by Benny Morris
335. Thomas D. Christie (Tarsus) to Alex Christie, 2 December 1895, Houghton ABC 16.9.5. On the death of Father Salvatore, see also Cambon to Foreign Minister, 13 January 1896, MAE, Turquie 526, 98–99.
336. Herbert to FO, 5 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1869; Cambon to Foreign Minister, 14 November 1895, MAE, Turquie 525, 78–79; and BOA, Y. PRK. UM, 33 / 22.
337. L. O. Lee (Maraş) to ?, 13 November 1895, FRUS 1895, Part 2, 1359.
338. J. C. Martin (Hadjin) memorandum, untitled, 23 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1907.
339. An Ottoman report on Armenian massacres in Gercanis kaza was sent by Halil Pasha to the Palace on 25 October 1895, BOA, Y. MTV, 130 / 75.
340. Barnham to Currie, 26 January 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1933.
341. Herbert to FO, 19 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1870. For Ottoman instructions and accounts, 14–28 December 1895, see BOA, I. HUS, 44.
342. Barnham (Aleppo) to Currie, 6 January 1895 [should be 1896], UKNA FO 195 / 1932.
343. Barnham to Currie, 29 January 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1932.
344. Barnham (Zeytun) to Currie, 30 January 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1932. See also Cambon to Foreign Minister, 10 January 1896, MAE, Turquie 526, 52–53.
345. Barnham to Currie, 31 January 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1933.
346. This description of the “revolt” is based largely on Barnham to Currie, 12 February 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1932; and “Memorandum by Consul Barnham . . . ,” 18 June 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 212–
222. See also Hess, “Zeytun— its Capture and Capitulation, a Story of Heroism,” 19 February 1896, Bodl.
MS Lord Bryce Papers 197; and Cambon to Foreign Minister, 5 March 1896, MAE, Turquie 527, 56.
347.
Lee
(Maraş) to Currie, 15 February 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1950; Hess, “Zeitoun— its Capture and Capitulation, A Story of Heroism,” 19 February 1896, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 197; and F. W.
Macallum to Currie, 19 February 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1950.
348. Macallum to ?, 7 July 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1951.
349. Macallum to ?, 7 July 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1951.
350. F. W. Macallum (Zeytun) to Peet, 27 March 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1950.
351. Barnham to Currie, 14 March 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1932.
352. Barnham (Zeytun) to Currie, 1 March 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1932.
353. Hallward to Graves (?), 1 December 1894, UKNA FO 195 / 1846; Hallward to Graves, 2 February 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1891; and Hallward to Graves, 29 July 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1892.
354. Hallward to Graves, 28 June 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1892; and Hallward to Graves, 29 July 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1892.
Notes to Pages 101–105
355. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 6 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893; and Hallward to Cumberbatch, 26 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893.
356. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 16 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1887; Hallward to Cumberbatch, 20 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893; and Hallward to Cumberbatch, 26 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893. By mid- December 1895, “upwards of 200” villa gers had been killed and no Kurds arrested (Hallward to Cumberbatch, 18 December 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893).
357. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 26 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893.
358. Deringil, “Armenian Question Is Fi nally Closed,” 357–358.
359. Hallward to Graves, 29 July 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1892.
360. Graves to Currie, 3 July 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1892.
361. For example, Hallward to Cumberbatch, 20 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893.
362. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 26 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893.
363. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 13 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893. See also report by Agop M. B. of Tabriz, on the smuggling of guns from Iran, in Nazim, Ermeni Olayları Tarihi, vol. 1, 137.
364. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 23 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1887. See also reports sent by the Catholicos of Akdamar to the French embassy, dated 12 May and 7 August 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1906.
365. George C. Raynolds to Smith, 21 January 1896, Houghton ABC 16.9.8, Vol. 7.
366. Williams to Herbert, 28 June 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 271.
367. Williams to Currie, 27 May 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 224.
368. Dr. Grace M. Kimball, “ Women’s Armenian Relief Fund. Extracts from Miss Kimball’s Letter.
Van, 1st April 1896,” UKNA FO 195 / 1928.
