70 Baker, Letters, 315.
71 The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 2 1923–1925, 139, footnote 1.
72 Baker, Letters, 120.
73 Baker, Letters, 125.
74 Baker, Letters, 125.
75 Correspondence from Grace Hall to Ernest Hemingway, especially letters sent on February 20, 1927; March 6, 1927; October 9, 1927; March 11, 1928; September 21, 1928; September 24, 1928, Box IC11, Folders 10–11, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK.
76 “To Ezra Pound, February 10, 1924,” in The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 2 1923–1925, 97.
77 The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 2 1923–1925, 99, footnote 9.
78 “To Gertrude Stein and Alice Mid-May 1925,” in The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 2 1923–1925, 333.
79 Baker, Letters, 161.
80 “To Harold Loeb in early November 1925,” in The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 2 1923–1925, 408.
81 See first two drafts of “The Killers.” Ernest Hemingway Unpublished Draft, “The Killers,” Undated, Box MS53, Folder 535, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK. Ernest Hemingway Unpublished Draft, “The Killers,” May 1926, Box MS53, Folder 536, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK.
82 Baker, Letters, 205–206.
83 Correspondence from Sherwood Anderson to Ernest Hemingway, June 6, 1926, Box IC01, Folder 31, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK.
84 Correspondence from Sherwood Anderson to Ernest Hemingway, August 6, 1926, Box IC01, Folder 31, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK.
85 Judy Jo Small and Michael Reynolds, “Hemingway v. Anderson: The Final Rounds,” Hemingway Review 14, no. 2 (Spring 1995): 6.
86 “The Killers,” in Ernest Hemingway, The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Finca Vigía Edition (New York: Scribner, 1987), 222.
87 “To Guy Hickok, December 5, 1930,” in The Letters of Ernest Hemingway vol. 4 1929–1931, ed. Sandra Spanier and Miriam B. Mandel (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2018), 426.
88 Leff, Hemingway and His Conspirators, 155.
89 “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” in Ernest Hemingway, The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Finca Vigía Edition (New York: Scribner, 1987), 43.
90 Joseph Fruscione, Faulkner and Hemingway: Biography of a Literary Rivalry (Kent, OH: Ohio UP, 2012), 97.
91 “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” 43.
92 Draft series, Ernest Hemingway, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” Undated, Box MS58, Folder 702, Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK.
93 James R. Mellow, Hemingway: A Life without Consequences (New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1992), 552.
94 Baker, Letters, 597.
95 Correspondence from Ernest Hemingway to Fanny Butcher, 1952–1961, Box 4, Folder 236, Fanny Butcher Papers, NL.
Chapter 6
1 George Garrett, “Faulkner’s Early Literature Criticism,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 1, no. 1 (Spring, 1959): 3.
2 William Faulkner, “Books and Things: Turns and Movies by Conrad Aiken” in The Mississippian, February 16, 1921: 5, republished in William Faulkner: Early Prose and Poetry, ed. Carvel Collins (Boston, MA and Toronto: Little Brown and Company, 1962), 74–76.
3 Collins, Early Prose, 75.
4 Collins, Early Prose, 75–76.
5 William Faulkner, “Books and Things: Aria de Capo: A Play in One Act, by Edna St. Vincent Millay” in The Mississippian, January 13, 1922, republished in William Faulkner: Early Prose and Poetry, ed. Carvel Collins (Boston, MA and Toronto: Little Brown and Company, 1962), 86.
6 Daniel J. Singal, William Faulkner and the Making of a Modernist (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 44.
7 William Faulkner, “On Criticism,” The Double Dealer, January–February 1925, republished in William Faulkner: Early Prose and Poetry, ed. Carvel Collins (Boston, MA and Toronto: Little Brown and Company, 1962), 110.
8 Collins, Early Prose, 110.
9 William Faulkner, “Introduction to The Sound and the Fury, 1933,” in William Faulkner: Essays, Speeches, and Public Letters, ed. James B. Meriwether (New York: Random House, 2004), 290.
10 Collins, Early Prose, 75–76.
11 Collins, Early Prose, 75.
12 Joseph Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography (New York: Vintage, 1991), 134.
13 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 135.
14 Singal, William Faulkner and the Making of a Modernist, 84.
15 Max Putzel, Genius of Place: William Faulkner’s Triumphant Beginnings (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State UP, 1985), 78.
16 William Faulkner, Mosquitoes (New York: Liveright, 1997), 50.
17 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 241.
18 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 242.
19 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 242.
20 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 19.
21 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 8.
22 Allen Stuart Weller, Lorado Taft: The Chicago Years, ed. Robert G. LaFrance and Henry Adams (Champaign-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 66–85.
23 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 13.
24 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 72.
25 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 343.
26 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 63.
27 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 94.
28 Keith Newlin, Hamlin Garland: A Life (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 329.
29 Keith Newlin, ed., Garland in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates (Des Moines, IA: University of Iowa Press, 2013), 150–151.
30 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 150–151.
31 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 53.
32 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 159.
33 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 75.
