Summer 1919
PETROGRAD: ‘Death to spies!’: ‘Beware of Spies’, Pravda, 31 May 1919, CW XXIX, 403. ‘chop down wood’: Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 2012, 99. ‘swift capture of Gorka’: to Lenin, 12 June 1919, Stalin, Vol. 4, 271. ‘Gorka was taken by land’: Oleg V. Khlevniuk, Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator, 2015 (trans. Nora Seligman Favorov), 59. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘bomb explodes’: Read, World on Fire, 214–218. ‘Pamphlets’: the whole pamphlet was reprinted in the following day’s newspapers: see ‘Palmer and Family Safe’, New York Times, 3 June 1919. ‘John Reed’: Hagedorn refers to two articles in the Liberator in July and August 1919 in Savage Peace, 223. ‘Mitchell Palmer promises’: for the immediate crackdown, see Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties, 2007, 25–36. • ADINKERKE: descriptions of trip from diary of Dr Grayson, 18 and 19 June 1919, WW LXI, 3–8 and 10–16. ‘What’s done is done’: discussion with the American Delegation, 3 June 1919, WW LX, 45–71. • TEREZÍN FORTRESS: Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies’. ‘Czech journalist’: ibid., 5–6. • NEW YORK: for de Valera’s time in America see Coogan, De Valera, 137–196. ‘that’s a secret’ to ‘re-juiced’: ‘De Valera, President of Ireland, Here’, New York Tribune, 24 June 1919. ‘compares Ireland’ to ‘handed down to them’: Speeches and Statements by Éamon de Valera, 29–31. ‘present unholy alliance’: Coogan, De Valera, 143. ‘you and the children’: letter to Sinéad de Valera, 19 July 1919, Coogan, De Valera, 154. ‘six at home’: letter dated 13 August 1919, same page. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 104–108. • SCAPA FLOW: ‘pleasing to know’: diary entry 26 June 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 108–109. • WASHINGTON DC: for the Palmer episode see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 50–59. ‘Round up these men’: ‘Millions Spent by Bolsheviki to Overthrow U.S.’, Chicago Tribune, 27 June 1919. • VERSAILLES: ‘cigarette case’: Shotwell, 382. ‘souvenir programmes’: diary of Colonel House, 28 June 1919, WW LXI, 333. ‘fountain pen’: Shotwell, 385. ‘Colmar Cathedral’: ‘Restoration of Stained Glass Carried Off from Colmar by Austrians in 1815 to the Hofburg in Vienna’, 15 July 1919, NA, FO 608/20. ‘anything more stupid’: MacMillan, 448. ‘die or resign’: diary of Dr Grayson, 3 July 1919, WW LXI, 375. ‘franchise to all the world’: address to passengers, 4 July 1919, WW LXI, 382. • MODLIN: ‘utmost brutality’ and ‘only serious military force’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 25 June 1919, CDG I, 462. ‘without any cachet’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 23 May 1919, CDG I, 458–459. ‘generation of catastrophes’: Lieutenant Medvecki, quoted in Lacouture, 103. ‘very embarrassed’: 19 July 1919, CDG I, 466. • URALS: ‘political questionnaire’: MacMillan, 90. ‘Kharkov stands in no greater danger’: message to the population of Kharkov, 4 June 1919, in Mawdsley, 236; for a general assessment of Denikin’s offensive see 228–245. ‘storms out of a meeting’: Service, Trotsky, 238–239. ‘first man to set foot in Moscow’: Pyotr Wrangel, The Memoirs of General Wrangel: The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Russian National Army, 1929 (trans. Sophie Goulston), 89. ‘pull themselves together’ to ‘practical proposals’: All Out for the Fight Against Denikin, 3 July 1919, CW XXIX, 436–455. • MT. CLEMENS: for the life of Henry Ford see Steven