369. John W. Whittall to Max Muller, 25 April 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1950.
370. John W. Whittall to Max Muller, 25 April 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1950.
371. Unsigned, “From the Hantchak of Sep. 1, The Fighting Nationalists at Van,” Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 198.
372. Williams to Herbert, 28 June 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 271–273.
373. Williams to Herbert, 28 June 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 271–273; Report by Cambon to Foreign Minister, 17 June 1896, MAE, Turquie 528, 398; and unsigned, “From the Hentchak of Sep. 1, The Fighting Nationalists at Van,” Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 198.
374. Cambon to Foreign Minister, 23 June 1896, MAE, Turquie 528, 411.
375. Unsigned, “From the Hentchak of Sep. 1, The Fighting Nationalists at Van,” Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 198.
376. Herbert to Lord Salisbury, 23 June 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1917; unsigned (but prob ably by Raynolds), “Report of Relief Work at Van, for the Month of August 1896,” undated, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12; and Raynolds, “Van Station Report for the Year 1896,” 24 May 1897, Houghton ABC 16.9.7.
See also untitled report by Père Defrance, attached to Cambon to Foreign Minister, 9 July 1896, MAE, Turquie 529, 79–84.
377. Untitled, unsigned report (perhaps by Raynolds), 23 June 1896, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol.
12; unsigned (but prob ably by Raynolds), “Report of Relief Work at Van, for the Month of August 1896,”
undated, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12; and Raynolds, “Van Station Report for the Year 1896,” 24
May 1897, Houghton ABC 16.9.7. Raynolds pointed out that the conversions eased the relief burden as the converts did not receive aid.
378. Terrell to State Department, 1 September 1896, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 20.
379. Terrell to State Department, 27 August 1896, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 20.
380. Fitzmaurice (?), untitled memorandum, undated but c. 30 August 1896, based on a conversation with the 17 bank raiders subsequently transferred to the French vessel “SS Gironde, ” UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
381. Herbert to Salisbury, 31 August 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
Notes to Pages 105–108
382. Herbert to Salisbury, 28 August 1896 (conveying text of ambassadors’ tele gram to the sultan), UKNA FO 195 / 1918; and eyewitness account by F. S. Cobb, British postmaster, Galata, to Currie, 9 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1952. Cobb harbored five Armenians during the rioting.
383. Currie to Salisbury, 28 August 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
384. Herbert to Salisbury, 3 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
385. Herbert to Salisbury, 29 August 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
386. ? to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 30 August 1896, MAE, Turquie 529, 577. Ottoman documents on the affair are scarce. A se lection was published in Nazim, Ermeni Olayları Tarihi, vol. 2, 370–406, 457–
497. None of the reports mentions a massacre. See also Ermeni Isyanları, Vol. 2, 162–164, 185–192. These documents, signed by the mayor (şehremini) of Constantinople, detail Armenian crimes.
387.
See
Nazim,
Ermeni Olayları Tarihi, vol. 2, 380–385.
388. Terrell to Commander Jewett, 24 September 1896, FRUS 1896, 864. The British estimate was 5,000–6,000 dead (Herbert to Salisbury, 3 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918).
389. Herbert to Salisbury, 28 August 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
390. Terrell to State Department, 1 September 1896, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
20.
391. Herbert to For
eign Office, 2 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
392. Herbert to Salisbury, 2 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918. See also Dadrian, History of the Armenian Genocide, 138–146.
393. See, for example, a letter, prob ably from 31 August 1896, from Armenians hiding in a church in Hassekeuy to Currie, UKNA FO 195 / 1951: “It is better for us to remain hungry in the church than to go out and die under the sticks of cruel men. . . . Can we be sure, in our ruined houses, of safety and protection [?]”
394. Terrell to State Department, 15 September 1896, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
20; and Shipley to Currie, 19 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1936.
