10. Author interviews with Fogg, 2017, 2018.
11. Wikipedia, s.v. “B. J. Fogg,” last modified February 5, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Fogg.
12. Bianca Bosker, “The Binge Breaker,” The Atlantic, November 2016.
13. Ibid.
14. Tristan Harris, “How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind—from a Magician and Google Design Ethicist,” Medium, May 18, 2016. Other information about Harris can be accessed at his Time Well Spent website, http://www.tristanharris.com/tag/time-well-spent [inactive].
15. Michael Winnick, “Putting a Finger on Our Phone Obsession,” dscout blog, June 16, 2016.
16. Tiffany Hsu, “Video Game Addiction Tries to Move from Basement to Doctor’s Office,” The New York Times, June 17, 2018.
17. Betsy Morris, “How Fortnite Triggered an Unwinnable War Between Parents and Their Boys,” The Wall Street Journal, December 21, 2018.
18. “The Impact of Media Use and Screen Time on Children, Adolescents, and Families,” American College of Pediatricians, November 2016.
19. Jean M. Twenge, “Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?” The Atlantic, September 2017; Richard Freed, “The Tech Industry’s War on Kids,” Medium, March 12, 2018.
20. Darren Davidson, “Facebook Targets ‘Insecure’ to Sell Ads,” The Australian, May 1, 2017.
21. “Over a Dozen Children’s and Consumer Advocacy Organizations Request Federal Trade Commission to Investigate Facebook for Deceptive Practices,” Common Sense Media, February 21, 2019.
22. Kristen Duke et al., “Having Your Smartphone Nearby Takes a Toll on Your Thinking,” Harvard Business Review, March 20, 2018.
23. Child health data can be accessed at the Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health, http://childhealthdata.org/learn-about-the-nsch/NSCH/data.
24. Casey Schwartz, “Finding It Hard to Focus? Maybe It’s Not Your Fault,” The New York Times, August 14, 2018.
25. Nellie Bowles, “A Dark Consensus About Screens and Kids Begins to Emerge in Silicon Valley,” The New York Times, October 26, 2018.
26. Author interview with Harris, 2017.
27. Rana Foroohar, “The Coming Corporate Crackdown,” Time, June 3, 2013.
28. Wikipedia, s.v. “Marshall McLuhan,” last modified May 9, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan.
29. Bianca Bosker, “The Binge Breaker,” The Atlantic, November 2016.
30. Author interviews with Harris, 2017, 2018.
31. Kevin Webb, “The FTC Will Investigate Whether a Multibillion-Dollar Business Model Is Getting Kids Hooked on Gambling Through Video Games,” Business Insider, November 28, 2018.
32. Tim Bradshaw and Hannah Kuchler, “Smartphone Addiction: Big Tech’s Balancing Act on Responsibility over Revenue,” Financial Times, July 23, 2018.
33. Valentino-DeVries et al., “Your Apps Know Where You Were Last Night, and They’re Not Keeping It Secret.”
34. David Benoit, “iPhones and Children Are a Toxic Pair, Say Two Big Apple Investors,” The Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2018.
35. Apple, “iOS 12 Introduces New Features to Reduce Interruptions and Manage Screen Time,” June 4, 2018, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/06/ios-12-introduces-new-features-to-reduce-interruptions-and-manage-screen-time/.
36. Rana Foroohar, “Big Tech’s Unhealthy Obsession with Hyper-Targeted Ads,” Financial Times, October 28, 2018.
37. Author interview with Chaslot in 2018.
Chapter 7: The Network Effect
1. Adam Satariano and Mike Isaac, “Facebook Used People’s Data to Favor Certain Partners and Punish Rivals, Documents Show,” The New York Times, December 5, 2018.
2. Ibid.
3. Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake, Capitalism Without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018).
4. Conor Dougherty, “Inside Yelp’s Six-Year Grudge Against Google,” The New York Times, January 7, 2017.
5. Author interviews conducted with Lowe, 2017–19.
6. Author interviews with Lowe in 2017–18; Charles Arthur, “Why Google’s Struggles with the EC—and FTC—Matter,” Overspill, April 7, 2015.
7. Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, and Brent Kendall, “Inside the Antitrust Probe of Google,” The Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015.
