20 South, 159
21 Ibid., 159
22 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Thailand–Burma Border and Malaysia’, February 2008
23 South, 159
24 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Thailand–Burma Border and Malaysia’, February 2008
25 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Kachin State’, May 2009
26 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Kachin State’, 25 August–1 September 2006
27 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Kachin State’, May 2009
28 Benedict Rogers, ‘Carrying the Cross: the military regime’s campaign of restriction, discrimination and persecution against Christians in Burma’, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, 40
29 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Kachin State’, 25 August–1 September 2006
30 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Kachin State’, May 2009
31 BBC, ‘Burma dam: work halted on divisive Myitsone project’, 30 September 2011
32 Ibid.
33 Kachin News Group, ‘Over 1,000 HIV positive patients in 2008: KIO’, 3 December 2008
34 Kachin News Group, ‘Battle Between Burmese Army and Kokang Intensifies’, 29 August 2009
35 Michael Sainsbury, ‘Burma Death Toll Reaches 500’, Australian, 2 September 2009
36 International Herald Tribune, ‘A Rebel Stronghold in Myanmar on Alert’, 5 November 2009
37 Kachin News Group, ‘KIA on high alert after clashes in Kokang territory’, 28 August 2009
38 Ben Blanchard, ‘China raps Myanmar after recent border unrest’, Reuters, 25 September 2009
39 KIO Central Committee, Ref: #272/M-1/CC/2009, 7 October 2009
40 Peter Janssen, ‘Post-election offensive feared against Myanmar rebel groups’, Deutsche Press Agentur, 28 October 2010
41 Economist, ‘Myanmar’s Border with China’, 25 November 2010
42 Christian Science Monitor, ‘Cut out of Burma election, Kachin minority could turn guns on junta’, 29 October 2010
43 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Burma and Kachin ethnic group on the China–Burma Border’, February 2012
44 Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘Open letter to President Thein Sein, KIO, KNU, NMSP and SSA’, International Crisis Group translation, 28 July 2011
45 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to Burma and Kachin ethnic group on the China–Burma Border’, February 2012
Chapter 5: A Cross to Bear in the West
1 Benedict Rogers, ‘Carrying the Cross: the military regime’s campaign of restriction, discrimination and persecution against Christians in Burma’, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, 3
2 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 14–21 September 2007
3 Lian H. Sakhong, ‘In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic Identity in Burma’, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2003, 17
4 Ibid., 2
5 The Chinram is the name the Chin gave to their land, according to Lian H. Sakhong
6 Ibid., 85
7 Ibid., 21
8 Ibid., 21
9 Ibid., 86
10 Ibid., 87
11 Ibid., 87
12 Ibid., 88
13 Ibid., 95
14 Ibid., 96
15 Ibid., 101
16 Ibid., 98
17 Ibid., 102
18 Ibid., 101
19 Ibid., 107
20 Ibid., 108
21 Ibid., 110
22 Ibid., 11
23 Ibid., 116
24 Ibid., 119
25 Ibid., 119
26 Ibid., 126
27 Ibid., 131
28 Ibid., 131
29 Ibid., 132
30 Ibid., 131
31 Ibid., 136–37
32 Ibid., 244
33 Salai Bawi Lian Maung, ‘The Persecution of Chin Christians in Burma’, Chin Human Rights Organisation, presentation to the Sixth Hong Kong Christian Human Rights Conference, November 2005
34 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘Religious Persecution: A Campaign of Ethnocide Against Chin Christians in Burma’, 52
35 Ibid., 53
36 Ibid., 55
37 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘Junta Coerces Chin Christians to Pull Down Cross’, 29 June 2002
38 Irrawaddy, ‘Junta closes popular Rangoon church’, 9 September 2005
39 Benedict Rogers, ‘Carrying the Cross: the military regime’s campaign of restriction, discrimination and persecution against Christians in Burma’, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, 37
40 Ibid., 36
41 Christian Solidarity Worldwide: ‘Burma: CSW, HART and Norwegian Mission to the East Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
42 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘Religious Persecution: A Campaign of Ethnocide Against Chin Christians in Burma’, 9
43 Assist News, ‘Exiled Chin Protest in Front of Burmese Embassy in India’, 26 January 2005
44 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘CSW Condemns Crackdown on Churches in Rangoon’, 15 January 2009
45 Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, 2ed Books, 1999, 45
46 Benedict Rogers, ‘Carrying the Cross: the military regime’s campaign of restriction, discrimination and persecution against Christians in Burma’, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, 17
47 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: CSW UK/Australia Visit to the Chin and Kachin Refugees in India’, 2–9 March 2004
48 Daniella Nayu, ‘An enduring byproduct of war’, Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 July 2009
49 Human Rights Watch, ‘Burma: “We Are Like Forgotten People” – The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India’, 2009, 33
50 Daniella Nayu, ‘An enduring byproduct of war’, Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 July 2009
51 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 10–25 November 2009
52 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘On the Edge of Survival: The Continuing Rat Infestation and Food Crisis in Chin State, Burma’, 2009, 1
53 Ibid., 2
54 Benny Manser, ‘Lessons not learnt from Cyclone Nargis and Karen State’, Burma, 29 October 2008
55 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 10–15 November 2009
56 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘On the Edge of Survival: The Continuing Rat Infestation and Food Crisis in Chin State, Burma’, 2009, 2
57 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 15–30 November 2010
58 Chin Human Rights Organisation, ‘On the Edge of Survival,’ 12
59 Christian Solidarity Worldwide: ‘Burma: CSW, HART and Norwegian Mission to the East Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