395. Graves to Currie, 23 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1941.
396. Shipley to Currie, 11 September 1896 and 28 September 1896, both in UKNA FO 195 / 1936.
397. Terrell to State Department, 15 September 1896, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 20.
398.
Ibid.
399. Richards (Angora) to Currie, 9 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1934; Bulman (Sivas) to Currie, 20 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1930; and Fuller, “News Notes No. 27,” Aintab, 14 October 1896, Houghton ABC 16.9.5, Reel 653.
400. Fontana to Currie, 19 May 1897, UKNA FO 195 / 1981; and unsigned (but by a Harput missionary), “The Massacre in Egin,” undated, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
401. Ibid.; and Fontana to Currie, 18 November 1896, “Inclosure . . . Report on the Eghin Massacre,”
UKNA FO 195 / 1944.
402. Fontana to Currie, 30 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1944. An Ottoman report estimated that 11 Muslims had died alongside 581 Armenians (Nazim, Ermeni Olayları Tarihi, vol. 2, 428).
403.
Dadrian,
History of the Armenian Genocide, 146.
404. Fontana (Harput) to Currie, 14 October 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1944.
405. Fontana to Currie, 18 November 1896, “Inclosure 2 in No. 1, Report on the Eghin Massacre,”
UKNA FO 195 / 1944.
406. Fontana to Currie, 30 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1944. Unsigned (but by a Harput missionary), “The Massacre in Egin,” undated, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12. See also Mamüret- ül- Aziz to Ministry of the Interior, 11 October 1896, Nazim, Ermeni Olayları Tarihi, vol. 2, 427–428, 518–520.
The Turks claimed that the outbreak began when Armenian revolutionaries attacked troops. Kurdish tribesmen then joined the fray.
Notes to Pages 108–112
407. Unsigned (but by a Harput missionary), undated, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
408. Unsigned (but prob ably by Gates) to Peet (?), 19 October 1896, Houghton 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
409. Bulman to ?, 23 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1993.
410. Bulman to ?, 17 August 1897, with the original letter in Turkish and an En glish translation of excerpts, UKNA FO 195 / 1993.
411. Fontana to Currie, 18 November 1896, “Inclosure 2 in No. 1, Report on the Eghin Massacre,”
UKNA FO 195 / 1944; and Fontana to Currie, 7 June 1897, UKNA FO 195 / 1981.
412. Unsigned (but by a Harput missionary), “The Massacre in Egin,” undated, and unsigned, untitled memorandum, 29 September 1896, both in Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
413. Unsigned (but prob ably by Gates), Egin, to Peet (?), 19 October 1896, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
414. Fontana to Currie, 18 November 1896, “Inclusure 2 in No. 1, Report on the Eghin Massacre,”
UKNA FO 195 / 1944; and Fontana to Currie, 19 May 1897, UKNA FO 195 / 1981.
415. Fontana to Currie, 18 November 1896, and “Inclosure 1 in No. 1,” in Currie to Salisbury (received 14 December 1896), both in UKNA FO 195 / 1944.
416. Fontana to Currie, 19 May 1897, UKNA FO 195 / 1981.
417. Unsigned, untitled memorandum, 29 September 1896, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
418. Unsigned letter (from Harput missionary), 22 September 1896, Houghton ABC 16.10.1, Vol. 12.
419. Memorandum, “Drogmanat via Chancery,” No. 599, 3 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1941; Memorandum, “Drogmanat via Chancery,” No. 606, 4 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1941; and Currie to FO, 7 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1918.
420.
Graves to Currie, 11 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1941. Graves reported that the Armenians were still panicked, thanks to newly hung posters denouncing the vali as “a partisan of the Armenians”
and calling on Muslims “to renew the massacres.”
421.
Barnham to Currie, ? November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1883; and Barnham to Currie, 24
November 1895, Turkey No. 2 (1896), 231.
422. Fontana to Currie, 26 October 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1884. For two other, similar cases, see Fontana to Currie, 3 December 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1884; and Fontana to Currie, 30 January 1896, Turkey No. 8 (1896), 25.
