by Brian Toohey
defence of individual liberty 221, 225
exploitation of public fears 221
and Petrov affair 10
and US base at NWC 80
and US policy in South America 82–3
Menzies Coalition government
and ANZUS Treaty 128, 134–5
Communist Party ban 10
establishment of ASIS 21
hosting of US military and intelligence installations 128–30
influence with US 126–7
and Korean War 262
protection of individual liberty 221–2
rejection of US demands for military support 127
royal commission into espionage 11
and threat of communism 51–2
and US base at North West Cape 80–2
and Vietnam War 279–81
Merchant, Livingston 125
metadata laws 234, 239–40, 243–4
MI5 8
Middleton, Karen 223, 242, 243, 244
military tourism 253, 283
Milliken, Robert 64, 71, 72, 74
Milner, Ian 3, 4
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh 293
Monk, Paul 293
Monte Bello Islands 62
Moore, John 136
Mordike, John 252
Morosi, Junie 165
Morrison, Bill 106, 108, 173
Morrison, Scott 322
Morrison Coalition government 224–5, 239, 240
Mulcahy, Kevin 177
Munster, George 204
Murphy, Ian 273
Murphy, Lionel 163–4
Murphy, Paul 235
MX missiles 113
National Archives of Australia (NAA) 109, 180
National Broadband Network (NBN) 31, 224, 319
National Civic Council (NCC) 11
National Country Party 169, 182
National Intelligence Committee (NIC) 201
National Security Agency (NSA) (US) 3, 28, 29, 30–2
closeness to New Zealand GCSB 139
malware 33
at North West Cape 84
phone tapping 32
at Pine Gap 84, 108
ransomware 33, 240
Reprieve program 31
role 118–19
sharing of intelligence with Australia 30
Stateroom program 31
supply of intelligence to New Zealand 138
XKEYSCORE system 31–2
National Security Legislation Amendment (Espionage and Foreign Interference) Act 2018 232–3, 235
National Security Legislation Monitor 20
National Times 6, 12, 70–1, 113, 125, 170, 202, 205
NATO 123, 145, 302, 304
Naval Intelligence Unit Task Force 157, 175, 177
Naval Security Group (US) 84
Nelson, Brendan 114, 143
nerve agents 51–5, 57, 59–60, 291
Nesbitt, Robert 93
New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) 111, 112, 306
New Zealand 136, 137–41, 253
New Zealand wars 250
Newton, Maxwell 79
Ngo Dinh Diem 270, 280
Nichols, Tom 191
Nixon, Richard 40, 103, 153, 154, 155, 156, 166, 311
North Korea 261–5
North West Cape (NWC) communications base 30
agreement with US 80–4, 191
attempt to assert Australian sovereignty over 85–90
construction of satellite ground station 91–5
importance 88, 96–8
as nuclear target 87, 89, 117, 130, 191
Schlesinger–Barnard agreement 87–8, 91–2
secrecy surrounding 91–5, 97
and space surveillance 97–8
US Naval Security Group unit 84
and US nuclear war-fighting strategy 86–7, 88, 96–7, 300
see also ANZUS Treaty
Novichok 59
nuclear disarmament 308–11
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 68, 76, 89, 112, 306, 309
nuclear test ban 67, 112
nuclear tests by British in Australia
Aboriginal people and 64–5, 68
attempted clean up of Maralinga by British 70–1
clean up project 72–3
contamination 67–8, 70–3
disregard for safety 63–5
at Emu Field 62, 67
exposure of troops to radiation 65
extent of 62
fallout 66
impact 66
at Maralinga 62, 63–5, 67
media reporting on 64
Menzies agreement to 61–2
minor trials 62, 67–9, 70
on Montebello Islands 62, 63, 64, 65
Parkinson, Alan 72
plutonium at Maralinga 74–7, 78
