by Ravi Rikhye
[180] KC, Andrew. (2011, August 10). “An update on the 6th Artillery Brigade”. China Defense Blog. http://china-defense.blogspot.com/2011/08/update-on-6th-artillery-brigade.html
[181] KC, Andrew. (2017, April 29). “15th Airborne Corps new orbat”. China Defense Blog. http://china-defense.blogspot.com/2017/09/in-depth-close-look-at-chinese-airborne.html
[182] Xi Zhigang and Jiang Long. (2017, August 30). “In-depth: A close look at Chinese airborne troops”. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-08/30/content_7736996.htm
[183] KC, Andrew. (2018, April 25). “PLAAF Airborne's new assault brigade”. China Defense Blog. http://china-defense.blogspot.com/
[184] Blasko, D. (2010, December 3). “China’s Marines: Less is More”. China Brief Jamestown Foundation 10(24). https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-marines-less-is-more/
[185] Stokes, M. (2017). “The PLA Rocket force.” Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Jamestown-CSDC-2017-Slides.pdf
[186] This source has basic details on the strategic missiles. James Martin Center (2017). “Chinese ballistic missile models”. Nuclear Threat Initiative. (http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/chinese-ballistic-missile-models/
[187] Fascism. (2018). The Free Dictionary. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Fashism
[188] McCauley, K. (2017, September 20). “Himalayan Impasse: How China Would Fight an Indian Border Conflict”. China Brief (17)12.
Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/himalayan-impasse-how-china-would-fight-an-indian-border-conflict/
[189] US Army. (2000). “Field Manual 21-10: Field Hygiene and Sanitation. Olive-drab.com Archive. Pages A-37-45 http://olive-drab.com/arc”hive/fm21-10.pdf
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[191] China People’s Daily Online (2008, October 1). Chinese military changes requirements. http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90785/6518188.html
[192] Emia, V. (2015, August 28). 4.7-million Chinese youth send out army applications. Yibada. http://en.yibada.com/articles/58037/20150828/4-7-million-chinese-youth-send-out-army-applications.htm
[193] US Department of Defense. (2017, June 6). Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2017. https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2017_China_Military_Power_Report.PDF?ver=2017-06-06-141328-770
[194] International Campaign for Tibet. (2014, November 12). New strategic rail network to Tibet’s borders endangers environment, raises regional security concerns (Updated). https://www.savetibet.org/new-strategic-rail-network-to-tibets-borders-endangers-environment-raises-regional-security-concerns/
[195] See graphic by Norclader for Wikipedia, and the data appears to be from a published source by Dennis Blasko. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force.png The 3 armies in this theatre had 10 brigades and two divisions; now there are two armies with 12 brigades.
[196] Blasko, D. (2015, February 18). “Ten reasons why China will have trouble fighting a modern war.” Warontherocks.com. https://warontherocks.com/2015/02/ten-reasons-why-china-will-have-trouble-fighting-a-modern-war/
[197] Global Security. (2017, April 17).” Corruption – Military”. Globalsecurity.com https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/corruption-pla.htm
[198] Blasko, D. (2015, February 16).” Corruption in China’s military: one of many problems”. Warontherocks.com. https://warontherocks.com/2015/02/corruption-in-chinas-military-one-of-many-problems/
[199] Kondapalli, S. (2015, October). “China’s Political Commissars and Commanders: Trends & Dynamics”. Working Paper No. 88. Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies Singapore. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP88.pdf
[200] Chen, K. (1983). “China's war against Vietnam, 1979: a military analysis”. Occasional papers/reprints series in contemporary Asian studies. (58)3, 46-pages. Reprinted from Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. III, No. l, Spring/Summer 1983. http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=mscas
[201] US Central Intelligence Agency (2010, December 13). “Vietnam: Army, modernization, and tactics”. CIA Intelligence Division. Original 1984. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91T01115R000100280002-3.pdf
[202] For historical background: Gin, C. (2015). “ How China wins: a case study of the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese war”. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Ft. Leavenworth, KS.
