by Benny Morris
139. G. B. (?) Gary, untitled report, 8 October 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 15.
140. Henderson to Curzon, 9 and 10 October 1923, both in UKNA FO 371 / 9174.
Notes to Pages 292–299
141. R. C. Lindsay, “Turkey Annual Report 1923,” c. May 1924, UKNA 371 / 10223.
142.
Zürcher, Turkey, A Modern History, 167–172.
8. Turks and Armenians, 1919–1924
Epigraph: William Dodd to Bristol, 9 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418. Bristol described the American missionary Dodd as “as fair- minded a man as I know” (Bristol to SecState, 26
April 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4).
1.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 124.
2. Allenby to War Office, 28 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3386.
3.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 743.
4.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 743; and “Po liti cal and Economic Intelligence Summary,” 10
May 1918, Australian War Memorial 4, 1/11/3.
5. Francis Kelsey, “Incidents of the French Occupation of Tarsus,” undated but attached to Kelsey to Bristol, 2 August 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421.
6.
Hartunian,
Neither to Laugh nor to Weep, 123.
7. Sykes to ?, 16 November 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3404.
8. Sykes to ?, 25 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3400; and Sykes (Aintab) to Clayton (Cairo), 3
January 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4141.
9. Allenby to War Office, 28 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3386.
10. Clayton to ?, 29 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3400.
11. Commanding Officer, USS Olympia, to Bristol, 9 September 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7.
12. Ryan, untitled memorandum, 8 August 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
13. Sherif to General Deedes, 8 August 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
14. Webb to Balfour, 22 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 4157. For Constantinople area, see Shaw, From Empire to Republic, vol. 1, 215–236.
15. Webb to Balfour, 11 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
16. Lt. Hadkinson, Panderma, to high commissioner, 8 August 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
17. GHQ Egypt to DMI, 6 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4141.
18.
Suny,
They Can Live in the Desert, 20.
19.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 40.
20. Kurt, “Curious Case of Ali Cenani Bey,” 60.
21. 5th Cavalry Division, “War Diary or Intelligence Summary for Month of December 1918,” entries for 16 and 17 December 1918, WO 95 / 4515.
22. Sykes to FO, 5 January 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4141.
23. Unsigned, “Report on Situation in the District [of ] Nisibin- Jerablus- Aintab- Marash- Killis,”
31 December 1918, WO 95 / 4515. See also “Armistice Papers,” 3 November 1919, BOA, HR. SYS, 2637, 3.
24. GHQ Egypt to War Office, 16 January 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4141.
25. Security Directorate to Ankara vilayet, 27 February 1919, BOA, DH. ŞFR, 96, 320; and Sevk ve Iskan, 441–470, docs. 359–384.
26. Dodd to Bristol, 7 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 415.
27. 13th Cavalry Brigade, “Intelligence Summary” for March 1919, entries for 8 and 23 March, and CO British forces Aintab, “Proclamation No. 2,” 15 March 1919, both in UKNA WO 95 / 4518.
28. GHQ Egypt to War Office, 3 March 1919, and Lord Derby (Paris) to FO, 11 March 1919, both in UKNA FO 371 / 4179; Jackson (Damascus) to Secretary of State, 8 May 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00.4016, Roll 46; GHQ, “Narrative of Action Taken by 5th Cavalry Division, 28/2/1919,” undated,
Notes to Pages 299–302
WO 95 / 4515; and Major Commanding 1 / 1st Notts S. R. Yeomanry, untitled memorandum, 2 March 1919, UKNA WO 95 / 4159.
29. Wavell to high commissioner, 15 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4165.
30. 5th Cavalry Division, “Intelligence Summary for Week ending 28th June 1919,” 5 July 1919, UKNA WO 95 / 4515.
31. 5th Cavalry Division, “Intelligence Summary for the Week Ending 12th July 1919,” 19 July 1919, UKNA WO 95 / 4515; and Eken, Kapancızade Hamit Bey, 41–42.
32. Two reports listing anti- Armenian incidents during December 1919– February 1920, one attached to Bristol to Secretary of State, 22 April 1920, in USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
33. Security Directorate reports, 30 February 1919, BOA, DH. EUM. SSM, 40 / 8A.
34. Bristol to Knabenshue, 23 September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
35. Rendel, “Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice,” 20 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
36. Engert to SecState, 10 March 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
37. Rumbold to Curzon, 14 February 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6556.
38. Circular by the patriarchate, items from Adana, dated 17 June 1919, and Yozgat, dated 19
June 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406.
39. De Robeck to Curzon, 1 March 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5044.
40. Unsigned but perhaps by Paul Nilson, “Nationalist Turkish Bands Operate in Cilicia,” undated but referring to events in October 1919, Houghton ABC 16.9.5, A467, Reel 669; and G.H.Q Egypt to War Office, 21 October 1919, referring to a raid by “brigands” three days earlier on an unnamed village near Adana, in which nineteen Christians, “mostly Armenians,” were killed, UKNA FO 371 / 4184.
