by Will Durant
dowry, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 57, 68, 69, 89, 134, 141, 167, 223, 230, 370, 396, 440
drainage, 81, 103, 193, 326, 410, 454, 461, 466, 473, 511, 631, 639
drama, 74-75, 97-102, 235, 255, 269, 277, 301-302, 307, 314, 378-379, 461;
Horace on, 249
drawings, in Varro’s Imagines, 159
dream analysis, 388, 485, 507, 525, 621
“Dream of Scipio” (Cicero), 165
Drepana (Trapani), battle in 249 B.C.., 45
Drews, Arthur, German philosopher (1865-1935), 554
drinking, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41;
under Rome, 65, 71, 88-89, 94, 123, 196, 199, 200, 204, 220, 247, 263, 267, 269, 297-298, 320, 324, 334, 342, 354, 372, 377, 408, 423, 447, 458, 512, 562, 599;
in Gaul, 471;
in Germany, 478;
in Parthia, 529
drugs, 310, 312-313, 329, 342, 505, 506-507
Druids, 472, 473, 479
Drunken Satyr, 459
Drusi, Roman family, 122
Drusilla, sister of Caligula (?-38 A.D.), 266
Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 117, 121
Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman, son of preceding (?-91 B.C..), 121-122
Drusus Caesar, son of Tiberius (?-23), 263, 264
Drusus Senior, Nero Claudius, general, stepson of Augustus, (38-9 B.C..), 217, 229, 230, 248, 259, 261, 269, 299, 323, 371
Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631-1700), 239, 671
Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier, French Roman Catholic prelate and scholar (1843-1922), 658
Dura, 602
Dura-Europus, 512, 529
Dürer, Albrecht, German painter and engraver (1471-1528), 580
Duties, On (Panaetius), 97
dyeing, 322-323, 329, 331, 342, 373, 471, 510
Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 184-185, 480, 482, 602
E
East, the, 78, 86, 94, 95, 121, 124, 125, 129, 138, 139, 147, 154, 157, 161, 170, 171, 178, 186, 188, 195, 203, 204, 206, 208, 213, 226, 251, 253, 262, 292, 320, 323, 329, 330, 331, 335, 364, 373, 378, 389, 406, 410, 413, 419, 420, 442, 455, 463, 471, 482, 507, 511-512, 524, 525, 564, 576, 603, 605, 616-617, 621, 622, 629, 630, 638, 639, 644, 651, 655, 659, 666, 670, 671
Easter, 617, 647, 660*, 664
Ebionim, 577
Eboracum, see York Ebro (anc. Iberus), 47, 48, 215, 469
Eburones, 176
Ecbatana (Hamadan), 528
Ecclesiastes, 540
Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), 649*, 663
Ecclesiasticus, 539
Eclogues (Virgil), 205, 236, 243
Ecnomus (naval battle off, 256 B.C..), 44
Eden, Garden of, 614
Edessa (in Greece), 483
Edessa (Urfa), 513, 602, 604, 629
Edictum de Pretiis (Diocletian), 642-643
Edom, 530
education, Etruscan, 7;
Carthaginian, 48;
Athenian, 487-488;
Roman, 70, 72, 75, 90, 95, 137, 141, 217, 259, 265, 314, 367-368, 424, 440, 477, 509, 511, 513, 661, 671
education, state, 287, 368, 424, 461, 466, 476, 661, 671
effeminacy, 132, 215, 251, 438, 442
Egeria, 13, 63, 365*
Egnatia, Via, 324, 482, 602
Egypt, 5, 6, 8, 10, 71, 77, 91, 92*, 107, 159, 168, 170, 186-188, 193, 203, 204, 206, 207-208, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 225, 233, 247, 266, 284, 301, 308, 313, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 331, 336, 342, 347*, 349, 352, 355, 357, 359, 364-365, 366, 374, 381, 389, 390, 413, 424, 429, 431, 437, 482, 483, 484, 487, 495, 498-507, 508, 514, 523, 525, 526, 530, 532, 548, 559, 588, 595, 602, 606, 613, 623, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 638, 639, 641, 653, 655, 657, 658, 671