research using human remains 65
secrecy surrounding 61–2, 67, 74, 75
Vixen A and B tests 68–9
nuclear war
Cuban missile crisis 307
false alarms and accidents 301–2
US strategy 86–7, 88, 96–7, 112, 113, 299–301
nuclear-armed bombers, accidents 301–2
nuclear-armed warships, visits to Australia 210–11
Nugan Hand Bank 176, 283
Nuland, Victoria 305, 306
Nurrungar satellite ground station 85, 86, 104, 114, 129
and arms control 110, 112, 113
operation by US Air Force 100
Oak Tree Project 129
Oakes, Dan 25, 289
Oakes, Laurie 94, 224
Obama, Barack 288
Obama administration 306, 316
O’Brien, Kerry 206–7
Office of National Assessments (ONA) 87, 211–12
Oliphant, Mark 63
Operation Blowdown 53
Oppenheimer, Robert 71
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 39, 58, 160
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 157, 160
O’Sullivan, Paul 19
Ottoman Empire 254
Outer Space Treaty 1967 98
Oyster: The Story of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (Toohey and Pinwill) 206–9
Papua New Guinea 212, 322
Paris Peace Conference 257
Parkinson, Alan 66
Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security 232–3
passenger airliners, accidental shooting down of 307
Peacock, Andrew 201
Pearce, George 252
Pearce, Noah 67, 70, 71
Pearce Report 70–1
Pembroke, Michael 262, 263, 264
Penney, William 63
Pentagon Papers 35, 130, 131
Perry, William 311
Petersen, Barry 273
Petraeus, David 41
petroleum resources, agreement with Indonesia 187–8
Petrov, Evdokia 10
Petrov, Stanslav 113
Petrov, Vladimir 10–11
Pezzullo, Michael 143, 241, 242–4
Pham Xuan An 282
Philip Morris Asia 196
Phoenix missiles 144
phone tapping 12, 30, 32, 204–5, 206, 222–3
Pine Gap satellite ground station 30, 84, 86, 129
agreement between US and Australia 106, 107, 166–7, 171
and arms control 110–15
and Defence Department 106–9
importance 102
operation by CIA 100, 106–8, 169–70
role 101–3, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117–18, 119–20, 154, 191, 300
secrecy surrounding role 85, 100–4
surveillance capacity 101
Pinochet, Augusto 23
Pinwill, Bill 25, 180, 206, 214, 216, 217
Plimsoll, James 86, 87, 156
Polaris missiles 90
Port Arthur massacre 227
Porter, Christian 235
Poseidon missiles 90
Powell, Colin 3
8, 39
Powers, Gary 49
Pritchett, Bill 38, 150, 158–9, 203, 260, 291, 322
Prouty, Fletcher 132
Putin, Vladimir 147, 305, 306–7
Radford, Arthur 125, 126
Rainbow Warrior 36, 140, 215
ransomware 33, 240
Ray, Robert 223
Rayner, Harry 94
Reagan, Ronald 138, 307, 311
Reed, Geoffrey 10
Refshauge, Richard 206
refugees, detention on Nauru 19
Reith, Peter 192
republican movement 189
Rhee, Syngman 261, 264
Rhyolite satellite system 178, 179
Rice, Walter 154, 155
Richardson, Dennis 14–15
Robertson, Bill 23, 169
Robinson, Gwen 216–17
Rocard, Michel 308
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 46, 269
Rotblat, Joseph 308
Roth, Stanley 37–8
Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia (McClelland report) 52, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 75
royal commission into espionage 11
Royal Commission into Intelligence and Security 11, 12, 18, 30, 62, 66, 67, 68, 165
see also Hope report
Royal Commission on Nugan Hand Bank 177
Rudd, Kevin 142
Rudd Labor government 19, 96, 143, 293
Ruddock, Philip 19, 231
Rusk, Dean 309
Russia 31, 301
chemical weapons 59
economy 304