41. For return of Greeks, see Eken, Kapancızade Hamit Bey, 43.
42.
Akçam, Shameful Act, 305–306.
43. Bessy Bannerman Murdoch, “Report of Work Completed at Arabkir Branch of Harput Near East Relief Unit November 1, 1919– April 1, 1922,” 14 June 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
44. Numbers appended to Foreign Ministry to Heck, 27 February 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 408. British officials questioned the figures (Deedes, “Meeting with the director of Refugee Department, Ministry of Interior, February 14th, 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4177). See also Akçam, Shameful Act, 309. Richard Hovannisian (in the “Introduction” to Kerr, Lions of Marash, xxi) writes that
“one hundred and fifty thousand” Armenians were repatriated during November 1918– November 1919.
45. Barton to Bryce, 4 May 1916, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 202. Barton wrote of “a strong movement of Armenians back to their homes.”
46. Barton to Bryce, 20 June 1917, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 204.
47. “File Memo from the German Embassy in Constantinople on [Reichstag] Deputy Erzberger’s Meeting[s] on 10 February 1916 Regarding Armenian and Christian Question in the Orient,” OeUA, 308–315.
48. For the return of five Armenian families on 21 March 1916 from Izmit to Rodosto, see Prohaska, Rodosto, to ?, 28 March 1916, OeUA, 345–346. See also Elizabeth Webb to Barton, 27 August 1917, Houghton ABC 16.9.5, A467, Reel 672.
49. FO to Irwin Laughlin, 18 September 1918; and Reginald Wingate to British Army HQ, Baghdad, 2 September 1918, both in UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
50. Sykes (Cairo) to FO, 2 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
51. Sykes to FO, 13 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
52. DMI to Under Secretary of State, FO, 29 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
53. Webb to Balfour, 11 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405.
Notes to Pages 302–305
54. War Office, untitled memorandum, 10 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3405; and Tom Hohler to George [Rendel?], 5 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3411.
55. US consul, Salonica, to SecState, 16 December 1918, and attached report by Luther Fowle, “Memorandum Concerning Condition of Deported Armenians in Asia- Minor, and Mea sures for their Relief,” undated, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46; and Webb to Balfour, 22 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 41
57.
56. Webb to Balfour, 22 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
57. Heck to SecState, 9 January 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
58. “GHQ Intelligence Summary, 5 February 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
59. Webb to Foreign Secretary, 5 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
60. Head of Muhacir Directorate to vilayets and mutesarrifliks, 21 October 1918, Sevk ve Iskan, 395, doc. 337; 398, doc. 340; 399, doc. 341; and other documents, Sevk ve Iskan, 400–427.
61. Gough- Calthorpe to Curzon, 9 February 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4166.
62. Webb to Curzon, 11 September 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4159.
63. For Samsun, see Perring to High Commission, 26(?) March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
64. Capt. E. C. Hole to High Commission, 7 May 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
65. Lt. C. E. S. Palmer to ?, 9 January 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7.
66. Palmer to UK high commissioner, 9 January 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157; and “GHQ Intelligence Summary, 5 February 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
67. Lt. J. A. Lorimer to General Staff Officer (Naval), Constantinople, 8 February 1919, UKNA FO
371 / 4173.
68. Dana Getchell, American missionary, Merzifon, to Perring, 16 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
69.
Shaw,
From Empire to Republic, vol. 2, 887–888.
70. “GHQ Intelligence Summary 5 February 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
71. Ralph Chesbrough, “Report on Po liti cal, Economic and Commercial Conditions at Samsoun and Surrounding Districts and Possibilities of its Future Commercial Importance,” 8 August 1919, USNA RG
59, 867.00, Roll 7.
72. Capt. J. S. Perring, “Erbaa,” undated but from July or August 1919; Webb to Curzon, 7 September 1919; Perring to Webb, 23 August 1919; and Suleyman, Public Prosecutor, untitled report, 29
July 1919—all in UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
73. Perring, “Erbaa,” undated but from July or August 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
74. Perring to ?, 23 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5053.
75. Luther Fowle, US High Commission, Constantinople, “Memorandum Concerning Condition of Deported Armenians in Asia- Minor, and Mea sures for their Relief,” undated, but attached to US consul, Saloniki, to Secstate, 26 December 1918, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
76. Reshid Pasha, quoting commander of the 9th Ottoman Army, to French authorities, 15 February 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405. See also Heck to Robert Woods, American Chargé d’Affaires, Paris, 15 February 1919; and Note to British, French and Italian Commissioners, 11 January 1919; both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
77. Untitled Armenian Patriarchate report, July 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
406.