8. Leaked FTC document, page 20. Document can be accessed here: http://graphics.wsj.com/google-ftc-report/img/ftc-ocr-watermark.pdf.
9. Ibid., fn. 12.
10. Leaked FTC document, 26.
11. Ibid.
12. Rana Foroohar, “Google Versus Orrin Hatch,” Financial Times, September 3, 2018. Varian quote from The Wall Street Journal, Ibid.
13. Nitasha Tiku, “How Google Influences the Conversation in Washington,” Wired, March 13, 2019.
14. Author interview with Walker in January 2019.
15. Madeline Jacobson, “How Far Down the Search Engine Results Page Will Most People Go?” Leverage Marketing, 2015.
16. For general information about antitrust lawsuits, see Wikipedia, s.v. “United States v. Terminal R.R. Ass’n,” last modified May 7, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Terminal_R.R._Ass%27n.
17. “United States v. Reading Co.,” https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-reading-co.
18. Charles Francis Adams Jr., Railroads: Their Origins and Problems (1878).
19. Rana Foroohar, “Big Tech Is America’s New ‘Railroad Problem,’ ” Financial Times, June 16, 2019.
20. Author interview with Walker in 2019.
21. Charles Duhigg, “The Case Against Google,” The New York Times, February 20, 2018.
22. Ibid.
23. Open Letter to Commissioner Vestager from 14 European CSSs, November 22, 2018, http://www.searchneutrality.org/google/comparison-shopping-services-open-letter-to-commissioner-vestager.
24. William A. Galston and Clara Hendrickson, “A Policy at Peace with Itself: Antitrust Remedies for Our Concentrated, Uncompetitive Economy,” Brookings Institution, January 5, 2018.
25. Rana Foroohar, “The Rise of the Superstar Company,” Financial Times, January 14, 2018.
26. Author interview with James Manyika of the McKinsey Global Institute.
27. Jason Furman, “Productivity, Inequality, and Economic Rents,” The Regulatory Review, June 13, 2016.
28. David Autor et al., “The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms,” NBER Working Paper 23396, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1, 2017.
29. McKinsey Global Institute, “A New Look at the Declining Labor Share of Income in the United States,” May 2019.
30. Foroohar, “The Rise of the Superstar Company.”
31. Dan Andrews et al., “Going Digital: What Determines Technology Diffusion Among Firms?” OECD background paper, Third Annual Conference of the Global Forum on Productivity, Ottawa, Canada, June 28–29, 2018.
32. James Manyika et al., “ ‘Superstars’: The Dynamics of Firms, Sectors, and Cities Leading the Global Economy,” McKinsey Global Institute, October 2018.
33. Haskel and Westlake, Capitalism Without Capital.
34. Rana Foroohar, “Superstar Companies Also Feel the Threat of Disruption,” Financial Times, October 21, 2018.
35. “Autonomous Cars: Self-Driving the New Auto Industry Paradigm,” Morgan Stanley Blue Paper, November 6, 2013.
36. Nicholas L. Johnson and Alex Moazed, Modern Monopolies: What It Takes to Dominate the 21st Century Economy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016).
37. Andrew Hill, “Inside Nokia: Rebuilt from Within,” Financial Times, April 13, 2011.
38. Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks
, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 117.
39. Ibid., 12.
40. Ibid., 14.
41. Ibid., 202.
42. Shoshana Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, April 17, 2015.
43. Ibid., 15.
44. Rana Foroohar, “The End of Privacy,” Financial Times, October 29, 2018.
45. Rana Foroohar, “Privacy Is a Competitive Advantage,” Financial Times, October 15, 2017.
Chapter 8: The Uberization of Everything
1. Leslie Hook, “Uber: The Crisis Inside the ‘Cult of Travis,’ ” Financial Times, March 9, 2017.
2. Video of Kalanick arguing with an Uber driver over fares can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTEDYCkNqns.
3. Katy Steinmetz and Matt Vella, “Uber Fail: Upheaval at the World’s Most Valuable Startup Is a Wake-Up Call for Silicon Valley,” Time, June 15, 2017.
4. Sheelah Kolhatkar, “At Uber, a New CEO Shifts Gears,” The New Yorker, March 30, 2018.
5. Hook, “Uber.”
6. Eric Newcomer, Sonali Basak, and Sridhar Natarajan, “Uber’s Blame Game Focuses on Morgan Stanley After Shares Drop,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 20, 2019.
