by Ravi Rikhye
[12] Times News Network, Ibid.
[13] A complete analysis of the Bar Lev line is at: Bar-Simon-Tov, Y. (2008, January 24). “The Bar‐Lev line revisited.” Journal of Strategic Studies, 11:2, 149-176. DOI: 10.1080/01402398808437336
The description in this analysis is quite basic.
[14] US Marine Corps. (1969). “The battle for Khesan”. 80p. Histories and Museum Division, Washington DC. http://www.marines.mil/portals/59/publications/the%20battle%20for%20khe%20sanh%20pcn%2019000411000_1.pdf Written the year after the battle, this is more of an extended after-action report than a history, but at 80 typewritten double-space pages is easily read in less than 60 minutes.
[15] British historians, of course, disagree if Churchill would have agreed to negotiate after the fall of France. Shwarz, B. (2000, November 25). “Rethinking negotiation with Hitler”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/25/arts/rethinking-negotiation-with-hitler.html
[16] Copping, J. (2013, September 26). “Nazis ‘offered to leave western Europe in exchange for free hand to attack USSR”. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10336126/Nazis-offered-to-leave-western-Europe-in-exchange-for-free-hand-to-attack-USSR.html
[17] Harrison, M. (1998). “Wartime GDP of the Great Powers”. Table 1.3, p.10. In The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Accessed from Google Books.
[18] Rediff.com (2013, May 2). “Exclusive: Ladakh incursion by China a localized matter, says Khurshid”. http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/ladakh-incursion-by-china-is-a-localised-matter-khurshid/20130502.htm
[19] Press Trust of India (2013, May 27). “Army 'handling' Chinese incursion issue in Ladakh: Defense Minister Antony”. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/india/39556493_1_chinese-incursion-issue-gen-liang-guanglie-chinese-troops
[20] Strunk, W., and White, E. (1999). The elements of style. 4th Ed. Turtleback Publishers.
[21] Chellany, B. (2013, May 13). “Ladakh incursion: China scores bloodless victory over India, more intrusions may come.” Economic Times (India).https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ladakh-incursion-china-scores-bloodless-victory-over-india-more-intrusions-may-come/articleshow/20006435.cms
[22] Gupta, S., and Singh, R. (2013, August 11). “Poonch attack raises questions about Army SOPs”. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/poonch-attack-raises-questions-about-army-sops/story-yigpCGW7P0VHL64jT6WGwJ.html
[23] Pandit, R. (2015, June 15). “Army still to get proper bullet-proof jackets a decade after demand”. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-still-to-get-proper-bullet-proof-jackets-a-decade-after-demand/articleshow/47873943.cms
[24] Wasim, A. (2016, July 21). “50 commercial entities being run by armed forces”. Dawn. Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1272211
[25] Tatic, S., and Walker, C. (2006). “Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance”. p. 454.
Freedom House (U.S.).
[26] Gokhle, N. (2017). Securing India the Modi Way: Pathankot, surgical strikes and more. Bloomsbury India: New Delhi.
[27] Persio, S. (2017, December 18). “Chinese Warplanes Enter Korea Air Defense Zone, Prompting South Korea to Scramble Fighter Jets”. Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/chinese-warplanes-enter-korea-air-defense-zone-south-korea-scramble-fighter-750918
[28] Kuo, L. (2013, December 9). “Will a Tiny, Submerged Rock Spark a New Crisis in the East China Sea?” The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/12/will-a-tiny-submerged-rock-spark-a-new-crisis-in-the-east-china-sea/282155/
.
[29] MacMillan, M. (2010). Dangerous Games. Modern Library: New York. p.23.