Egyptian, 187, 630
Egyptian Tales (Heliodorus), see Aethiopica
Eighth Legion, 182
Elagabal, 621, 625, 626
Elagabalus (Marcus Varius Avitus Bassianus Aurelius Antoninus Heliogabalus), Roman emperor (205?-222), 390, 622, 623-625, 626, 639
Elba, 6, 322
Elbe (anc. Albis), 217, 432
Elders (presbyteri), 579, 582, 586
Elea, see Velia Eleusinian mysteries, 418, 487, 525
Eleusis, 431, 487, 525, 606
Elijah, Jewish prophet, 574
Elis, 482
Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, 560
Elizabethan Age, 258, 510
Elysian Fields, 84, 241
emancipation, 57, 112, 221-222, 335, 363, 365, 384, 398, 631
emasculation, 94, 157, 282, 200, 385, 512, 515, 523, 567, 580, 613, 614, 615, 625, 666
embalming, 282
Emerita (Mérida), 470
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American essayist, poet, and philosopher (1803-1882), 307, 367
Emesa, 621, 623, 625, 638, 639
emetics, 377
emigration, 117, 118, 482, 487
Emmaus (Kuloniyeh), 535, 573
Empedocles, Greek philosopher (500-430? B.C..), 148, 153
emperor-worship, see deification emphyteusis, 416
Empire, growth of, 87, 95, 107, 108, 177-178, 206, 217-218, 248
Emporiae, 470
Emporium, 339, 342
Encheiridion, of Epictetus (Arrian), 490*, 494
Encolpius, 297-298
Encratites, 605
Engadi, 537
engineering, Etruscan, 6, 18;
Roman, 75, 81, 176, 193, 219-220, 266-267, 270, 326-328, 356, 359-361, 410, 418-421, 464, 465, 470, 473, 474, 480, 511, 635
England, 249*, 258, 302, 346, 406, 475, 535
English, 671
English Channel, 176, 470, 475, 476
engraving, 278, 346
Enna (Castrogiovanni), 112
Enneads (Plotinus), 608-611
Ennius, Quintus, poet and dramatist (239-169 B.C..), 67, 97-98, 148, 155, 159, 164, 234, 241, 315, 442, 667
Enoch, 574;
Book of, 540, 541, 559, 564, 593
Entellus, 382
Epaphroditus, freedman of Nero (fl. 1st century), 284, 292, 490
Ephesians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*
Ephesus (Ayasoluk), 204, 312, 329, 417-418, 504, 513, 515, 518, 546, 577, 585, 592, 602, 603, 630
Epicharis, conspirator (?-65), 371
epic poetry, 74, 98, 239-244, 278, 296, 316, 317
Epictetus, Stoic philosopher (60?-120?), 295, 301, 307, 415, 424, 425, 482, 486, 490-494, 520, 611
Epicureanism, 95, 131, 132, 148, 154, 164, 236, 249, 304, 370, 432, 485, 489-490, 491, 496, 602, 671
epicureanism, 68, 98, 147, 154, 215, 230, 244, 247, 253, 260, 276, 279, 282, 285, 286, 300, 304, 373, 388, 456, 487, 522, 540-541
Epicurus, Greek philosopher (342?-270 B.C..), 95, 132, 148, 149, 153, 154*, 250, 304, 305, 307, 346, 388, 490
Epidaurus, 62, 124, 139, 482, 487, 563
epigram, 135, 155, 160, 174, 234, 247, 290, 295-296, 302, 316-318, 369, 389, 398, 436, 437, 509-510
Epiphanius, Christian writer (fl. 4th century), 616
Epirus, 37, 38, 112, 131, 184, 482
Epistles (Horace), 248-249
Epistolae Morales (Seneca), 304
Epodes (Horace), 246
equites (equestrians), 15, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 80, 121, 126, 139, 142, 191, 286, 332-333, 363-364, 384, 433, 440, 622, 633
