 111, 151–55
impact on the working-class movement in Europe, 160–61
IWA and, 137, 152, 153–54, 158, 160–61
Marx on, 131, 153, 155–58, 160–62, 199
Marx’s alleged involvement in, 159–60, 161, 175
Thiers government, 154, 156
parliamentary system, 166
peasantry, 24, 110, 166, 176, 178, 188–89
perestroika, 190
Phenomenology of the Spirit (Hegel), 74, 147
philanthropy, 142
Philippson, Gustav, 50–51
Phillips, Lion, 127
Philosophy of History (Hegel), 117
Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 19–20, 23–26, 29–30, 32, 63–64, 74
“The Philosophy of the Deed” [Die Philosophie der Tat] (Hess), 65
Plekhanov, George, 178
Poland, 4, 132, 135, 150, 189, 191
Polish insurrection (1863), 132, 135, 150, 167
political economy, 27–28, 34, 61, 64–67, 127–31, 139–41, 191
The Poverty of Philosophy (Marx), 60
Presborg, Henriette (Marx’s mother), 10, 11–12, 25, 108
Die Presse (Vienna), 107
private property, 36–37, 69, 70–74, 89–92, 117–18
industrial, nationalization of, 90–91, 188–89
Privilegium de non tolerandis Iudaies, 4
proletariat: Aufhebung, 36–37, 73, 88, 93