[30] Apri, C. (2017, August 3). “The truth from the dragon’s mouth. Claude Arpi’s Blog. https://claudearpi.blogspot.in/2017/08/the-way-china-changes-posts.html
[31] Press Trust of India. (2017, December 22).” India China hold 20th round of border talks”. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-hold-20th-round-of-border-talks/articleshow/62205053.cms
[32] Zeng, S., Zhen, L., Huang, K. (2017, August 29). “China ‘halts road building’ to end India border stand-off: But Chinese troops are in the disputed Himalayan area for the long haul, analysts say”. South China Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2108686/china-halted-road-building-end-india-border-standoff
[33] Neelkantan, S. (2017, October 9). “Road construction by Beijing in Doklam will be a long-term trend says Chinese Media”. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/road-construction-by-beijing-in-doklam-will-be-a-long-term-trend-says-chinese-media/articleshow/61000995.cms,
[34] Sun Zu, from The Annotated Art of War. Part 4.5. http://changingminds.org/disciplines/warfare/art_war/sun_tzu_4-1.htm
[35] Rukor Administrator. (2016, April 20). “The Plan For A Chengdu To Lhasa Railway”. Rukor Blog. http://rukor.org/the-plan-for-a-chengdu-to-lhasa-railway/ [Extensive discussion of the rail line.]
.
[36] Arpi, C. (2016, August 6). “Two New Chinese Railway Lines to the Indian Border”. Indian Defense Review. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/two-new-chinese-railway-lines-to-the-indian-border/
[37] Allison, G. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: New York. 384-pages
[38] Bao, J. (1994, October 11). “Qinghai-Tibet Line' Links Tibet with China”. World Tibet Network News. http://www.tibet.ca/cms/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1994&m=11&p=11-3_6
[39] He, R., and Jin, H. (2010, June).” Permafrost and cold-region environmental problems of the oil product pipeline from
Golmud to Lhasa on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and their mitigation. Cold Regions”. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/251937724_fig1_Fig-1-Route-map-of-the-Golmud-Lhasa-products-oil-pipeline-in-the-interior-of-the
[40] At that time, I was told the capacity was 10,000-bbl/day.
[41] Chatterji, S. (2017, June 30). “India desperately needs a Chief of Defense Staff”. Daily O. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/chief-of-defence-staff-army-navy-air-force-india/story/1/18095.html
[42] Bajpai, A. (2015, July 25). No CDS only a Four Star General No1 Babus Win Again. Indian Defense Review. www.indiandefencereview.com/news/no-cds-only-a-four-star-general-no1-babus-win-again/
[43] Mehta, A. (2018, February 18). “If a Two-Front War is to be Fought, India's Defence Procurement Battle Must First Be Won”. The Wire. https://thewire.in/defence/two-front-war-fought-indias-defence-procurement-battle-must-first-won
[44] Press Information Bureau. (2018, February 1). Summary of Budget. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176062
[45] Barnett, C. (2001). Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain As a Great Nation. Pan Books: London. 381-pages.
[46] Barnett, C. (1986). The Pride and the Fall. Free Press/Macmillian: New York
[47] Barnett, C. (1996). The lost victory. Pan: London
[48] Harris, M. (2008, September 26). “Secrets, Lies, and Half Truths: The Decision to Disclose Soviet Defense Outlays”. Political Economy Research in Soviet Archives No. 55. p 9. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/archive/persa/055.pdf
[49] Parks, M. (1991, April 4). “Soviets Sharply Devalue Ruble in Move to Crush Currency Black Market”. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-04/business/fi-2827_1_black-market
[50] TASS. (2017, December 22).” Russia to shell out $46 bln on defense spending in 2018”. http://tass.com/defense/982575
[51] Statistics Time. (2018). “India vs China GDP”. http://statisticstimes.com/economy/china-vs-india-gdp.php
[52] KPMG (2016, February 26). “Indian Economic Survey 2015-2016: Sector wise performance of GDP: Agriculture and food management.” https://home.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2017/01/KPMG-Flash-News-India-Economic-Survey-2015-16%E2%80%93Key-Highlight
s-3.pdf p. 7
[53] Grossman, N. (2011, March). “Agriculture policy in India: the role of input subsidies”. USITC Executive Briefings on Trade. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/EBOT_IndiaAgSubsidies.pdf
