49. S. Edgington, ‘The Lisbon Letter of the Second Crusade’, Historical Research, 69 (1996), 328–39.
50. De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans. V. Berry (New York 1948), pp. xxxii–xl for MS.
51. B. Schuster, ‘The Strange Pilgrimage of Odo of Deuil’, Medieval Concepts of the Past, ed. G. Althoff et al. (Cambridge 2002), pp. 253–78; J. Phillips, ‘Odo of Deuil’s De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a Source for the Second Crusade’, The Experience of Crusading, vol. 1, ed. M. Bull et al. (Cambridge 2003), pp. 80–95.
5 THE THIRD CRUSADE AND THE REINVENTION OF CRUSADING, 1187–1198
1. M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge 1982), pp. 280–1.
2. J. Folda, The Nazareth Capitals and the Crusader Shrine of the Annunciation (Philadelphia 1986).
3. Audita Tremendi, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London 1981), p. 64.
4. D. Richards, trans., The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh (Aldershot 2006–8), vol. II, p. 323; cf. J. France, Hattin (Oxford 2015).
5. Roger of Howden, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London 1867), vol. I, pp. 341–2; cf. J. Richard, ‘The Adventure of John Gale, Knight of Tyre’, The Experience of Crusading, vol. II, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge 2003), pp. 189–95.
6. Y. Harari, ‘The Military Role of the Frankish Turcopoles: A Reassessment’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 12 (1997), 75–116.
7. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. II, pp. 337, 351–2, 364; for the Alexandria refugees, ‘The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre’, trans. P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot 1998, pp. 65–6.
8. Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291, ed. and trans. D. Pringle (Farnham 2012), pp. 120–1.
9. Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, trans. H. Nicholson (Aldershot, 1997), p. 48 (repeated by a later compiler, p. 142).
10. Itinerarium, trans. Nicholson, p. 143.
11. Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002), p. 125; Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. II, p. 363; Henry of Albano, De peregrinante civitate Dei, J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris 1844–64), vol. CCIV, col. 355.
12. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 64–7.
13. Alan of Lille, quoted by G. Constable, ‘The Cross of the Crusaders’, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century (Farnham 2008), pp. 45–91 at p. 90; cf. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici, ed. Stubbs, vol. II, pp. 26–8, for Bertier of Orléans’ poem; C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), esp. pp. 379–80, 388–9; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 66. For the liturgy of the cross, see now C. Gaposchkin, Invisible Weapons: Liturgy and the Making of Crusade Ideology (Ithaca , NY 2017).
14. Produced in the Bavarian abbey of Schäftlarn, now in the Vatican Library (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vat Lat 2001).
15. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici, ed. Stubbs, vol. II, p. 32.
16. N. Barrat, ‘The English Revenues of Richard I’, English Historical Review, 116 (2001), 639–41; cf. C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago 1988), pp. 75–80.
17. C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015), ‘Finance’, pp. 181–227.
18. Ambroise, The Crusade of Richard Lion-Heart, trans. M. J. Hubert (New York 1976), ll. 67–8, p. 33.
19. R. Chazan, ‘Emperor Frederick I, the Third Crusade, and the Jews’, Viator, 8 (1977), 83–93.
20. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, esp. pp. 278–81 and, generally, pp. 231–92.
21. C. Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, The Practices of Crusading (Farnham 2013), no. XIV; idem, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 182–91.
22. Itinerarium, trans. Nicholson, p. 83, cf. p. 22; for a blow-by-blow account of the siege, J. D. Hosler, The Siege of Acre 1189–91 (London 2018).
23. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. T. Appleby (London 1963), p. 15.
24. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, trans. Richards, p. 145.
25. In general, Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 258–64 and refs.
26. John of Joinville, Life of St Louis, trans. C. Smith, Chronicles of the Crusades (London 2008), p. 187.
27. P. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades (Cambridge 2004), pp. 1, 66.
28. For archaeological evidence, A. Boas, Crusader Archaeology (London 1999), pp. 170–80; D. Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era 1950–1300 (London 1999); J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge 1994), pp. 26–51, 144–9.