7. Rana Foroohar, “Travis Kalanick: With His $62.5 Billion Startup, the Uber Founder Is Changing the Nature of Work,” Time, 2015.
8. Theron Mohamed, “Uber Is Paying Drivers up to $40,000 Each to Celebrate Its IPO,” Markets Insider, April 26, 2019.
9. Alex Rosenblat, Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018), 5.
10. Ibid., 98, 203.
11. Rob Wile, “Here’s How Much Lyft Drivers Really Make,” CNN Money, July 11, 2017.
12. Josh Zumbrun, “How Estimates of the Gig Economy Went Wrong,” The Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2019.
13. Aimee Picchi, “Inside an Amazon Warehouse: Treating Human Beings as Robots,” CBS News, April 19, 2018.
14. Michael Sainato, “Accidents at Amazon: Workers Left to Suffer After Warehouse Injuries,” The Guardian, July 30, 2018.
15. Foroohar, “Vivienne Ming.”
16. Jodi Kantor, “Working Anything but 9 to 5,” The New York Times, August 13, 2014.
17. Rosenblat, Uberland, 177.
18. Ibid., 110.
19. “Prediction: How AI Will Affect Business, Work, and Life,” Managing the Future of Work, Harvard Business School podcast, May 8, 2019, https://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/podcast/Pages/default.aspx.
20. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race Between Education and Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008).
21. World Trade Organization, “Impact of Technology on Labour Market Outcomes,” 2017.
22. Rana Foroohar, “Gap Between Gig Economy’s Winners and Losers Fuels Populists,” Financial Times, May 2, 2017.
23. International Monetary Fund, “World Economic Outlook, April 2017: Gaining Momentum?” April 2017.
24. Rana Foroohar, “Silicon Valley ‘Superstars’ Risk a Populist Backlash,” Financial Times, April 23, 2017.
25. Rana Foroohar and Edward Luce, “The Tech Effect,” Financial Times, January 15, 2018.
26. Rana Foroohar, “U.S. Capital Expenditure Boom Fails to Live Up to Promises,” Financial Times, November 25, 2018.
27. Rana Foroohar, “Vivienne Ming”; Pablo Illanes et al., “Retraining and Reskilling Workers in the Age of Automation,” McKinsey Global Institute, January 2018.
28. Rana Foroohar, “The ‘Haves and Have-Mores’ in Digital America,” Financial Times, August 6, 2017.
29. Foroohar, “Gap Between Gig Economy’s Winners and Losers Fuels Populists.”
30. Rana Foroohar, “The Rise of the Superstar Company,” Financial Times, January 14, 2018.
31. Gillian Tett, “Tech Lessons from Amazon’s Battle in Seattle,” Financial Times, May 17, 2018.
32. Christina Warren, “A Brief History of Uber and Google’s Very Complicated Relationship,” Gizmodo, February 24, 2017.
33. Brian M. Rosenthal, “Taxi Drivers Fell Prey While Top Officials Counted the Money,” The New York Times, May 20, 2019.
34. Author interview with Schmidt, 2015.
35. John Gapper, “Car Ownership May Peak but Traffic Is on the Rise,” Financial Times, October 24, 2018.
36. Rana Foroohar, “Strong Unions Will Boost America’s Economy,” Financial Times, July 31, 2017.
37. Foroohar, “Travis Kalanick.”
Chapter 9: The New Monopolists
1. Barry C. Lynn, End of the Line: The Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
2. Kenneth P. Vogel, “Google Critic Ousted from Think Tank Funded by Tech Giant,” The New York Times, August 30, 2017.
3. Rana Foroohar, “Lina Khan: ‘This Isn’t Just About Antitrust. It’s About Values,’ ” Financial Times, March 29, 2019.
4. Lina M. Khan, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox,” Yale Law Journal 126, no. 3 (January 2017).
5. A good roundup of some of the most compelling research can be found in Jonathan Tepper, with Denise Hern, The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2019).
6. Foroohar, “Lina Khan.”
7. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (New York: Little, Brown, 2013).