[54] Schneider, F., Chaudhuri, K., and Chatterjee, S. (2003, March). “The Size and Development of the Indian Shadow Economy and a Comparison with other 18 Asian Countries: An Empirical Investigation”. Table 5, p.20. MyIDEAS. https://ideas.repec.org
[55] World Bank. (2018, March 14). India’s Growth Story Since the 1990s Remarkably Stable and Resilient. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/03/14/india-growth-story-since-1990s-remarkably-stable-resilient
[56] Special Correspondent (2017). “Rs. 30,000-crore sops for Nano project: document”. The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Rs.-30000-crore-sops-for-Nano-project-document/article15340530.ece
[57] Mahurkar, U. (2011, September 3). “Gujarat: Emergence of Sanand as industrial hub”. India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sanand-gujarat-nana-land-displacement-farmers/1/149876.html
[58] Datta, R. (2009, August 19.) “Bengal sweetens deal for farmers with more compensation per acre.” Live Mint. http://www.livemint.com/Politics/gLhvojH3U47JtHv2onoquN/Bengal-sweetens-deal-for-farmers-with-more-compensation-per.html
[59] Ridindec, A. (2001, December 21). “A Farewell to the Franc: Little Sorrow in France”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/27/world/a-farewell-to-the-franc-little-sorrow-in-france.html
[60] Behera, L. (2017, February 3). “India’s Defence Budget 2017-18: An Analysis”. Institute of Defense Studies and Analysis. http://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/india-defence-budget-2017-18_lkbehera_030217
[61] Zuber, T. (2011). The real German war plan 1904-1914. The History Press: Stroud, UK
[62] Gotz, A. (2012). “The ultimate collection of Murphy’s Law.” https://murphyslaws.net/
[63] 216 BC, 2nd Punic War. Hannibal with 50,000 troops successfully conducted a double envelopment of an 85,000 strong Roman army. Hannibal lost 12,000 soldiers, the Romans lost 75,000 killed and 10,000 captured, i.e., 100% casualties. See Mulligan, B. (2018). “2nd Punic War”. Dickenson College. http://dcc.dickinson.edu/nepos-hannibal/second-punic-war Compare with Indian Army First and Second World Wars, 4 and 6 years respectively, of 74,000 and 87,000.
[64] US Library of Congress (2018). “Order of Battle on the Western Front, 11 AM, 11 November 1918”. World Digital Library. https://www.wdl.org/en/item/16804/view/1/1/ (The map is a US estimate of Germany divisions in four categories, First (best) through Fourth (poorest), depending on their fighting power.)
[65] New York Times. (1989, May 31). “Soviet Military Budget: $128 Billion Bombshell”. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/31/world/soviet-military-budget-128-billion-bombshell.html This article is of interest because CIA had been estimating 115-125 billion rubles, or $195-215 billion. A Soviet general admitted that the official figure of 20-billion rubles excluded equipment and research.
[66] Jacobson, L. (2015, July 27). “Pie chart of 'federal spending' circulating on the Internet is misleading.” Politifact. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/aug/17/facebook-posts/pie-chart-federal-spending-circulating-internet-mi/ (Look at the third column on the page, FY 2015-16.)
[67] The Hindu. (2017, February 2). “Highlights of Union Budget 2017-2018: Tax Proposals”. http://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/Highlights-of-Union-Budget-2017-18/article17127298.ece
[68] PRS Legislative Research. (2017). “Demand for Grants 2017-18 Analysis Defense”. PRS India. http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1488341144~~DFG%20Analysis%20of%20Defence%20Ministry.pdf http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1488341144~~DFG%20Analysis%20of%20Defence%20Ministry.pdf
[69] World Bank. (2017, July). World Economic Outlook Database https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx? Please note the IMF dataset does not give GDP for Pakistan.
[70] World Bank. (2017) “Military expenditure (% GDP) 1960-2016.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?view=map&year=2016 The figures are from SIPRI, which shows sloppiness on World Bank’s part. With its vast resources, surely it can make its own estimate.
[71] Ibid.
[72] (Allison 2017)
[73] Shapiro, J. (2017, June 15). “America’s Collision Course with China”.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/books/review/everything-under-the-heavens-howard-french-destined-for-war-graham-allison.html Review essay, Allison (Thucydides’s Trap) and French (Everything under the sun).
[74] Buchanan, P. (2009). Churchill, Hitler, and the unnecessary war: how Britain lost its empire and the west lost the world. Crown Forum.
