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ALSO BY CHARLES EMMERSON
The Future History of the Arctic
1913: The World before the Great War
ENDNOTES
Books and articles are listed in full form for the first mention and subsequently by the author’s name, or by the abbreviations as listed in the notes above and the volume number in Roman numerals (e.g. CW XXXV, is Lenin’s Collected Works, Vol. 35). Where there are several works in the bibliography by the same author or an author with the same surname, then an abbreviated title is also used for subsequent mentions. I have generally provided page references for the whole text, and additionally referenced specific pages where the text is longer than a few pages in order to guide the reader to the exact source of a quotation or detail.
Winter 1917
Mayakovsky quotation from ‘To Account’, 1917. All of Mayakovsky’s poems can be found here: http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/mayakovsky/default.asp
PETROGRAD: for the definitive account of Rasputin’s murder see Douglas Smith, Rasputin, 2016, 590–614. For Nicholas II see Robert Service, The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution, 2017. ‘price of bread’: Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917, 1981, 200. ‘plans to assassinate’: Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 3 volumes, 1925 (trans. F. A. Holt), Vol. 3, 12 January 1917, 162. • ZURICH: the best biographies of Lenin are Robert Service, Lenin: A Political Life, 3 volumes, 1985–1995, and Lenin: A Biography, 2000; Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin: Life and Legacy, 1994; Louis Fischer, The Life of Lenin, 1964; Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life, 2005. For a briefer account, James D. White, Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution, 2001. For readability, Victor Sebestyen, Lenin the Dictator, 2017. For a day-by-day calendar, Gerda and Hermann Weber, Lenin: Life and Works, 1974 (trans. Martin McCauley). For an account of Lenin’s pre-revolutionary life, Helen Rappaport, Conspirator: Lenin in Exile, 2012. For his time in Switzerland, Willi Gautschi, Lenin als Emigrant in der Schweiz, 1973. For a personal account, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Memories of Lenin, 2 volumes, 1935, and the one-volume Reminiscences of Lenin, 1959, which incorporates a third section covering the years after 1917. For Krupskaya’s own biography see Robert McNeal, Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin, 1973. ‘questionnaire’: Gautschi, 180. ‘spartan existence’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 175–197. ‘horsemeat’: McNeal, Bride, 236. ‘chocolate’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 195. ‘goes to the theatre’: Anna Ilinichna Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 1956, 201–207. ‘quite a sportsman’: Ralph Carter Elwood, ‘The Sporting Life of V. I. Lenin’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 52/1, 2010, 79–94. ‘It’s the brain’: Service, Lenin: A Biography, 158. ‘cat after lard’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 187. ‘dress made with a special pouch’: to Inessa Armand, 16 January 1917, CW XLIII, 603. ‘pump him for his impressions’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 205–206. ‘Nadya notes a thinning out’: 182–183. ‘we of the older generation’: lecture on the 1905 Revolution, 22 January 1917, CW XXIII, 236–253. There are different interpretations of this speech: see Service, Lenin: A Biography, 235; and Read, Lenin, 139–141. • THE FRONT LINE: there is an extensive literature on the way the Great War forced all sides to mobilise their scientific, civilian and financial resources for war with major long-term consequences. See Hew Strachan, Financing the First World War, 2004; Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order, 2014; David Reynolds, The Long Shadow: The Great War and the Twentieth Century, 2013; and William Mulligan, The Great War for Peace, 2014. On science see Michael Freemantle, The Chemists’ War: 1914–1918, 2014. The best overall political history of the war is David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy, 2004. ‘infinite boredom’: diary entry for 27–28 January 1917, Benito Mussolini, Il mio diario di Guerra, 1915–1917, 1923, 207. ‘panettone’: 25 December 1916, 197–198. ‘government of national impotence’: 30 January 1917, 207–208. For Mussolini’s growing disenchantment and the condition of the troops over the winter of 1916–1917 see Paul O’Brien, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist, 2005, 107–122. • BUDAPEST: for the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the war, see Manfried Rauchensteiner, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918, 2014. For Emperor Charles see Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, 1968. ‘cameras whirr and click’: footage is available online. ‘too much pomp’: Stimmungsberichte aus der Kriegszeit, V, 4 January 1917, available at https://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/wbrobv/periodical/pageview/609419. ‘lack of funds’: ‘Charles Brings Peace Nearer, Austrian View’, Chicago Sunday Tribune, 26 November 1916. ‘adopted children’: Phyllis Grosskurth, The Secret Ring: Freud’s Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis, 1991, 52 (quoting a letter from Freud to Ferenczi in 1913). ‘stream of letters’: FR/AB and FR/FER. ‘Emperor Charles’s cousins’: Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: The Fall of a Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Europe, 2009, 90–91. ‘revolution’s latest