intervention in 2016 US presidential campaign 147, 306–7
nuclear arsenal 303, 304, 306
political institutions 303
reporting about 40–1
tensions with the United States 305–7
US intervention 147, 306
see also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Ryan, Danielle 40
Ryan, John 24
Sagar, Mohammed 19
SALT agreements 101–2, 110, 111, 112, 166
Santamaria, Bob 11, 12, 162, 271, 272
Sarawak 267
Scherger, Frederick 279
Schieffer, Tom 143
Schlesinger, James 86, 87, 89, 156, 157
Schlosser, Eric 112, 113, 301
Scholes, Gordon 210, 211
Schubert, Jeff 14
Scoville, Herbert 111, 116
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) 21–2
September 11 terrorist attacks 285, 286
Serong, Ted 271–3, 277
Shackley, Ted 37, 107, 108, 109, 162–3, 165, 171, 172, 177
Shadow Brokers 33
Shann, Mick 201
Shedden, Frederick 7, 125
Sheridan, Greg 293
Shoal Bay ASD/NSA ground station 30
Shultz, George 37, 210–11
SIGINT Seniors Europe 29
SIGINT Seniors Pacific 29
signals intelligence (SIGINT) 28
Singapore, collapse of 258
Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) 299, 300, 301
Sino–Japanese war 46
Skripal, Sergei 59–60
Skripal, Yulia 59
Smith, Alexandria 24
Smith, Deborah 70
Smith, Harry 283
Smith, Rick 328
Smith, Stephen 114
Snepp, Frank 37, 163
Snowden, Edward 31–2, 101, 118, 119, 139
Somalian expeditionary force 285
South China Sea 324, 325, 326
South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) 156
sovereignty
and dependence upon US for defence 189–94
judicial sovereignty 195–6
territorial expansion 185–8
space warfare 97–8
Spender, Percy 124, 262
Spicer, John 221
Spry, Charles 10, 12
Stalin, Joseph 4, 261
Stallings, Richard 106–7, 109, 170, 171, 182
‘Star Wars’ 159
‘Star Wars’ (Strategic Defense Initiative) 112, 113–14
State, Army, Navy, Air Force Coordinating Committee (SANACC), ban on supply of classified information to Australia 6–7, 8
Stephens, Tony 253
Stockwell, Stephen 103
Stokes, Bevan 276
Stone, Margaret 20, 244
Straw, Jack 294
Stump, Felix 126
Sudan expeditionary force 248–9
Suharto 134, 136, 215, 267
Suich, Max 257
Sukarno 23, 132, 133, 134, 267
Sulawesi 132
Sullivan, William 278
Sumatra 132
Sunderland, Sydney 48, 49, 52, 56
Swan, Bob 12
Swan, Wayne 196
Sykes–Picot Agreement 254
Symonds, John 68
Syria 294
US air strikes 39
Taiwan 127, 142–3, 324–5, 326
Tange, Arthur
and ANZUS Treaty 124
and ASIS 21, 22
briefing of Ministers re US satellite ground stations 85, 100–4, 172, 175
and CIA 117, 181
investigation of leaks 199–203
treatment of Whitlam 105–9, 174, 175
Tanter, Richard 98
Teague, Ian 276
technical assistance notices 239–40, 243–4
Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979 229
telecommunications data, access to 222–3
terrorism 224, 226–7, 228, 285
Throssell, Ric 6
Timor-Leste 26–7, 135–6, 141, 142, 187, 235
Titterton, Ernest 63, 64, 67, 68, 69
tobacco packaging 196
Townley, Athol 48, 52, 53–4, 270
TRANET satellite ground stations 129
Trident missiles 90
Truman, Harry S. 46, 259, 263
Trump, Donald 40–1, 98, 293, 306
Turkey, US satellite ground stations 103
Turnbull, Malcolm 191, 225, 234, 283, 310, 321, 328
Turnbull Coalition government 192, 224, 230, 232–3, 236, 241, 311
Tynan, Liz 72, 73
Ukraine 147, 305
UKUSA agreement 29, 138
Ul-Haque, Izhar 18
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 325
Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) 113, 302
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 25
Australian spies for 3–5
foreign policy 148
and North Korea 261, 262
submarines 300
as threat to Australia 201
US spies for 99, 178
in World War II 256–7
see also Russia
United Kingdom
Menwith Hill satellite ground station 101, 115, 117, 118, 119
nuclear tests in Australia see nuclear tests by Britain in Australia
UKUSA agreement 29, 32
withholding of information by SIS 21–2
United Nations, and Korean War 261, 262
United States
abandonment of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 306–7
AirSea Battle plan 324
and ANZUS Treaty 123–7, 132–3, 134–6
attempts to damage Chifley Labor government 3, 6–7
bombing of North Vietnam 155
chemical and biological weapons 46–9, 51–5, 56, 58–9
covert action to overthrow governments 148
foreign policy 145–8, 153, 176, 237–8, 306–7
intelligence ties with New Zealand 138–9
militarism 264
national security 323
nuclear arsenal 324
nuclear war-fighting strategy 86–7, 88, 96–7, 112, 113, 299–302
political interference in Australia 3, 6–7, 130–1
relations with Indonesia 132–3
relationship with China 318–19
space warfare 96, 97–8
tensions with Russia 305–7
VLF stations 83–4, 87
war against China 323–5, 328
weapons sales 144–5, 189
uranium mining 75
Uren, Tom 74, 75
US–Australian alliance 3, 9, 80, 104, 191
see also ANZUS Treaty
Vault 7 documents 40
Venona deciphering project 3–6, 7
Viet Minh 269, 270
Vietcong 270, 273
Vietnam
aftermath of chemical warfare 278
Australian military advisers 270–1, 273, 275–8
division at 17th parallel 270
military tourism 283–4
nationalism 274
relations with China 283
relationship with China 279–80
struggle for independence 269–70, 274
US intervention to prevent 1956 election 270, 284
US military aid and advisers 270–1
Vietnam War 12, 37, 48, 53, 54–5, 118, 127, 130–1, 134, 155
ASIS involvement 22–3
Australian commitment to 127, 134, 145, 221, 269, 279–81
casualties 279
chemical warfare 48, 53, 54–5, 277–8
Chinese involvement 148, 205, 280–1
massacres 280
monitoring of signals at Pine Gap 102, 118
and Pentagon Papers 130–1, 200
Political Action Teams (PATs) 276
reporting about 282
US attempts to counter opposition to 130
US ‘Christmas bombing’ campaign 155
US commitment to 37
US tactics 276
Villemarette, Ray 106
Vincennes 307
Vo Nguyen Giap 270
VX nerve agents 51–5, 58, 59–60
Walker, Bret 229
Walker, Frank 277
Walker, John 154, 164–5, 175, 176
Wallace, Jim 292
Waller, Keith 25
Walsh, Geoff 14
Walsh, Gerard 14
Walsh, Peter 71, 204
WannaCry malware 240
war on terror 228
Watt, Alan 124, 262
weaponised malware 33–4
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) 31, 38–9, 144, 290–5
weapons sales 144, 189
Weisband, William 3, 4, 7–9
Wesley, Michael 39
West Irian 133–4
Westmoreland, Cian 118
Westmoreland, William 280
Wheeler, Fred 159
whistleblowers 26–7, 222
White, Albert 253
White, Eric 208
White, Hugh 327
White, Lincoln 130
Whitlam, Gough 80, 85, 105
and Arthur Tange 105–9
and ASIS in Chile 23
briefing on US satellite ground stations 100–4
covert attempts to remove him as prime minister 161–7
judgement of people 175
request for information on CIA in Australia 106–7
Whitlam Labor government 222, 309
achievements 160
and CIA 168–72, 175–7, 179–80
defence policy 155–6
dismissal 107, 170, 173, 175