29. Itinerarium, trans. Nicholson, p. 74; William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (London 1889), p. 374; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, trans. Richards, p. 26.
30. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. II, pp. 346–7.
31. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 212.
32. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. II, p. 392; Al-Harawi, A Lonely Wayfarer’s Guide to Pilgrimage, trans. J. W. Meri (Princeton 2004), p. 78.
33. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. II, p. 397.
34. Trans. W. Lunt, Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages (New York 1965), vol. II, pp. 485–7.
35. On the evidence for Celestine’s Baltic policy, I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147–1254 (Leiden 2007), pp. 67–75.
36. See now G. Loud, ‘The German Crusade of 1197–1198’, Crusades, 13 (2014), 143–71.
37. Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. V. Berry (New York 1948), pp. 122–3.
38. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James (London 1998), no. 391.
39. John of Joinville, Life of St Louis, trans. C. Smith, Chronicles of the Crusades (London 2008), p. 187.
40. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 150–77; idem, ‘Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land?’, Practices of Crusading (Farnham 2013), chap. XIII.
41. Itinerarium, trans. D. Pringle, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land 1187–1291 (Farnham 2012), pp. 61–94. The account of the Beirut palace is at pp. 65–6.
42. J. Folda, Crusader Art in the Holy Land from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre (Cambridge 2005), p. 136.
6 RESHAPING THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
1. Quoted in P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusades (Amsterdam 1940), p. 232.
2. For background, A. V. Murray, ‘The Place of Egypt in the Military Strategy of the Crusades 1099–1221’, The Fifth Crusade in Context, ed. E. J. Mylod et al. (London 2017), pp. 117–34; J. H. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, The Experience of Crusading, vol. I, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), esp. pp. 114–23.
3. D. Richards, trans., The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh (Aldershot 2006), vol. I, 13–14.
4. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia 1968), p. 115.
5. Innocent III to Archbishop Hubert Walter of Canterbury, Crusade and Christendom, ed. and trans. J. Bird et al. (Philadelphia 2013), p. 49.
6. See William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey (New York 1941; 1976 reprint), vol. II, p. 408.
7. Geoffrey of Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, in Chronicles of the Crusade, trans. C. Smith (London 2008), p. 11.
8. For examples, Crusade and Christendom, ed. and trans. Bird et al., pp. 37, 40, 149.
9. P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation (Aldershot 1998), pp. 181–2.
10. On the 1204 raid on Egypt, B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Fourth Crusade’s Second Front’, Urbs Capta, ed. A. Laiou (Paris 2005), pp. 89–110.
11. Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York 1976), p. 40.
12. Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Conquest of Constantinople, in Chronicles of the Crusades, t
rans. Smith, pp. 16–17.
13. For Fulk of Neuilly, James of Vitry, Historia Occidentalis, ed. J. F. Hinnebusch (Freiburg 1972), p. 101.
14. E.g. Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, trans. A. Andrea (Leiden 2000), p. 84, a letter from the crusaders to Otto IV of Germany, August 1203.
15. Contemporary Sources, trans. Andrea, pp. 188–9.
16. For a translation of Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, which provides the account of Abbot Martin’s preaching, crusade and theft, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans, A. J. Andrea (Philadelphia 1997); Gunther’s other works include a versification of the First Crusade chronicle by Robert of Rheims, a clear influence along with the works of Bernard of Clairvaux.
17. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cerney, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. and M. S. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 58.
18. Contemporary Sources, trans. Andrea, p. 48.
19. Niketas Choniates, Annals, trans. H. J. Margoulias, O City of Byzantium (Detroit 1984), p. 296.
20. The Anonymous of Soissons, Contemporary Sources, trans. Andrea, p. 234.
21. Villehardouin, Conquest, in Chronicles of the Crusade, trans. Smith, pp. 59–60.
22. D. Queller and T. Madden, The Fourth Crusade (Philadelphia 1997), pp. 294–5.
23. Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. Andrea, p. 111.
24. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. Richards, vol. III, 76; Innocent III letter to legate Peter of Capuano, 12 July 1205, Contemporary Sources, trans. Andrea, p. 166.
25. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Fourth Crusade’s Second Front’, Urbs Capta, ed. A. Laiou (Paris 2005), pp. 89–110.
26. Crusade and Christendom, ed. and trans. Bird et al., pp. 107–12 at p. 110.
27. C. Kohler, ‘Documents inédits concernant l’Orient Latin et les croisades’, Revue de l’Orient Latin (Paris 1893–1911), vol. VII, 1–9.
28. Narratio quomodo reliquiae martyris Georgii ad nos aquicinensis pervenerunt, RHC Occ., vol. V, 251.
29. For the Sacro Catino, William of Tyre, History, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. I, 437; in general N. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps (Ithaca 2012), pp. 79, 99–104, 122–3.
30. The phrase is that of Gunther of Pairis, Capture of Constantinople, trans. Andrea, p. 111.
31. Gunther of Pairis, Capture of Constantinople, p. 124; ‘The Anonymous of Soissons’ and ‘Deeds of the Bishops of Halbetrstadt’, Contemporary Sources, trans. Andrea, pp. 235–8, 260–3.
32. P. Riant, Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae (Geneva 1876–7), vol. I, XCV, XCVII, pp. 127–40.
33. M. Barber, ‘The Impact of the Fourth Crusade in the West: The Distribution of Relics after 1204’, Urbs Capta, ed. A. Laiou (Paris 2005), pp. 325–34; Riant, Exuviae, vol. II, pp. 290–304.
34. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, trans. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington, DC 1990), Lateran IV, canon 62, pp. 263–4.
35. M. Cecilia Gaposchkin, The Making of St Louis: Kingship, Sanctity and Crusade in the Late Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY 2010).
36. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J. A. Brundage (New York 2003), p. 152; Song of the Cathar Wars, trans. J. Shirley (Aldershot 1996), pp. 74–5.
37. G. Dickson, The Children’s Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory (Basingstoke 2008).
38. In general, J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia 1986).
39. Oliver of Paderborn, Capture of Damietta, in Crusade and Christendom, ed. and trans. Bird et al., pp. 166–7.
40. Dickson, Children’s Crusade.
41. Trans. in Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, pp. 100–1.
42. C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago 1988), p. 98 and n. 49.
43. The poet Freidank quoted by T. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (Oxford 1972), p. 217, n. 5.
44. Matthew Paris, Itinerary from London to Jerusalem, trans. D. Pringle, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land 1187–1291 (Farnham 2012), p. 206.
45. In general, see D. Jacoby, Studies in the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (Northampton 1989); idem, Commercial Exchange across the Mediterranean (Aldershot 2005); idem, ‘Silk Economies and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 58 (2004), 197–240.
46. T. Vorderstrasse, ‘Trade and Textiles from Medieval Antioch’, Al-Masdaq, 22 (2011), 151–71.
47. D. Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 3 vols (Cambridge 2009–10).
48. Z. Jacoby, ‘Crusader Sculpture in Cairo’, Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century, ed. J. Folda (Oxford 1982), pp. 121–38; K. R. Mathews, ‘Mamluks and Crusaders: Architectural Appropriation and Cultural Encounter in Mamluk Monuments’, Languages of Love and Hate, ed. S. Lambert et al. (Turnhout 2012), pp. 177–200.
49. D. Pringle, ‘Architecture in the Latin East’, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford 1995), pp. 160–83.
50. E. Lapina, ed., The Crusaders and Visual Culture (Farnham 2015), p. 63.
51. D. H. Weiss and L. Mahoney, France and the Holy Land: Frankish Culture and the End of the Crusades (Baltimore 2004); J. Lowden review of D. Weiss, Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis (Cambridge 1998) http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/92; accessed 28 June 2018; R. Abels, ‘Cultural Representation of Warfare in the High Middle Ages’, Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages, ed. S. John et al. (Farnham 2014); C. Maier, ‘The bible moralisée and the Crusades’, The Experience of Crusading, vol. I, ed. M. Bull et al. (Cambridge 2003), pp. 209–24.