front’: ‘A Difficulty in the Path of Psychoanalysis’, SE XVII, 143–144. • STOCKHOLM: reference to letter from Arthur Haas to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dated 7 January 1917, in CPAE VIIIB, 1006. • PLESS CASTLE: for an account of Germany’s war see Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria–Hungary at War, 1914–1918, 2014. For Wilhelm II see John Röhl, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1859–1941: A Concise Life, 2014 (trans. Sheila de Bellaigue), and, for a fuller version of the second half of the Kaiser’s life, Röhl, Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941, 2014 (trans. Sheila de Bellaigue and Roy Bridge). Also: Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Life in Power 2009; and Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941, 1996. ‘lies, betrayal, deceit’: HSC, Vol. 2, from Wilhelm II, 15 January 1917, 250–251. ‘may now come to pass’: Wilhelm to Charles, 4 January 1917, GFA I, 660–661. ‘children are starving’: Watson, 416–417. ‘cannot be worse’: protocol of meeting on 8 January 1917, Official German Documents Relating to the World War, 1923 (ed. James Brown Scott), 1317–1319. ‘last card’: protocol of meeting on 9 January 1917, 1320–1321. ‘strange insouciance’: diary entry 9 January 1917, Alexander Georg von Müller, The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Notebooks and Letters of Admiral George Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918, 1961 (ed. Walter Görlitz), 229–231. • VIENNA: for Freud’s life see Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, 3 volumes, 1953–1957; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time, 1988, and Reading Freud: Explorations and Entertainments, 1990; Ronald Clark, Freud: The Man and His Cause, 1980; and Hendrik M. Ruitenbeek, Freud as We Knew Him, 1973. For his relationships with his colleagues see Phyllis Grosskurth, The Secret Ring: Freud’s Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis, 1991. For an interesting view of the relationship between Freud and the politics of his time see Mark Edmundson, The Death of Sigmund Freud: Fascism, Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Fundamentalism, 2008. ‘outward style of life’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 423–483. ‘Notre Dame’: from a letter to Minna Bernays when Freud was in Paris in the 1880s, in Jaap van Ginneken, ‘The Killing of the Father: The Background of Freud’s Group Psychology’, Political Psychology, 5/3, 1984, 391–414, 393. ‘recommend a good read’: Gay, Freud, 95–124. ‘inveterate hoarder’: Edmund Engleman, Sigmund Freud: Berggasse 19, Vienna, 2015, contains a remarkable selection of pictures of Freud’s apartment as it was before he left Vienna in May 1938. ‘America’: Howard L. Kaye, ‘Why Freud Hated America’, Wilson Quarterly, 17/2, 1993, 118–125. ‘Gettysburg Address’: Edward L. Bernays, ‘Uncle Sigi’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 35/2, 1980,
216–223. ‘filth’: Clark, Freud, 369–370. ‘better not to think in advance’: to Abraham, 13 January 1917, FR/AB, 342. ‘dream of his son Martin’s death’: Peter Loewenberg, ‘L’aggresivité pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale: l’auto-analyse approfondie de Sigmund Freud’, Revue Germanique Internationale, No. 14, 2000, 55–66. ‘Hamlet’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 3, 408. ‘seance in his own home’: to Ferenczi, 23 November 1913, FR/FER I, 523. • THE BRONX: for Trotsky’s time in New York see Frederick C. Giffin, ‘Leon Trotsky in New York City’, New York History, 49/4, 1968, 391–403; Kenneth D. Ackerman, Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution, 2016; and Richard B. Spence, ‘Hidden Agendas: Spies, Lies and Intrigue Surrounding Trotsky’s American Visit of January–April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 21/1, 2008, 33–55. For Trotsky’s life in general see Isaac Deutscher’s 3-volume biography of Trotsky beginning with The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921, 1954, and continuing with The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929, 1959. See also Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography, 2009; Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, 1996; and Trotsky’s own account, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography, 1960. ‘always the same’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 250. ‘my young friend’: originally in Kievskaya Mysl, quoted in Paul Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies: The Footprints of Gavrilo Princip’, Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 2304, 2014, 15. ‘three-piece suit’: reproduced in Ackerman, Trotsky. ‘telephone’: Trotsky, 271. • THE VATICAN: Pope Benedict XV to Wilhelm, 16 January 1917, GFA I, 676–677. • WASHINGTON DC: for the life of Woodrow Wilson see John Milton Cooper, Jr, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, 2011. For more personal accounts see Stockton Axson, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson 1993 (ed. Arthur S. Link); and Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir, 1939. ‘crime against civilization’: diary of Colonel House, 4 January 1917, WW XL, 409. ‘suicide on a gigantic scale’: Madison Grant, The Passing of the White Race, 1916, 200. ‘mechanical slaughter’: draft speech, November 1916, quoted in Cooper, Wilson, 363. ‘American principles, American policies’: address to the Senate, 2 January 1917, WW XL, 533–539. ‘greatest message of the century’: ‘Scene in the Senate as President Speaks’, New York Times, 23 January 1917. ‘sacrifices of