Watts, The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century, 2005. For the Mt. Clemens episode see Watts, 268–270. ‘I admit I am ignorant’ to ‘I like the banjo’: Roger Butterfield, ‘Henry Ford, the Wayside Inn, and the Problem of “History is Bunk”’, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, 77, 1965, 53–66, 55–56. • MUNICH: ‘propaganda course’: see Joachimsthaler, 237–244; and Ernst Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 7/2, 1959, 177–227. ‘one of the lecturers finds him’: Karl-Alexander Müller, Mars und Venus: Erinnerungen 1914–1919, 1954, 338–339. • ERZURUM: ‘Turkish Versailles’: Stefan Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination, 2014, 19. ‘town’s bloody occupation’: Kreiser, 143. ‘borrows morning dress’: Mango, 238. • UPPER REACHES OF THE VOLGA: ‘Krasnaya Zvezda’ to ‘squarity and sizeability’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 524–527. ‘our country house’: to Nadya, 9 July 1919, CW XXXVII, 543–544. ‘stick strictly to the rules’ to ‘hope there will be’: to Nadya, 15 July 1919, CW XXXVII, 546. • FIUME: drawn from ‘Disturbances in Fiume on the Nights of July 2, 5 and 6 1919’, USNA, RG84 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Vol. 80, Fiume. An alternative rendering of Fiume’s summer of violence is provided by J. N. Macdonald, A Political Escapade: The Story of Fiume and D’Annunzio, 1921, 60–87. • CHICAGO: for the Chicago riots see William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919, 1970; and Hagedorn, 312–318. For the race riots of 1919 in general see David F. Krugler, 1919, the Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back, 2015. ‘searches for evidence to connect’: Mark Ellis, ‘J. Edgar Hoover and the “Red Summer” of 1919’, Journal of American Studies, 28/1, 1994, 39–59. ‘hunt for black employees’: one escapes through a window; another hides in an ice box. ‘Loop Mob Gets on Trail of Negro Toilers’, Chicago Tribune, 29 July 1919. ‘like wartime casualty lists’: ‘List of Injured in Race Riot’, Chicago Tribune, 29 July 1919. ‘don’t see why’: Hagedorn, 315. ‘As regrettable as’: ‘The Washington Riots’, The Crisis, October 1919, reproduced in Sondra Kathryn Wilson (ed.), The Selected Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Vol. 2, 1995, 36–39. • VIENNA: ‘He swore undying loyalty’ to ‘really miss him’: to Lou Andreas-Salomé, 1 August 1919, FR/SAL, 98–99. ‘orchids’: to Anna, 21 July 1919, FR/FR, 152–153. ‘(often violent) dreams’: to Sigmund, 24 July 1919, ibid., 154–157. ‘alpine roses’: to Sigmund, 5 August 1919, ibid., 170–171. ‘a lot of death in it’: to Anna, 21 July 1919, ibid., 152–153. ‘finds distraction’: to Pfister, 31 August 1919, FR/PF, 72. ‘Freud is a genius’: Albert Mordell, The Erotic Motive in Literature, 1919, 15. • BUDAPEST: for the struggles and ultimate failure of Kun’s regime see Borsányi, 160–206. ‘celebrations in the Hungarian capital’: ibid., 176. ‘thrown into the Danube’: ibid., 195. ‘number of shirts’: ibid., 198. ‘firm handshake’: letter to Béla Kun, end July 1919, CW XLIV, 271. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: ‘we’re idealists’ to ‘We’ll live’: to William D. Horne, 7 August 1919, LEH I, 201–202. ‘hundred and eighty trout’: to Clarence Hemingway, 16 August 1919, LEH I, 202. ‘bring his Italian medal’: to Clarence Hemingway, 3 September 1919, LEH I, 205. ‘sleeps with a woman’: Meyers, Hemingway, 49. • RUSSIA: ‘Afghanistan, Punjab and Bengal’: political survey written 5 August 1919, TP I, 620–629, 625. ‘all sides, including the Reds’: Engelstein, 520–533. ‘Cossack method’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolsheviks, 59. ‘Kolchak’s favourite book’: Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 1967, 118. ‘anyone with the surname Bronstein’: Service, Trotsky, 263. ‘Denikin promptly pushes out’: Engelstein, 466. ‘an unpleasantness’: in Volkogonov, Trotsky, 159. ‘Proletarian, to horse!’: TMW II, 412–414. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Beyond a doubt’ to ‘practice of lynching’: memorandum for the Director of Military Intelligence, 15 August 1919, MG I, 491–493. ‘reads the Communist Manifesto’: Ackerman, J.Edgar, 68. • MUNICH: ‘lectures on war guilt, Goethe’: Deuerlein, Eintritt, 197–198. ‘field-runner a natural’: ibid., 200–201. ‘considered anti-Semitic’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 110. • VIENNA: ‘people of Austria’ to ‘ascendancy and oppression’: ‘Covering Letter to Reply to Observations on Peace Treaty made by Austrian Delegation’, 2 September 1919, NA, FO 608/25. • CHICAGO: for an account of the meetings in Chicago see Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism, 1957, 176–187. ‘husky Russians’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 75. • BERLIN: ‘number of items’: Willibald Gutsche, Ein Kaiser im Exil: Der letzte deutsche Kaiser Wilhelm II. in Holland. Ein kritische Biographie, 1991, 43–44. ‘lift and electric lighting’: ibid., 41. • FIUME: for a full account of the Fiume story see Woodhouse, 315–352; Hughes-Hallett, 483–568; Macdonald, A Political Escapade; and Michael A. Ledeen, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume, 1
977. ‘lieutenant colonel’: Woodhouse, 326. ‘American diplomat catches’: ‘Paraphrase of the Cipher Telegram sent to the Department of State’, 5 September 1919, USNA, RG84 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Vol. 80, Fiume. ‘from a picnic’: British diplomatic file quoted in Woodhouse, 327. ‘Great Poet, I hope that your dream’: Il Popolo d’Italia, 13 September 1919, in Macdonald, 96. ‘nothing to show’: ‘Decypher of telegram from Fiume’, 13 September 1919, NA, FO 608/36/1. ‘first act of revolt’: ‘Gesto di Rivolta’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 September 1919, OO XIV, 5. ‘I am astonished’ to ‘prick the belly’: Woodhouse, 334; original in AN/MUSS, 9–10. ‘drops pamphlets’ to ‘British are uncertain’: ‘Decypher of telegram from Fiume’, 18 September 1919, NA, FO 608/36/1. ‘comic element’: interview in the Corriere della Sera in Macdonald, 106. ‘truly Futurist’: letter dated 16 September 1919 in Ernest Ialongo, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: The Artist and his Politics, 2015, 92. • MUNICH: ‘Capitalism Be Eliminated?’: Joachimsthaler, 252. • BERLIN: ‘Joyous news’: to Pauline Einstein, 27 September 1919, CPAE IX, 170–171. ‘need to be properly interpreted’: see Daniel Kennefick, ‘Testing Relativity from the 1919 Eclipse–a Question of Bias’, Physics Today, 62/3, 2009, 37–42; and Peter Coles, ‘Einstein, Eddington and the 1919 Eclipse’, available online at https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0102462. • MUNICH: ‘too lightly characterised’ to ‘complete and total removal’: letter to Adolf Gemlich, 16 September 1919, SA, 88–90. • SOUTHERN RUSSIA: ‘will see in my memo’: to Lloyd George, 20 September 1919, WSC IX, 865. ‘confidently predict’ to ‘upsetting your balance’: from Lloyd George, 22 September 1919, WSC IX, 867–869. • ORLY: ‘ponder the vast airfield’: Polizzotti, 113. ‘rally a foursome’: Grose, 65.
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