8. David Streitfield, “A New Book Portrays Amazon as Bully,” The New York Times, October 22, 2013.
9. Sam Moore, “Amazon Commands Nearly Half of Consumers’ First Product Search,” Bloomreach, October 6, 2015.
10. Khan, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox.”
11. John Koetsier, “Research Shows Amazon Echo Owners Buy 29% More from Amazon,” Forbes, May 30, 2018.
12. Shapiro and Aneja, “Who Owns Americans’ Personal Information and What Is It Worth?”
13. Rana Foroohar, “How Much Is Your Data Worth?” Financial Times, April 8, 2019.
14. “Secret of Googlenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability,” Wired, May 22, 2009.
15. Paul W. Dobson, “The Waterbed Effect: Where Buying and Selling Power Come Together,” Wisconsin Law Review, January 2018.
16. Angus Loten and Adam Janofsky, “Sellers Need Amazon But at What Cost?” The Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2015.
17. Khan, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox.”
18. Barry C. Lynn and Lina Khan, “The Slow-Motion Collapse of American Entrepreneurship,” Washington Monthly, July/August 2012.
19. “The Next Capitalist Revolution,” The Economist, November 15, 2018.
20. David Carr, “How Good (or Not Evil) Is Google?” The New York Times, June 21, 2009.
21. Adam Candeub, “Behavioral Economics, Internet Search, and Antitrust,” ISJLP 9, no. 407 (2014), https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1506&context=facpubs.
22. David Leonhardt, “The Monopolization of America,” The New York Times, November 25, 2018.
23. Wu, Curse of Bigness, 45.
24. Ibid.
25. Author conversation with Khan in 2018.
26. Foroohar, “Lina Khan.”
27. “Next Capitalist Revolution,” The Economist.
28. Foroohar, “Lina Khan.”
29. Rana Foroohar, “Antitrust Policy Is Ripe for a Rethink,” Financial Times, January 24, 2018.
30. Todd Spangler, “Cord Cutting Explodes: 22 Million U.S. Adults Will Have Canceled Cable, Satellite TV by End of 2017,” Variety, September 13, 2017.
31. For information concerning the European Union
case against Google, see Wikipedia, s.v. “European Union v. Google,” last modified May 31, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_vs._Google; “Antitrust: Commission Fines Google €4.34 Billion for Illegal Practices Regarding Android Mobile Devices to Strengthen Dominance of Google’s Search Engine,” European Commission Press Release, July 18, 2018.
32. Author interview with Delrahim in 2018.
33. Author interview, 2018.
34. McNamee, Zucked, 285–86.
35. Wu, After Consumer Welfare, Now What? The “Protection of Competition” Standard Practice, Competition Policy International, 2018, Columbia Public Law Research Paper, no. 14–608 (2018).
Chapter 10: Too Fast to Fail
1. Robert Lenzner and Stephen S. Johnson, “Seeing Things as They Really Are,” Forbes, March 10, 1997.
2. For information concerning stock buybacks, see “$407 Billion in Corporate Stock Buybacks! How Are Businesses in Your State Spending the Trump Tax Cuts?” Americans for Tax Fairness press release, May 10, 2018, https://americansfortaxfairness.org/wp-content/uploads/20180510-TTCT-Updates-Release.pdf.
3. Ibid.
4. “Risks Rising in Corporate Debt Market,” OECD Report, February 25, 2019.
5. Rana Foroohar, “Apple Sows Seeds of Next Market Swing,” Financial Times, May 13, 2018.
6. Martin Wolf, “Taming the Masters of the Tech Universe,” Financial Times, November 14, 2017.
7. Rana Foroohar, “Tech Companies Are the New Investment Banks,” Financial Times, February 11, 2018.
8. Edelman Trust Barometer 2018, 2019.
9. Rana Foroohar, “Political Ads on Facebook Recall Memories of the Banking Crisis,” Financial Times, October 2, 2017.
10. Gabriel J. X. Dance et al., “As Facebook Raised a Privacy Wall, It Carved an Opening for Tech Giants,” The New York Times, December 18, 2018.
11. Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers: How Wall Street Destroyed Main Street (New York: Crown Business, 2016).
12. Martin Wolf, “We Must Rethink the Purpose of the Corporation,” Financial Times, December 11, 2018.
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