others’: ‘Message du Président Wilson au Sénat Américain’, L’Action française, 23 January 1917. • LA SALPÊTRIÈRE: for André Breton see Mark Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind: The Life of André Breton, 1995; and André Breton, Selections, 2003 (ed. Mark Polizzotti). For Babinski’s life and technique see François Clarac, Jean Massion and Allan M. Smith, ‘History of Neuroscience: Joseph Babinski (1857–1932)’, IBRO History of Neuroscience, 2008, online. Breton’s description of Babinski’s diagnosis is in the 1924 Surrealist Manifesto. For an overview of the impact of the war on the artistic avant-garde, see Annette Becker, ‘The Avant-Garde, Madness and the Great War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35/1, 2000, 71–84. ‘terrifying cannon burst’: phrase used by Breton’s friend Théodore Fraenkel to describe Breton’s fear that the psychiatric patients were better poets than him: 19 August 1916, Théodore Fraenkel, Carnets 1916–1918, 1990, 56. ‘Nantes’: Polizzotti, 38–43. ‘obsession with poetry’: ibid., 51, which results in the work ‘Sujet’, in which one patient claims the war itself is make-believe. ‘thesis on Freud’: Julien Bogousslavsky and Laurent Tatu, ‘Neurological Impact of World War I on the Artistic Avant-Garde: The Examples of André Breton, Guillaume Apollinaire and Blaise Cendrars’, Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, 38, 2016, 155–167, 160. • UNDER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: ‘suggestions impracticable’: telegram on 28 January 1917, Official German Documents II, 1115. ‘out of radio contact’: Joachim Schröder, Die U-Boote des Kaisers: Die Geschichte des deutschen U-Boot Krieges gegen Großbritannien im Ersten Weltkrieg, 2000, 314. ‘heraldic beast’: diary entry 31 January 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 237. ‘Not sure of that’: Cooper, Wilson, 374. ‘madman that should be curbed’: diary of Colonel House, 1 February 1917, WW XLI, 87–88. ‘wonders if the Japanese’: Cooper, Wilson, 375. ‘anything so trivial’: diary of Colonel House, 1 February 1917, as before. ‘top-secret German telegram’: for the full story see Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram, 1959. • VIENNA: ‘stifled expectations’: to Ferenczi, 16 February 1917, FR/FER II, 182. ‘ground chestnuts’: Rauchensteiner, 660. • MOGILYOV: ‘letter home’: from Nicholas to Alexandra, 23/24 February 1917 (dates used are Old Style until changeover in early 1918), ROM, 67–69. (I have replaced ‘the domino’ in Steinberg and Khrustalëv’s translation with ‘dominoes’ for intelligibility). ‘Caspian fishermen’: Paul Wharton, ‘The Russian Ides of March’, Atlantic Monthly, July 1917. ‘army morphine’: diary entry 3 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 212. ‘Rasputin’s ghost’: Julia Kantakauzen, Revolutionary Days, 1920, 110. • THE ITALIAN–AUSTRIAN FRONT LINE: for Mussolini’s life see R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini, 2010; and Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini, 1983. ‘my best wishes for the day’: diary entry 21 February 1917, Mussolini, 214. ‘crossed paths in Switzerland’: Emilio Gentile, Mussolini contro Lenin, 2017, 3–12. ‘not so well’: diary entry 7 March 1917, Mussolini, 221–224, 222. • PETROGRAD: for a detailed account of the February revolution see Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917, 1981. For an account of the revolution in a longer sweep of history see Orlando Figes’s modern classic, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924, 1996 (in particular, 307–353); or Steven Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890–1928, 2017. For an eyewitness account, see N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution 1917, 1984 (ed. Joel Carmichael), 3–135. For the experiences of foreigners see Helen Rappaport, Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd 1917, 2016. ‘German spy’: Hasegawa, 220. ‘award for best dancer’: diary entry 8 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 214. ‘dressing gown’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 24 February 1917, ROM, 69–70. ‘they would probably stay indoors’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 25 February 1917, ROM, 73–74. ‘uncontrollable anarchy’: telegram from Rodzianko to Nicholas, 26 February 1917, ROM, 76–77. ‘not even reply’: Hasegawa, 275. ‘like hedgehogs’: Maxim Gorky’s observation in Figes, 316. ‘chimney sweep’: Baron N. Wrangel, From Serfdom to Bolshevism: The Memoirs of Baron N. Wrangel, 1847–1920, 1927 (trans. Brian and Beatrix Lunn), 270. ‘Astoria hotel’: Rappaport, Caught in the Revolution, 109–116. ‘British Ambassador’: Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, 1932, 170. ‘French Ambassador’: diary entry 13 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 225. ‘palace lift’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 2 March 1917, ROM, 95. ‘all have betrayed me’: Hasegawa, 505. ‘time to shave’: V. V. Shulgin, Dni, 1925, 250. ‘coffee and brandy’: Alexander F. Kerensky, The Catastrophe: Kerensky’s Own Story of the Russian Revolution, 1927, 21. ‘telephone directory’: Kerensky, Catastrophe, 68. ‘long and soundly’: diary of Nicholas, 3 March 1917, ROM, 108. ‘Georgian bank-robber’: Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, 2014, 173. ‘cockade or armband’: diary entry 18 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 247. ‘orders of the new regime’: Douglas Smith, Rasputin, 2016, 650–654. • BERLIN: diary entry 24 March 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 250.
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