52. J. Folda, Crusader Art: The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land 1099–1291 (Aldershot 2008), and refs there to his earlier works and comments; idem, ‘Figurative Arts in Crusader Syria and Palestine 1187–1291, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 58 (2004), 315–31.
53. Crusade and Christendom, ed. and trans. Bird et al., pp. 266–98; M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade (Philadelphia 2005).
54. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei Per Francos, trans. R. Levine, The Deeds of God through the Franks (Woodbridge 1997), p. 47.
55. Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, ed. F. Madden (London 1866–9), vol. III, p. 55.
56. Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, trans. B. S. and D. S. Bachrach (Aldershot 2005), pp. 42–3; for Barzella’s will, J. and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London 1981), pp. 174–5.
57. M. S. Giuseppi, ‘On the Testament of Sir Hugh de Nevill’, Archaeologia, 56 (1899), 352–4; A.-M. Chazaud, ‘Inventaires et comptes de la succession d’Eudes, comte de Nevers’, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France 32, 4th ser., ii (1871), 164–206; cf. J. Folda, Crusader Art in the Holy Land 1187–1291 (Cambridge 2005), pp. 356–8; J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London 1999), pp. 4, 141.
58. W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979).
59. John of Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. Smith, esp. pp. 199–207.
60. John of Joinville, Life of St Louis, p. 190.
61. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London 1872–84), vol. V, p. 107; vol. VI, p. 163.
62. A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000).
63. S. Stanchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford 2014).
64. Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. S. Edgington (Oxford 2007), pp. 142–5.
65. Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, trans. H. Nicholson (Aldershot 1997), p. 55.
66. Itinerarium, trans. Nicholson, pp. 237, 255.
67. In general, the pioneering study by P. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades (Cambridge 2004); see also S. Edgington, ‘Medical Knowledge of the Crusading Armies’, The Military Orders, ed. M. Barber (Aldershot 1994), vol. I, pp. 320–6.
68. Hayton (or Hetoum), La Flor des estoires de la Terre Sainte, Recueil des historiens des croisades, Documents Arméniens (Paris 1869–1906), vol. II.
69. C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason an
d Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015), pp. 275–82 and figs 1, 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29.
70. Pierre Dubois, De recuperatione Terrae Sanctae, trans. W. I. Brandt, The Recovery of the Holy Land (New York 1956); in general P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000).
71. John of Joinville, Life of St Louis, pp. 222, 242–3; Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 167, 252.
7 CRUSADES IN SPAIN
1. P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London 1986), p. 27.
2. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London 1981), p. 40.
3. D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings (Princeton 1985).
4. R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992), p. 99.
5. R. Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (London 1990).
6. Trans. J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003), pp. 8, 30.
7. The Register of Pope Gregory VII 1073–1085, trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford 2002), p. 7; cf. pp. 66–9; O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 29.
8. Bishop Pelayo of Orviedo, Chronicon regum Legionensium, trans. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, The World of El Cid (Manchester 2000), pp. 87–8 and n. 95.
9. For example, Historia Compostellana, ed. E. Falque Rey (Turnhoult 1987); Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris, trans. Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 162–263; cf. S. Barton, ‘Islam and the West: A View from Twelfth-Century León’, Cross, Crescent, and Conversion, ed. S. Barton and P. Linehan (Leiden 2008), pp. 153–74, esp. p. 162. Pope Paschal II also called the Almoravids ‘Moabites’, trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 34.
10. Trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 31–2.
11. A. Ubieto Arteta, Colección diplomática de Pedro I de Aragón y Navarra (Zaragoza 1951), p. 113 and n. 6 and p. 115 n. 9.
12. Historia Silense, trans. Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 50–2.
13. Historia Roderici, trans. Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 90–147; The Poem of the Cid, ed. and trans. R. Hamilton et al. (London 1984).
14. R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1994), pp. 240–2; N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002), pp. 75–82, 201–4.
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