34 “Arrest of the Confidence Man.” New-York Herald, July 8, 1849.
35 Gary Lindberg, The Confidence Man in American Literature (New York: Oxford UP, 1982), 8–9. See also Victor W. Turner, “Myth and Symbol,” in The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: The Macmillan Company and the Free Press, 1968), 576–581.
36 See Mikhail Bakhtin, “Folk Humor and Carnival Ambivalence,” trans. J. Iswolsky, The Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, and Voloshinov, ed. Pam Morris (New York: Routledge, 1994), 195–206.
37 Nelson Algern, City on the Make (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 11–12.
38 Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (New York: Macmillan, 1902).
39 David W. Maurer, The Big Con: The Story of the Confidence Man (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1940), reprint (New York: Anchor Books, 1999), 10.
40 Maurer, The Big Con, 10.
41 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 64.
42 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 64.
43 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 64.
44 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 50.
45 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 50.
46 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 119.
47 Faulkner, Mosquitoes,8.
48 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 9.
49 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 24.
50 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 22.
51 “To Mrs. M.C. Faulkner,” in Thinking Of Home: William Faulkner’s Letters to His Mother and Father, 1918–1925, ed. James G. Watson (New York: Norton and Company, 1992), 161.
52 Watson, Thinking of Home, 171.
53 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 149–150.
54 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 149.
55 T. J. Jackson Lears, “Faulkner and the World of Goods” in Faulkner and Material Culture, eds. Joseph R. Urgo and Ann J. Abadie (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), 142–143.
56 William Faulkner, “Centaur in Brass,” in Collected Stories of William Faulkner (New York: Vintage, 1995), 153.
57 Faulkner, Mosquitoes, 368.
58 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 177.
59 William Faulkner, “The Big Shot,” in The Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner (New York: Vintage International, 1997), 522.
60 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 4–5.
61 “The
Illinois Central Railroad, Main Line of Mid-America,” American Rails.com, accessed January 4, 2018, www.american-rails.com/illinois-central.html.
62 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 235.
63 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 235.
64 Peter Lurie, Vision’s Immanence: Faulkner, Film, and the Popular Imagination (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004), 34–36.
65 See Nathan Ward, Becoming Dashiell Hammett (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015).
66 William Faulkner, Sanctuary (New York: Vintage International, 1994), 145.
67 Singal, William Faulkner and the Making of a Modernist, 44.
68 Kevin Birmingham, The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s Ulysses (New York: Penguin, 2004), 9.
69 Rideout, Sherwood Anderson, vol. 1, 169–170.
70 Margaret Anderson, “Ulysses in Court,” The Little Review 7 no. 4 (January–March, 1921): 25.
71 Jay Watson’s, Forensic Fictions: The Lawyer Figure in Faulkner (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1993).
72 Lurie, Vision’s Immanence, 49.
73 Anderson, “Ulysses in Court,” 25.
74 Lurie, Vision’s Immanence, 23.
75 William Faulkner, “Interview with Harry Nash Smith,” in The Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926–1962, ed. James Meriwether and Michael Millgate (New York: Random House, 1968), 30. See also Michael Zeitlin, “Versions of the Primal Scene Faulkner and Ulysses,” Mosaic 22, no. 2 (Spring, 1989): 63.
76 “Faulkner Library, July 1998,” Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library, accessed 8 February 2018, small.library.virginia.edu/collections/featured/the-william-faulkner-collection/faulkner-library-july-1998
77 Rideout, Sherwood Anderson, vol. 1, 414.
78 Rideout, Sherwood Anderson, vol. 1, 597.
79 Singal, William Faulkner and the Making of a Modernist, 5.
80 Birmingham, The Most Dangerous Book 302–311.
81 Henry Nash Smith, “Introduction,” in William Faulkner, Miss Zilphia Gant (Dallas, TX: Book Club of Texas, 1932).
82 Philip Cohen and Doreen Fowler, “Faulkner’s Introduction to The Sound and the Fury,” American Literature 62, no. 2 (June 1990): 262.
83 Cohen and Fowler, “Faulkner’s Introduction to The Sound and the Fury,” 291.
84 Cohen and Fowler, “Faulkner’s Introduction to The Sound and the Fury,” 291.
85 The Double Dealer, June 1922, Box 1, Folder 9, Henry Blake Fuller Papers, NL.
86 William Faulkner, The Wild Palms (New York: Vintage International, 1995), 151.
87 Thomas L. McHaney, “Anderson, Hemingway, and Faulkner’s The Wild Palms,” PMLA 87, no. 3 (May 1972): 465–474.
88 Joseph Fruscione, Faulkner and Hemingway: Biography of a Literary Rivalry (Columbus OH: Ohio State University Press, 2012), 84–102.
89 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 114.
90 For more on the relationship between Faulkner and Cather’s work, see: Merrill Maguire Skaggs, Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007).
91 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 114.
92 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 133.
93 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 133.
94 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 146.
95 George Levy, To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas (Gretna, LA: Pelican Press, 1999), 1–3. Pelican press was founded in 1926 by John McClure.