60 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 15–30 November 2010
61 Ibid.
62 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Thailand–Burma Border and Malaysia’, February 2008
63 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India–Burma Border’, 10–25 November 2009
Chapter 6: A Stateless People
1 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Bangladesh–Burma Border’, 26–31 August 2008
2 Ibid.
3 Refugees International, ‘Rohingya: Burma’s Forgotten Minority’, 18 December 2008
4 Chris Lewa, ‘Testimony to the US Commission on International Religious Freedom’, 3 December 2007
5 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Bangladesh–Burma Border’, 26–31 August 2008
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, Office of the Prime Minister, Position Paper on Persecution of Muslims in Arakan State, 24
September 1992
10 Ibid.
11 Euro-Burma Office, ‘The Rohingyas: Bengali Muslims or Arakan Rohingyas?’, EBO Briefing Paper No.2, 2009
12 Ibid.
13 Dr Abdul Karim, ‘The Rohingyas: A Short Account of their History and Culture’, Arakan Historical Society, Chittagong, 2000, 7
14 Ibid., 14
15 Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, ‘NCGUB pushing the Rohingya from the frying-pan into the fire’, 13 February 2009 – http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=39
16 Martin Smith, ‘The Muslim Rohingya of Burma’, paper delivered at a conference organised by Burma Centrum Netherlands, 11 December 1995 – http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=33
17 San Oo Aung – http://sanooaung.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/burmas-first-president-sao-shwe-thaikes-support-of-burmese-muslims/, 22 January 2008
18 Euro-Burma Office, ‘The Rohingyas: Bengali Muslims or Arakan Rohingyas?’, EBO Briefing Paper No.2, 2009
19 Martin Smith, ‘The Muslim Rohingya of Burma’, paper delivered at a conference organised by Burma Centrum Netherlands, 11 December, 1995
20 Errol da Silva, ‘Why the Muslims are fleeing Burma’, Bangkok Post, 31 May 1981
21 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Bangladesh–Burma Border’, 26–31 August 2008
22 Nation, ‘Thailand says 126 Rohingya boat people “escorted” to sea already’, 23 January 2009
23 CNN, ‘Probe questions fate of refugees in Thailand’, 26 January 2009 – http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/25/thailand.refugees/index.html#cnnSTCVideo
24 Ibid. – http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/25/thailand.refugees/index.html#cnnSTCText
25 John Carlin, ‘The terrifying voyage of Burma’s boat people’, Independent, 24 November 2009
26 ALTSEAN Burma, ‘Rohingya, Asylum Seekers & Migrants from Burma: A Human Security Priority for ASEAN’, 30 January 2009
27 Mizzima News, ‘Burmese consular says Rohingya do not belong to Burma’, 13 February 2009 – http://www.mizzima.com/news/breaking-and-news-brief/1708-burmese-consular-says-rohingya-do-not-belong-to-burma.html and http://democracyforburma.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/burmese-consular-says-rohingya-do-not-belong-to-burma/
28 Bertil Lintner, ‘Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh’, a paper presented at an international workshop on Religion and Security in South Asia at the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu, Hawaii, 19–22 August 2002 –http://www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/religious_extremism_bangladesh.pdf
29 Bertil Lintner, ‘Bangladesh: breeding ground for Muslim terror’, Asia Times, 21 September 2002 – http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI21Df06.html
30 Euro-Burma Office, ‘The Rohingyas: Bengali Muslims or Arakan Rohingyas?’, EBO Briefing Paper No.2, 2009
31 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Bangladesh–Burma Border’, 26–31 August 2008
32 Ibid.
Chapter 7: Defectors, Deserters and Child Soldiers
1 Samuel Blythe, ‘Myanmar’s army document spotlights low morale’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4 April 2007
2 Min Lwin, ‘Burmese Armed Forces Day Celebrated in Naypyidaw’, Irrawaddy, 27 March 2009
3 Kachin News Group, ‘Ethnic soldiers in Burma Army discriminated against’, 29 September 2009
4 Kachin News Group, ‘Twenty fresh desertions from Burmese Army in Kachin State’, 24 September 2009
5 Narinjara News, ‘Burma army faces increasing desertion’, 15 September 2007
6 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thai-Burma Border’, November 2002
7 Benedict Rogers, A Land Without Evil: Stopping the Genocide of Burma’s Karen People, 238
8 Ibid., 239
9 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thai–Burma Border’, November 2002
10 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to Kachin State, Burma’, 25 August–1 September 2006
11 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thai-Burmese Border’, 19 October–4 November 2005