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a624010.pdf
[203] Xiaoming Zhang (2005).” China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment”. Volume 184 December 2005, pp. 851-874 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741005000536
[204] USA Army (n.d.). “Chapter 4: The 1979 campaign”. US Army Training and Doctrine Command. All Partners Access Network. https://wss.apan.org/s/TRADOCTraining/TTC%20Materials/Class%20Readings/(U)%20Dowd%20(UNK)%20Overview%20Ch%204%20Chinese%20Military%20Strategy%20in%20the%20Third%20Indochina%20War%20-%20Edward%20O%27dowd.pdf
[205] Ibid.
[206] Andrew, M. (2010). “Logistics in the PLA.” Army Sustainment 42(2), March-April 2010. http://www.alu.army.mil/alog/issues/marapr10/spectrum_lpa_logistics.html
[207] Saunders, P. and Wuthnow, J. (2016, April).” China’s Goldwater-Nichols? Assessing PLA Organizational Reforms”. Strategic Forum No. 294. http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratforum/SF-294.pdf
[208] Saunders, P. and Wuthnow, J. (2017). “Chinese Military Reform in the Age of Xi Jinping: Drivers, Challenges, and Implications”. No. 10. Center for Study of Chinese Military Affairs, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University. http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-10.pdf?ver=2017-03-21-152018-430
[209] Hindustan Editorial Staff. (August 12, 2018). India, China not ‘firing a single bullet’ over border dispute shows maturity: PM Modi. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-not-firing-a-single-bullet-over-border-dispute-shows-maturity-pm-modi/story-zlzWG7tqcLseGfcJQlEq9I.html
[210] Indian Ministry Home Affairs. (2007-08). “Chapter III Border Management. Pp 1-32”. South Asia Terrorism Portal. New Delhi. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/mha07-08/chapter3-07.pdf
[211] Syed, B. (2018, April 28). “Budget 2018-19: Rs 1.1-trillion”. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1404337/budget-2018-19-rs11-trillion-proposed-for-defence
[212] Kamran, Y. (2018, April 28). “Defense Budget up around 20%”. Tribune Express, Pakistan. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1697218/1-defence-budget-around-20 /
[213] Mirza, M., Jaspal, Z., and Ijaz, A. (2015). “Military Spending and Economic Growth in Pakistan.” Margella Papers. http://www.ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/margalla-papers-2015/08-Military-Spending.pdf https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.ZS?end=2014&locations=PK&start=1990 1966 GDP 8,5”
[214] World Bank. (2018). “Pakistan Military Expenditure (% of GDP)”. Data Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?end=2016&locations=PK&start=1960&view=chart
[215] Worldwar1.com (n.d.). “Caporetto: Order of Battle”. (http://www.worldwar1.com/itafront/cap_oob.htm
[216] US Military Academy. (1995). Campaign Atlas to the Great War. Ed. Vincent J. Esposito. West Point History Department. Published by Tess Press/Black Dog. 1st Ed. 1959. https://www.westpoint.edu/history/SiteAssets/SitePages/World%20War%20I/WWOne15.gif
[217] Gill. J. (1999) Atlas of the 1971 India-Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh. https://www.scribd.com/doc/22107538/An-Atlas-of-the-1971-India-Pakistan-War-The-Creation-Of-Bangladesh
[218] Babur Mahmud, for www.orbat.com , now www.orbat.info February 17, 2002.
[219] Ibid.
[220] Candeth, K. (1997). The Western Front: Indo-Pak war of 1971. Pp. 140-150. The English Book Depot: Dehradun, India.
[221] Singh, Sukhwant. (1980). India’s wars since Independence, Volume 2. Lancers: New Delhi.