Eratosthenes, Greek geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C..), 521
Eretria, 483
Ergotimus, Greek potter, 9
Eros, 353
Eros, 461
erosion, 339, 487, 665
Esdraela, 535
espionage, Hannibal’s, 48
Eshmun, 41, 42
Esperanto, 671
Esquiline, 12*, 215, 253, 312, 340, 342, 354
essay, 241, 304, 671;
Cicero, 163-166;
Seneca, 302-304;
Plutarch, 485-486
Essay on Criticism (Pope), 249* Essenes, 537-538, 559, 560, 562, 568, 577, 597
E
tesian winds, 325
ethics, of Lucretius, 148-154;
of Zeno, 196;
of Marcus Aurelius, 444-446;
of Epictetus, 491-494;
Jewish, 548, 591, 618;
of Christ, 566-567, 602, 618, 667
Ethiopia, 188, 217, 328, 364, 366, 500, 546
Etna, Mt., 418
Etruria (or Tuscia), 3-18, 35, 36, 37, 50, 51, 64, 73, 112, 113, 139, 143-144, 269, 339, 350, 440, 454, 601
Etruscan Federation, 5-6, 17*
Etruscans, 5-18, 35, 36, 37, 52, 122
Etruscan style, see Tuscan style
Euboea, 73, 310, 357, 483, 519
eucharist, see communion Eucopion, slave, 334
Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer (409?-353? B.C..), 165
Euhemerus, Greek mythologist (fl. 300 B.C..), 98
Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197-159 B.C..), 516
Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian (fl. end of 4th century), 636* Eunoe, Queen of Numidia (1st century B.C..), 168
Eunuch, The (Terence), 101
eunuchs, 329, 334, 363, 515, 624, 640, 666
Eunus, Sicilian slave leader (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 112
Euphrates, Greek Stoic philosopher (?-138), 422
Euphrates, 178, 194, 217, 414, 495, 511, 512, 513, 627
Euripides, Athenian dramatist (480-406 B.C..), 98, 154, 178, 258, 302, 513
Europe, 78, 86, 95, 132, 154, 166, 178, 308, 320, 322, 324, 421, 475, 478, 497, 507, 524, 583, 640, 641, 653, 655, 664, 670
Eurydice, 94, 256
Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Caesarea, ecclesiastical historian (260?-340?), 501, 592, 649*, 651, 654, 657, 659-660, 662-663
Euxine Sea, see Black Sea evil eye, 60
evolution, Lucretius on, 150-153
excommunication, among Jews, 547;
Church, 554, 605, 618
Exodus, 567
expansion, see Empire, growth of Ex Ponto (Ovid), 257-258
extreme unction, 600
F
Fabia, third wife of Ovid (fl. 1st century), 256, 257, 258
Fabian strategy, 50, 185
Fabii, Roman clan, 21, 76, 255, 364
Fabius (Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Cunctator), general and dictator (?-203 B.C..), 50, 68
Fabius Pictor, Caius, painter (fl. 303 B.C..), 82, 352
Fabius Pictor, Quintus, general and historian (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 71, 73
Fabricius, Pons, 327
Fabulina, 59
factories, 321-323, 333, 342, 477, 498, 642, 644
fairs, 78, 328
Faith, 358;
Temple of, 358
Falernian wine, 456
family, in Etruria, 7;
in Germany, 479;
in early Rome, 56-59, 67, 72, 88, 91;
in the later Republic, 134, 147;
under the Principate, 222-225, 300, 321, 334, 348, 363-364, 366, 371, 441;
under the monarchy, 656
family name (cognomen), 56-57
Fannia, wife of Helvidius Priscus (1st century), 371, 441
Far East, 84, 529
Farnese Bull, 634
Farnese Hercules (Glycon), 349, 634
Farnese Juno, 349