12 Ibid.
13 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thailand–Burma Border’, 16–28 November 2007
14 Mizzima News, ‘Ailing Prime Minister to go back to Burma, Rangoon commander ousted’, 1 October 2007
15 Associated Press, ‘Generals, soldiers detained for refusing to shoot monks in Myanmar’, 10 October 2007
16 Matthew Weaver, ‘Burmese army major defects to Thailand’, Guardian, 3 October 2007
17 BBC, ‘Diplomat resigns over Burmese monks’, 9 October 2007
18 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thailand-Burma Border’, 16–28 November 2007
19 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Chin and Kachin Refugees in India’, 2–9 March 2004 – Appendix: Testimony of a Defector
20 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Visit to the Thailand-Burma Border’, 20 January–10 February 2009
21 Radio Free Asia, ‘We All Want Democracy’, 30 July 2009 –http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/democracy-07302009190128.html?textonly=1
22 Richard Lloyd Parry, ‘Burma: Than Shwe “ordered troops to execute villagers”’, The Times, 7 June 2008
23 Aung Lynn Htut, ‘Than Shwe Maneuvers to Retain Power’, Irrawaddy, 24 June 2009
24 Democratic Voice of Burma, ‘Engaging with the military regime’, 23 September 2008 –http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=1781
Chapter 8: The Torture Chambers
1 BBC Burmese.com, ‘Student activists claim they have half a million signatures’, 24 October 2006
2 Democratic Voice of Burma, ‘88 Generation to step up peaceful protests’, 21 May 2007
3 Richard Lloyd Parry, ‘Burma activists sentenced to 65 years each in draconian crackdown’, The Times, 12 November 2008
4 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘ABFSU member sentenced to 104 years in jail’, 14 January 2009 – http://www.aappb.org/ABFSU_member_sentenced_to_104_years.PDF
5 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘Political Prisoner Profile: U Khun Tun Oo’, 11 July 2009 – http://www.aappb.org/bio_pdf/Khun_Tun_Oo_bio_11_July_2009.pdf
6 BBC, ‘Burmese comic jailed for 45 years’, 21 November 2008 – http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7741653.stm
7 Ibid., 9
8 Andrew Harding, ‘On the run in Burma’, 22 September 2007 –http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7006506.stm
9 Human Rights Watch, ‘Burma’s Forgotten Prisoners’, 26
10 Than Htike Oo, ‘88 generation activist Nilar Thein arrested’, Mizzima News, 11 September 2008
11 Human Rights Watch, ‘Burma’s Forgotten Prisoners’, 27
12 Andrew Buncombe, ‘Burmese democracy activist: “I don’t know how I kept my sanity”’, Independent, 25 September 2008
13 Richard Lloyd Parry, ‘Burma activists sentenced to 65 years each in draconian crackdown’, The Times, 12 November 2008
14 Peter Popham, ‘Burmese cameraman jailed for defying regime’, Independent, 18 November 2009
15 Awzar Thi, ‘Breaking Burma’s Official Secrets’, United Press International, 5 February 2009
16 Mizzima, ‘Another 20-year prison term for undercover reporter Hla Hla Win’, 5 January 2010
17 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘Burma’s Prisons and Labor Camps: Silent Killing Fields’, May 2009, 2
18 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars’, 29
19 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Thai-Burmese Border’, November 2006
20 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘Female political prisoner Tin Tin Htwe Mae Pae died in prison’, 24 December 2009
21 Amnesty International, ‘Urgent Action: Medical Treatment Needed Immediately’, 3 December 2009
22 Human Rights Watch, ‘Burma’s Forgotten Prisoners’, September 2009
23 Radio Free Asia, ‘Burmese prisoners killed after cyclone’, 30 January 2009
24 Radio Free Asia, ‘“Burma dissidents” visits restricted’, 17 March 2009
25 Phil Thornton, ‘The forgotten political prisoners’, Bangkok Post, 30 August 2009
26 Ko Bo Kyi, ‘Lifting Burma sanctions will not silence the screams’, Nation, 31 October 2009
27 email correspondence with the author, 3 November 2009
28 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons’, 2005
29 Ibid., 15
30 Ibid., 15
31 Ibid., 15
32 Democratic Voice of Burma, ‘They forced me to kneel like a dog’, 2 November 2009
33 Human Rights Watch, ‘Burma’s Forgotten Prisoners’, 10
34 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Chin Peoples on the India-Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
35 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India-Burma Border’, 14–21 September 2007
36 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Chin Peoples on the India-Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
37 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India-Burma Border’, 14–21 September 2007
38 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Chin Peoples on the India-Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
39 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India-Burma Border’, 14–21 September 2007
40 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Chin Peoples on the India-Burma Border’, 3–9 March 2006
41 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the India-Burma Border’, 14–21 September 2007
42 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons’, 16
43 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, ‘Burma: Visit to the Thai-Burmese Border’, November 2006
44 Ibid.
45 Phil Thornton, ‘The forgotten political prisoners’, Bangkok Post, 30 August 2009
46 Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), ‘The Future in the Dark: The Massive Increase in Burma’s Political Prisoners’, September 2008
Burma- a Nation at the Crossroads Page 32