78. Armenian Patriarchate, report of 12 June from Balukessir, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406
79. Chambers to Barton, 22 March 1918, Houghton ABC 16.9.5, A467, Reel 669.
80. Reshid Pasha, quoting commander of the 9th Ottoman Army, to French authorities, 15 February 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405. See also Heck to Robert Woods, American Chargé d’Affaires, Paris, 15 February 1919; and Note to British, French and Italian Commissioners, 11 January 1919; both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
Notes to Pages 306–309
81.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 95–96.
82. Jackson to SecState, 31 May 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
83. Gough- Calthorpe to Curzon, 30 July 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
84. De Robeck to FO, 23 February 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5103.
85. “Minutes of the 33rd Meeting of the A.G.S. and the Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 25
February 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5087.
86. Webb to Curzon, 11 September 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4159.
87. Peet to Bristol, 29 July 1920, and accompanying statistical table, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 424.
88.
Barton,
Story of Near East Relief, 4.
89. Signature unclear, “Near East Relief,” 29 June 1921, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016 / 50–860J.4016P
81 / 99, Roll 5.
90. Gates to Bristol, 25 January 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 444.
91. See, for example, unsigned memo, “Near East Relief Work in the Four Areas Anatolia, Caucasus, Syria, Persia,” undated but attached to G. D. White to Howland Shaw, Constantinople, 4 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
92. Reed to Peet, 4 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
93. Webb to Balfour, 24 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4195.
94. Webb to Balfour, 15 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4138.
95. Deedes to undersecretary of state, FO, 20 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4173.
96. Unsigned, “Memorandum on Repatriation Trip to Makrikeuy & District on the 29th March 1919,”
UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
97. Webb to Curzon, 11 September 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4159.
98. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Yozgat, 2 June 1919 (“The returning Armenians are threatened with death”), and report from Balikessir, 12 June 1919 (“massacres are threatened every day”), USNA RG 59, 860L.00–860J.01 / 179, Roll 1.
99. Gates to Rumbold, 16 February 1920, and attached statistics, UKNA FO 371 / 6556.
100. Gough- Calthorpe to Curzon, 27 June 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158, and accompanying table of crimes, “Trebizond and Samsun Districts, Insecurity,” undated.
101. Heathcote- Smith, “Black Sea Trip,” 30 July 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158.
102. Armenian Patriarchate memorandum, report from Samsun, 27 May 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406.
103. Gates to Bristol, 26 May 1919, LC, Bristol Papers 31. Gough- Calthorpe to Curzon, 30 July 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158. The “Turkish boycott” in Amasya caused returnees “ great hardships” (unsigned but by British officer, “Amassia,” undated but from July 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4158).
104. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Everek, 10 July 1919, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01, Roll 1.
105. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Yozgat (?), 4 June 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406, tells of Ghevont Seraidarian and Yervant Apkarian, accused of killing a Turk four years before.
106. Smith (Tiflis) to SecState, 26 March 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
107. WO to undersecretary of state, FO, 11 August 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4192.
108. UK SecState to Civil Commissioner (Baghdad), 2 June 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4142.
109. Armenian Patriarchate, untitled and undated memorandum, attached to Gates to Belin, 17 February 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 439.
110. Hohler’s statement, “Summary of the Proceedings of the Allied High Commissioners Conference Held at the British High Commission on the 6th March 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4155.
Notes to Pages 309–313
111. Bristol to Smith, 28 June 1919, LC, Bristol Papers 31.
112. Louis Mallet (Paris) to Balfour, 11 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4188.
113. G.O.C. Mesopotamia to War Office, 21 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4191.
114. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 11 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4177.
115. “Massacre d’Armeniens a Karabagh,” communiqué du Bureau d’Information Armenien de Paris, 9 July 1919, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 210.
116. Hohler’s statement, “Summary of the Proceedings. . . . 6th March 1919,” UKNA FO 371 / 4155.
117. Webb to Curzon, 11 September 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4159.
118. “Refugee Camp, Baquba, Monthly Report for the Month of January, 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5125.
119. Civil commissioner, Baghdad, to ?, 9 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5125; and B. B. Cubitt to ?, 30
September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5127.
120. FO to In
dia Office, 30 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5126; and Edwin Montagu, “The Assyrian and Armenian Refugees in Mesopotamia,” 5 July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5126.
121. Montagu, “The Assyrian and Armenian Refugees in Mesopotamia,” 4 November 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5127.
122. Thomas Owens, US consul, Baghdad, to SecState, 4 December 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 424.
123. De Robeck to Curzon, 24 November 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4160.
124. Perring to de Robeck, 29 October 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4160.
125. Perring to de Robeck, 9 February 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5213.
126. “Les Bandes Nationalistes turques operant en Cilicie,” Bureau d’Information Armenien de Paris, 5 November 1919, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 210.