Farnese Palace, 351
Fasti (Ovid), 256-257
Fate, 242, 304
father, the (paterfamilias), in the Republic, 56, 57, 59, 68-69, 226;
under the Principate and Empire, 395
Fathers of the Church, 308, 524, 603, 611-615
Fato, De (Cicero), 163*
Faunus, 59, 65
Fausta, second wife of Constantine I (4th century), 663-664
Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius (2nd century), 423, 427, 430
Faustina Junior, wife of Marcus Aurelius (?-175), 423, 425, 427-428, 430, 442
Faventia (Faenze), 455
Favorinus of Gaul, philosopher at Hadrian’s court (fl. 2nd century), 367, 415
feasting, Etruscan, 6, 7;
Carthaginian, 41;
under Rome, 65-66, 68, 69, 71, 82, 88-89, 90, 132, 133, 147, 186, 190, 202, 223, 245, 266, 276, 285, 296, 297-298, 334, 335, 372, 376-377, 386, 461, 476, 515, 562, 624
Feast of Tabernacles, 65
Febris, 75
februa, 67
Felix, Antonius, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century A.D.), 271, 543, 586
Feralia, 65
feriae (holy days), 65
Ferrara (anc. Forum Alieni), 454
Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian (b. 1872), 273*
fertility, 56, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 159, 193, 212, 221-222, 224-225, 232, 363-366, 431, 449, 479, 480-481, 515, 525, 545, 666
fertilizers, 76, 320-321
festivals, 59, 63, 65-67, 71, 74, 76, 98, 223, 225-226, 239, 256, 334, 335, 347, 377-379, 381, 390, 423, 461, 484, 512, 515, 523, 542-543, 579, 598, 672
Festus, procurator of Judea (fl. 62), 543, 586
fetiales, 63
fetishism, 60
feudalism, 631*
Fidenae (Castel Giubileo), 11
Field of Mars, 65, 128, 143, 173, 192, 232, 280, 291, 308, 340, 348, 360, 362, 365, 390
Figaro, 101
Fimbria, Caius Flavius, politician and general (?-84B.C..), 124-125
finance, 190, 192-193, 330-332, 336, 411
Finibus, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
fire brigade, Crassus’, 131
first name (praenomen), 56-57
First Principles (Origen), see Peri Archon
fisci 221*
fiscus 221-222
fishing, 321, 336, 423, 470, 483, 515, 520, 563, 573
Flaccus, Avillius, governor (fl. 1st century), 500-501
Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, consul (?-86 B.C..), 124
Flaccus, Valerius, senator (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 102
flaggelation, 354
flamines, 63
Flaminian Way, 78, 455
Flaminius, Caius, political leader (?-217 B.C..), 47, 49, 78, 340
Flaminius, Titus Quinctius, general (fl. 200 B.C..), 85, 96, 382
Flanders, 174
Flaubert, Gustave, French novelist (1821-1880), 239
Flaviales, 291-292
Flavian Amphitheater, see Colosseum
Flavian Dynasty, 285-293, 351, 407, 412, 442
fleet, see navy
floods, 159, 193, 339, 365, 429, 649
Flora (goddess), 65, 381
Flora, courtesan (fl. 1st century B.C..), 138-139
Floralia, 65, 378, 381
Florence (anc. Florentia), 9, 348*, 454
Florus, Lucius Annaeus, historian (fl. 1st century), 473
Florus, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century), 543-544
flute, 379-381
Fontana dei Trevi, 327*
food, in the Roman army, 34;
in Carthage, 40, 41;
under Rome, 38, 54, 70-71, 76, 88-89, 133, 215, 227, 245, 247, 298, 320-321, 328-330, 373, 376-377, 636
forgery, in art, 342
Formiae (Formia), 162, 202
Fornax, 59