423. Hampson to Cumberbatch, 13 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893; Hamson to Cumberbatch, 15 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1887; and Cumberbatch to Currie, 25 November 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1893.
424. Hampson to Cumberbatch, 15 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1887; and Hampson to Cumberbatch, 16 November 1895, attached to Cumberbatch to Currie, 25 November 1895, UKNA FO
195 / 1893.
425. Richards to Currie, 9 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1934. Richards to Currie, 21 September 1896, and Richards to Currie, 20 September 1896, both in UKNA FO 195 / 1934. Richards reported that the Jews, “as usual, were the first to arrive on the scene, their object being to profit by the obscurity and confusion to appropriate any articles of minor value which might be rescued from the flames.”
426. For example, after a Muslim attack on Christians in Tokat on March 19, 1895, the Turks and Armenians both reported one Armenian death, but the injury count differed greatly. Armenian clergymen reported fifty “seriously injured” by bayonets and many more lightly wounded, but the vali told diplomats that only eleven Armenians had been lightly injured. The clergy’s account names each of the seriously injured and details their injuries. See “Translation of the Vali’s Report on the Tokat Disturbance of March 19, 1895” and “Translation of Report by the Tokat Armenian Clergy to their Bishop at Sivas,”
both undated, but enclosed in Currie to Kimberley, 27 April 1895, Turkey No. 6 (1896), 284–288.
Notes to Pages 112–119
427. Lepsius defined it as vernichtungsmasregel which Ihrig translates as “annihilatory administrative mea sure” (Ihrig, Justifying Genocide, 51).
428. It is worth noting that in November 1895 Cumberbatch entered a dissenting opinion, arguing,
“As far as I know, there is no proof of direct government instigation as is generally, and perhaps naturally, insisted upon by Armenians and their friends, both as regards the Kurdish raids and the massacres in the towns” (Cumberbatch to Currie, 26 November 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1893).
429. Hallward to Cumberbatch, 11 December 1895, Turkey No. 2 (1896), 288–289.
430. Terrell to Dwight, 30 July 1894, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 269.
431.
Onal,
Sadettin Paşa’nın Anıları, 21–22.
432. Cumberbatch to Currie, 10 January 1895, Turkey No. 6 (1896), 199.
433.
Onal,
Sadettin Paşa’nın Anıları, 30–32, 48–50, 74.
434. Longworth to Currie, 17 December 1894, UKNA FO 195 / 1854.
435. Longworth to Currie, 8 February 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1936.
436. Horton to Bristol, 4 August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.
437. Henry Dwight, “The Situation in Turkey in November,” 27 November 1895, UKNA FO
195 / 1907. Western diplomats occasionally conjectured that the massacres were part of an Ottoman policy to “stamp out the Christian ele ment as far as pos si ble on their Eastern frontier” (Hallward to J. S. Shipley, 11 December 1894, UKNA FO 195 / 1846), perhaps out of fear that the existence of large concentrations of Armenians in the east would facilitate eventual Rus sian con
quest of the area.
438. Unsigned, “Inclosure 2 in No. 300. Letter from Sivas, 12 February 1895,” attached to Longworth to Currie, 18 February 1895, Turkey No. 6 (1906), 236–237.
439. Currie to Salisbury, c. 9 January 1896 (draft tele gram), UKNA FO 195 / 1914.
440. Fitzmaurice (Aleppo) to Currie, 30 September 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1930.
441. McGregor to Consul General Drummond Hay, 16 April 1895, Turkey No. 6 (1896), 292–293.
442. Fitzmaurice to Currie, 2 February 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1946.
443. Fontana to Currie, 26 October 1895, UKNA FO 195 / 1884.
444. Cumberbatch to Currie, 4 February 1895, and Cumberbatch to Currie, 7 February 1895, in Turkey No. 6 (1896), 224 and 224–225.
445. Cumberbatch to Currie, 6 January 1896, and attached memorandum by Cumberbatch, “Forced Conversions . . . ,” 6 January 1896, UKNA FO 195 / 1941.