[222] Manstein, E. (2004). Lost Victories. Zenith: Minneapolis, MN
[223] Guderian, H. (1974). Panzer Leader. Futura: London
[224] Balck, H., and Zabecki, D. (2017). Order in Chaos: The Memoirs of General of Panzer Troops Hermann Balck. University Press of Kentucky
[225] Hoth, H. (2015). Panzer Operations: Germany's Panzer Group 3 During the Invasion of Russia, 1941. Casemate.
[226] McLean, F. (1988). “German General Officer Casualties in World War II: Harbinger for U.S. Army General Officer Casualties in AirLand Battle”. US Army Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, KS. http://weaponsman.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/German-General-Officer-Casualties-In-WW-II-Major-French-L.-MacLean.pdf
[227] Email exchange
[228] Stokes, K., Lin, J., and Hsiao, R. (2011, November 11). “The Chinese People’s Liberation Army signals intelligence and cyber reconnaissance infrastructure”. Project 2049 Institute. https://project2049.net/documents/pla_third_department_sigint_cyber_stokes_lin_hsiao.pdf
[229] KC, Andrew, (2017, September 11). “The second-line PLA units facing the North”. China Defense Blogspot. http://china-defense.blogspot.com/2017/09/the-second-line-pla-units-facing-north.html
[230] Blasko, D. (2012). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. 2nd Edition, Routledge. p. 101-102.
[231] Ranade, J. (2015, August 21). “China’s Focus on Military Activities in Tibet. Centre for China Analysis and Strategy. https://ccasindia.org/article_details.php?aid=36
[232] 9 Border Defence Regiment, 10 Border Defence Regiment, 11 Border Defence Regiment and 12 Border Defence Regiment, all spread over the Military Sub-Districts of Shannan, Shigatse and Nyingchi
[233] Tibet Discovery. (2018, February 26).” Useful Tibet Maps - Updated Tibet Travel Maps 2018/2019”. Tibet Discovery. http://www.tibetdiscovery.com/tibet-maps/
[234] Sen, S. (2017, July 12). “Centre authorizes Army to make emergency purchases for a short, intense war”. India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-china-pakistan-sikkim-doklam/1/1000695.html
[235] Forecast International. (2011, March). “Ordnance & Munitions Forecast March 2011 Tank Gun Ammunition (International)”. https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=844
[236] Vats, R. (2013, November 22). “Indian Tank Ammunition Scenario KE Penetrators. http://vatsrohit.blogspot.com/2013/11/indian-tank-ammunition-scenario-ke.html
[237] Kumar, A. (2014). “Achieving self-reliance in ammunition”. Defense Production and Ammunition.
http://www.defproac.com/?p=971
[238] Haider, M. (2015, December 15). “17,177 soldiers deployed for security of Chinese workers of CPEC”. Geo TV. https://www.geo.tv/latest/8680-17177-soldiers-deployed-for-security-of-chinese-workers-of-cpec
[239] Harris, T. (2003, March 2003). How E-Bombs Work. HowStuffWorks.com. https://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb.htm Please note the E-Bomb is not really a bomb, but a microwave generator that uses explosive to power the generator.
[240] Osborn, K. (2017, January 4). “Report: China Could Have 351 Navy Ships (Bigger America' Navy). http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/report-china-could-have-351-navy-ships-bigger-america-navy-18940 (The figures date from 2016 and have been adjusted to reflect 2017.)