Forth, 476;
Firth of, 476
Fortuna Primigenia, Temple of, 454
Fortuna Virilis, Temple of, 358
Fortune (Fortuna), 358, 388, 424, 655
Fortune, Temple of, 340, 358
fortunetelling, see soothsaying
Forum, 23, 24, 27, 47, 64, 66, 72, 79, 84, 89, 115, 123, 125, 126, 136, 141, 146, 160, 161, 166, 169, 179, 189, 192, 198, 199, 202, 228, 231, 239, 280, 284, 340, 341, 342, 352, 358, 362, 378, 393, 394, 402, 421, 423, 427*, 429, 635
Forum Boarium, 340, 342, 358
Forum Holitorium, 342
Forum Iulii (Fréjus), 474
Forum Iulium, 192, 341
Forum Piscatorium, 342
Forum Traianum, 411
forums, 464, 466, 473, 477
fountains, 343-345, 348, 384, 515
Fourth Gospel, see John, Gospel of Saint Fracastaro, Girolamo, Italian astronomer, poet, and physician (1483-1553), 154
Fragonard, Jean Honoré, French painter and engraver (1732-1806), 351
France, 174-175, 234, 302, 369, 406, 470-475484, 671
Francis, Saint, Italian founder of Franciscan order (1182-1226), 455
François Vase, 9
Franks, 175, 629, 653
Frascati, 454*
Frazer, Sir James George, Scottish anthropologist (1854-1940, 588*
free cities, 462, 474, 482
freedmen, status of, 270, 271, 287, 290, 292, 298, 333, 334, 338, 415, 543, 620, 639
French, 73, 295, 475, 637
French civilization, 177-178, 470, 475
French Revolution, 192, 641, 670
frescoes, in Etruria, 10;
in Pompeii, 74, 352-354;
under Rome, 82, 338, 352-354, 372, 512;
Christian, 601
Freya, 479
friendship, Cicero on, 165-166;
Horace on, 247, 250;
in Rome, 441
From Jesus to Paul (Klausner), 557*
From the Pontus (Ovid), see Ex Ponto
Frontinus, Sextus Julius, engineer and statesman (fl. 1st century), 327-328
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, rhetorician (110?-180?), 108, 302, 315, 417, 425, 430, 442, 443, 466
frumentaria, lex, 116
Fucinus, Lake (Lago di Celano), 193, 270, 326, 410
fuels, 76, 77, 322-323, 343, 477
Fufia Caninia, lex, 222, 398
Fulvia, wife of Antony (?-40 B.C.), 202, 204-205, 206, 208
Fulvius, general (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 92
Fulvius, Aulus, conspirator (1st century B.C..), 395
Funck-Brentano, Frantz, French historian (b. 1862), 475
Fundamentalism, 592
funeral rites, 83-84, 98, 101, 157, 180, 190, 199, 232, 282, 335, 378, 379, 381-382, 568, 601
furniture, 88, 92, 133, 303, 345-346, 352, 373, 459, 532
G
Gabinian Law, 139-140
Gabinius, Aulus, politician (?-48 B.C..), 139, 172, 174, 186, 211
Gabriel, 289
Gadara (Katra), 297, 509, 530, 535
Gades (Cádiz), 40, 133, 169, 252, 325, 469, 470, 514
Gaiseric, King of the Vandals (fl. 429-455), 670
Gaius, jurist (fl. 2nd century), 392, 394, 396, 397, 399, 401, 405
Galatia (Anatolia), 86, 218, 513, 578, 583, 585, 630
Galatians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to, 554, 571*, 585, 587*
Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), Roman emperor (3 B.C..-A.D. 69), 283-285, 323, 434, 436
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87
Galen (Claudius Galenus), Greek physician (130-200?), 313, 334, 375, 428, 430, 505-507, 513, 516, 599
Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maxi-mianus), Roman emperor (ca. 250-311), 635, 640-641, 644, 651, 652, 653, 654, 662