[75] Zuljan, R, (2003, July 1). “Allied and Axis GDP.” http://www.zuljan.info/articles/0302wwiigdp.html Based on Table 1 in Mark Harrison, ed., (1998). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press (1998), 10. Unfortunately the book sells for $35 and I was unable to buy it.
[76] Please to note that there is a school of thought that says Siberian forces began to move west in June 1941 itself. See Axis History Forum “Did Siberian divisions save Moscow?”, discussion 3 September 2013, by KDF33.
[77]
[78]Chossudovskym M. (2018, March 8). Wipe the Soviet Union Off the Map. Global Research. https://www.globalresearch.ca/wipe-the-ussr-off-the-map-204-atomic-bombs-against-major-cities-us-nuclear-attack-against-soviet-union-planned-prior-to-end-of-world-war-ii/561660104
81 Brown, A. (1979). Operation World War III: Secret American Plan ("Dropshot") for War with the Soviet Union in 1957. Editor. London: Arms and Armor Press.
[79] Jha, S. (2017 July 6). “China's Creeping Invasion of India By Saurav Jha”. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/chinas-creeping-invasion-of-india
[80] Taylor, A. (2011, January 31). “High-Altitude Illnesses: Physiology, Risk Factors, Prevention, and Treatment”. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal 2(1): e0022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678789/
[81] Tyagi, P., and Malik, H. (2008). “Suggested operating schedules for sudden induction of unacclimatized or partially acclimatized aircrew for air operations at high altitude”. 52(2): 9-14. Indian Journal of Air and Space Medicine. http://medind.nic.in/iab/t08/i2/iabt08i2p9.pdf
[82] Hewitt, A. (2015, August 28). “Paratroopers ensure Global Response Force is always ready to go”. US Army. https://www.army.mil/article/154643/paratroopers_ensure_global_response_force_is_always_ready_to_go
[83] Reiner, W. (2016, July 15). 82nd Airborne Division leads Emergency Deployment Readiness Exercise https://www.army.mil/article/171594/82nd_airborne_division_leads_emergency_deployment_readiness_exercise
[84] Tarabay, J. (2018, February 3). “Sri Lankan port acquisition, China adds another 'pearl' to its 'string'”. CNN.com. https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/03/asia/china-sri-lanka-string-of-pearls-intl/index.html
[85] The original figure was $46-billion but has now grown to $62-billion. Banyan (2017, September 9). “Massive Chinese investment is a boon for Pakistan.” The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21728619-china-pakistan-economic-corridor-project-carries-risks-massive-chinese-investment-boon
[86] CPEC. (2018, February 10). “Chinese investment in CPEC will cross $ 100 billion”. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/chinese-investment-in-cpec-will-cross-$-100-billion/NDg1Mw==
[87] Marantidou, V. (2018, February 13, 2018). “Shipping Finance: China’s New Tool in Becoming a Global Maritime Power”. Jamestown Foundation China Brief 18(2). https://jamestown.org/program/shipping-finance-chinas-new-tool-becoming-global-maritime-power/
[88] Naviwala, N. (2017, May 24). “Pakistan's $100B deal with China: What does it amount to?”. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/pakistan-s-100b-deal-with-china-what-does-it-amount-to-90872
[89] Gupta, J. (2017, May 22). “Indus cascade a Himalayan blunder”. The Third Pole. https://www.thethirdpole.net/2017/05/2
2/indus-cascade-a-himalayan-blunder/
[90] Yousafzai, F. (2017, June 24). “Work on $8b CPEC railway project to start this year. The Nation (Pakistan). https://nation.com.pk/24-Jun-2017/work-on-8b-cpec-railway-project-to-start-this-year
[91] Wikipedia. (2017). “Pakistan Railway Network”. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Pakistan_Railways_Network_Map.png
[92] Sering, S. (2012, September). “Expansion of the Karakoram corridor: implications and prospects”, IDSA Occasional Paper No. 27. Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/Expansion%20of%20_Karakoram%20corridor.pdf
[93] SIPRI. (2017). “Trade Registers”. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php