[241] Bhat, V. (2017, September 20). “High-speed production: Chinese navy built 83 ships”. The Print. https://theprint.in/security/chinese-navy-built-83-ships-8-years/10416/
[242] O’Rourke, R. (2017, December 13). “China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress”. Congressional Research Service. Table 6, p. 68. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf
[243] Associated Press. (2017, July 12). “Chinese navy ships conduct live-fire drills in Mediterranean”. Defense News. https://www.defensenews.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/07/12/chinese-navy-ships-conduct-live-fire-drills-in-mediterranean/
[244] Higgins, A. (2017, July 25). “China and Russia Hold First Joint Naval Drill in the Baltic Sea”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/world/europe/china-russia-baltic-navy-exercises.html
[245] Press Trust of India. (2016, November 26). “Chinese navy ships to be deployed at Gwadar in Arabian Sea”. Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/chinese-navy-ships-to-be-deployed-at-gwadar-in-arabian-sea/328306.html
[246] Fei, J. (2017, December 22). “China’s Overseas Military Base in Djibouti: Features, Motivations, and Policy Implications”. China Brief (17)17. https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-overseas-military-base-djibouti-features-motivations-policy-implications/
[247] Patranobis, S. (2017, February 8). “China, Russia dispatch warships for Pak naval drill in Arabian Sea”. The Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-russia-dispatch-warships-for-pak-naval-drill-in-arabian-sea/story-mlWmJDczHvNxFa9etsVxuJ.html
[248] Singh, R. (2017, July 5). “Chinese warships prowl Indian Ocean ahead of naval drills by India, US and Japan”. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-warships-prowl-indian-ocean-ahead-of-naval-drills-by-india-us-and-japan/story-CfS6FoeJbzWnLFz2QnCpgI.html
[249] Singh, Abhijit. (2017, May 24). “Countering China’s submarine presence in the Indian Ocean”. The Maritime Executive. https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/countering-chinas-submarine-presence-in-the-indian-ocean
[250] Keck, Z. (2018, February 18). Japan Might Buy as Many as 40 F-35B Fighters, Report States. The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/japan-might-buy-many-40-f-35b-fighters-report-states-24544
[251] Siddiqui, H. (2017, July 20). “Navy unlikely to expand aircraft carrier fleet in next 15 years”. Financial Express (India). http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/navy-unlikely-to-expand-aircraft-carrier-fleet-in-next-15-years/770553/
[252] Gurung, S. (2017, April 21). “New threat in Indian Ocean: China to build at least six carriers”. Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/new-threat-in-indian-ocean-china-to-build-at-least-six-aircraft-carriers/articleshow/58298250.cms
[253] Government of India. (2016). “Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Chapter II”. Union Government (Defence Services) Navy and Coast Guard Report No. 17 of 2016. https://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Defence_Services_Navy_and_Coast_Guard_Report_No_17_of_2016.pdf
[254] Simha, R. (2016, August 1).” Shifting timelines of India’s indigenous carrier”. Russia Beyond. https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/08/01/shifting-timelines-of-indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier_617091
[255] Seaforces.org. (2018). “Osumi class tank landing ship.” Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. http://www.seaforces.org/marint/Japan-Maritime-Self-Defense-Force/Amphibious-Ship/Osumi-class.htm
[256] Farley, R. (2015, March 30). “After the Izumo, What's Next for Japan's Navy?” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/after-the-izumo-whats-next-for-japans-navy/
[257] Mizokami, K. (2017, October 31). “Japan’s non aircraft carrier is also a secret weapon”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/japans-non-aircraft-carrier-also-secret-weapon-22983
[258] Tsuneoka, C. and Landers, P. (2018, March 20). “Japan Seeks to answer China with an aircraft carrier”. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/japan-seeks-to-answer-china-with-an-aircraft-carrier-1521534454
[259] Keck, Z. (2018, February 18). “Japan Might Buy as Many as 40 F-35B Fighters, Report States”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/japan-might-buy-many-40-f-35b-fighters-report-states-24544
[260] Wang, B. (2017, October 29). “China claims successful magnetic and ship propulsion tests”. The Next Big Future. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/10/china-claims-successful-magnetic-submarine-and-ship-propulsion-tests.html
[261] Peck, M. (2017, September 25). “The
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[263] Keck, Z. (2015, July 15). “Watch out China, India wants 200 warships”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/watch-out-china-indias-navy-wants-200-warships-13340 Zachery Keck July 15
[264] Osborn, K. (2016, May 9). “Why the U.S. Navy Could Be in Big Trouble: China Plans 351 Ships by 2020”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/why-the-us-navy-could-be-big-trouble-china-plans-351-ships-16101