96 Faulkner, Wild Palms, 79.
97 Faulkner, Sanctuary, 41.
98 Faulkner, Sanctuary, 140, 40.
99 Faulkner, Sanctuary, 40.
100 Faulkner, Sanctuary, 1–3.
101 Faulkner, Sanctuary, 139.
102 Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, 90.
103 Helen Haiman Joseph, A Book of Marionettes (New York: B. W. Heubsch, 1920), 174.
104 John Bell, American Puppet Modernism: Essays on the Material World in Performance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 58.
105 W. T. Jewkes, “Counterpoint in Faulkner’s Wild Palms,” Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature 2, no. 1 (Winter 1961): 39.
Chapter 7
1 Matthew J. Bruccoli, “A Brief Life of Fitzgerald,” in F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with the assistance of Judith S. Baughman (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), xix.
2 F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise, ed. James L. W. West III (New York: Cambridge, 1996), 11.
3 F. Scott Fitzgerald, “Table of Contents,” in Tales of the Jazz Age (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), x.
4 F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Lees of Happiness,” in Tales of the Jazz Age (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 277.
5 F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Camel’s Back,” in Tales of the Jazz Age (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 41.
6 F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Diamond as Big as the Ritz,” in The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli (New York: Scribner, 1989), 183.
7 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, ed. Matthew Bruccoli (New York: Cambridge UP, 1991), 8.
8 F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night, ed. James. L. W. West III (New York: Cambridge UP, 2012), 147.
9 Bruccoli, A Life in Letters, xv.
10 James L. W. West III, The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love (New York: Random House, 2005), xiii, 118.
11 Albert Nelson Marquis and John William Leonard, The Book of Chicagoans: A Biographical Dictionary of Leading Living Men of the City of Chicago (Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis, 1905), 332. West repeats the phrase “jobber in hats, caps and furs” in The Perfect Hour, 3.
12 Richard Jay Hutto, June Hall McCash, and Stillman Rockefeller, Their Gilded Cage: The Jekyll Island Club Members (Macon, GA: Henchard Press, 2005), 95.
13 John J. Glessner, The Commercial Club of Chicago: Its Beginning and Something of Its Work (Chicago, IL: Privately printed, 1910), 81, 189–198.
14 Glessner, The Commercial Club of Chicago, 199.
15 Edward Tyler Blair, History of the Chicago Club (Chicago, IL: H. S. Stone and Company, 1898), 56.
16 Blair, History of the Chicago Club, 99.
17 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 29, 1915, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
18 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, April 12, 1915, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
19 F. Scott Fitzgerald, My Lost City: Personal Essays 1920–1940, ed. James L. W. West III (New York: Cambridge UP, 2005), 107.
20 Fitzgerald, My Lost City, 107.
21 West, The Perfect Hour, 66.
22 Correspondence from Ginevra King to Dan Piper, May 12, 1947, Box 1, Folder 29, Arthur Mizener Collection on F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
23 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, July 7, 1917, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
24 Fitzgerald’s biographers Arthur Mizener and Andrew Turnball may have seen the letters before Ginevra passed away, but neither refer to them explicitly nor seem to have done any work with the collection.
25 Arthur Mizener, Scott Fitzgerald and His World (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1972), 29.
26 Ashley Lawson, “Gender, Collaboration, and Appropriation in the Life and Work of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald,” F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 13 (2015): 76–77.
27 Christine Buci-Glucksmann, La raison baroque: de Baudelaire a Benjamin (Paris: Editions Galilee, 1984), 34, in Mary Anne Doane, Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis (New York: Routledge, 1991), 2.
28 Doane, Femmes Fatales, 2.
29 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 29, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
30 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 15, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F.
Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
31 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, March 25, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
32 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, April 26, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
33 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, May 9, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
34 Correspondence from Ginevra King to Arthur Mizener, November 7, 1947, Box 1, Folder 29, Arthur Mizener Collection on F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
35 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, May 14, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
36 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 31, 1916, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
37 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 17, 1916, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
38 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, February 19, 1916, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
39 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, August 21, 1916, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
40 Fitzgerald, “The Camel’s Back,” 27.
41 Cyrus Hall McCormick III, The Century of the Reaper (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931).
42 Andrew Turnbull, Scott Fitzgerald (New York: Grove Press, 1962), 293.
43 Correspondence from Ginevra King to F. Scott Fitzgerald, January 15, 1915, Box 2, Folder 1, Ginevra King Collection Relating to F. Scott Fitzgerald, PL.
44 Fitzgerald, “The Camel’s Back,” 23.
45 Fitzgerald, “The Camel’s Back,” 33.
46 Gloege, Guaranteed Pure, 26.
47 The Western Brewer: And Journal of the Barley, Malt, and Hop Trades 33 (August 1908): 449.
48 F. A. Cushing Smith, “‘Villa Turicum’ The County Estate of Mrs. Rockefeller McCormick Lake Forest, Illinois,” The American Landscape Architect (June 1930), Villa Turicum, accessed on August 10, 2017, villaturicum.com
49 Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Vintage, 1998), 418.
Chicago and the Making of American Modernism Page 28