[9] Unsigned review, Athenaeum, 2346, Oct. 12, 1872, p.455.
[10] Unsigned review, Athenaeum, 2499, Sept. 18, 1875, p. 368.
[11] Unsigned review, Speaker, 17, Jan. 1, 1898, p. 29. This review appears in full in Appendix D.
[12] W. L. Alden, ‘London Literary Letter,’ New York Times, September 10, 1898, p. 24.
[13] Andrew Maunder (ed) Love’s Conflict, in Varieties of Women’s Sensation Fiction 1855–1890, (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2004), vol 2, p. vii.
[14] Unsigned obituary, Athenaeum 3758, Nov. 4, 1899, p. 622.
[15] Maunder, Love’s Conflict, p. x.
[16] Maunder, Love’s Conflict, p. vii.
[17] Unsigned review, Academy, 42 (1892: July/Dec) p.190.
[18] Maunder, Love’s Conflict, p. viii.
[19] Unsigned review, Speaker, 17, Jan. 1, 1898, pp. 29-30. This review appears in full in Appendix D.
[20] Octavia Davis, ‘Morbid Mothers: Gothic Heredity in Florence Marryat’s The Blood of the Vampire’, in Horrifying Sex: Essays on Sexual Difference in Gothic Literature, ed. by Ruth Bienstock Anolik (Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland and Company, Inc, 2007), p. 42. In this essay Davis also explores ideas of vampirism which, she argues, Marryat believed to be inherent in the practice of and belief in Spiritualism.
[21] Susan Zieger, Inventing the Addict: Drugs, Race and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century British and American Literature (Amherst: Uni. Of Massachusetts Press, 2008), p. 216.
[22] Brenda Mann Hammack, ‘Florence Marryat’s Female Vampire and the Scientizing of Hybridity’, Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 Vol. 48, No. 4 (2008), pp. 885-896 (p.886).
[23] Judith Halberstam, ‘Technologies of Monstrosity: Bram Stoker’s Dracula’ in Cultural Politics at the Fin De Siècle, ed. by Sally Ledger and Scott McCracken (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 248–266 (p. 252).
[24] Halberstam, ‘Technologies of Monstrosity’, p. 255.
[25] Christopher Bently, ‘The Monster in the Bedroom: Sexual Symbolism in Bram Stoker’s Dracula’, Literature and Psychology, 22 (1972), 27-34 (p. 32).
[26] Sheridan Le Fanu, ‘Carmilla’, (1872) in In A Glass Darkly ed. by Robert Tracey (repr. Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1999), p. 267.
[27] Tamar Heller, ‘The Vampire in the House. Hysteria, Female Sexuality, and Feminist Knowledge in Le Fanu’s Carmilla’, in The New Nineteenth Century Feminist Readings of Underread Victorian Fiction ed. by Barbara Leah Harman & Susan Meyer (New York and London: Garland Pub Inc, 1996), pp. 77-95 (p. 84).
[28] Heller, ‘The Vampire in the House’, p. 80.
[29] Elaine Showalter, ‘Syphilis, Sexuality and the Fiction of the Fin de Siècle’, in Sex, Politics, and Science in the Nineteenth Century Novel, ed. by Ruth Bernard Yeazell (Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 88-115 (p. 99). ‘Dora’ is probably one of Freud’s best known patients. She was an eighteen- year-old hysteric treated by him in 1900. Freud interpreted ‘Dora’s’ dreams as a repressed web of complex emotions. For further information see Sigmund Freud, Case Histories I (1905, repr. trans. by Alix Strachey & James Strachey, ed. by James Strachey, and others London: Penguin Books, 1990).
[30] Marie Mulvey Roberts in ‘Dracula and the Doctors: Bad Blood, Menstrual Taboo and the New Woman’, in Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic, ed. by William Hughes & Andrew Smith (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 78-95 (p. 86).
[31] Caesar Lombroso & William Ferrero, The Female Offender (London: T Fisher Unwin, 1895), p. 222.
[32] Dr De Berdt Hovell, ‘Hysteria Simplified and Explained’, Lancet, 20 December 1873, 872-873 (p. 872).
[33] W. T. Gairdner, ‘Clinical Observations’, Lancet, 4 May 1861, p. 429.
[34] Anon, ‘’Report on Hunterian Society’, Lancet, 4 February 1888, 224-225 (p. 224).
[35] G. H. Savage, ‘Marriage in Neurotic Subjects’, Journal of Mental Science, 4 (1883), 49- 54 (p. 50).
[36] Savage, ‘Marriage’, (p. 54).
[37] Henry Maudsley, The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind (London: Macmillan, 1867), p. 533.
[38] Sian Macfie, ‘They suck us dry: A Study of Late Nineteenth Century Projections of Vampiric Women’, in Subjectivity and Literature from the Romantics to the Present Day, ed. by Philip Shaw & Peter Stockwell (London & New York: Pinter Publishers, 1991), pp. 58–67.
[39] Macfie, ‘They Suck us Dry’, p. 61.
[40] Macfie, ‘They Suck us Dry’, p. 60.
[41] Macfie, ‘They Suck us Dry’, p. 66.
[42] See Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady. Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980 (London: Virago, 1987); Sandra. M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1979).
[43] Davis, Horrifying Sex, pp. 45-47. For a further discussion of Harriet’s anabolic capabilities see: Sarah Wilburn, ‘The Savage Magnet: Racial-ization of the Occult Body in Late Victorian Fiction’, Women’s Writing Vol. 15, No. 3 (2008), pp. 436-453.
[44] J. Crichton-Brown, ‘Hysterical Mania’, British Medical Journal, 5 August 1871, 145-146 (p. 145).
[45] Howard L Malchow, Gothic Images of Race in Nineteenth Century Britain (California: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 169-172 (p. 170).
[46] I am indebted to Bram Dijkstra’s book Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin de Siècle Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), for making me aware of this publication. Dijkstra cites the author of this book to be Nicholas Francis Cooke, (p. 64).
[47] Alex Comfort, The Anxiety Makers (London: Thomas Nelson, 1967), p. 76.
[48] A Physician, Satan in Society (Cincinati & New York: C F Vent, 1871), p. 106.
[49] Isaac Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy and Hysteria in Females (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866), p. 7.
[50] Silas Weir Mitchell, Fat and Blood: And How to Make Them (Philadelphia: J B Lippincott & Co, 1877), p. 35. See Appendix A for an extract.
[51] A Physician, Satan in Society, p. 111. See Appendix A for an extract.
[52] Davis, Horrifying Sex, p. 45.
[53] Macfie, ‘They Suck us Dry’, (p. 60). Tammis Elise Thomas, ‘Masquerade Liberties and Female Power in Le Fanu’s Carmilla’, in The Haunted Mind: The Supernatural in Victorian Literature, ed. by Elton E Smith and Robert Haas (Maryland & London: The Scarecrow Press Inc, 1999), pp. 39-65 (p.44).
[54] Heller, ‘The Vampire in the House’, p. 78.
[55] Bram Stoker, Dracula, (1897, repr. ed. by Nina Auerbach and David J Skal, New York & London: W W Norton & Co, 1997, p. 146.
[56] W. R. Gowers, ‘Hysteria’, Lancet, 28 February 1880, p. 316.
[57] This image lends itself to a number of interpretations and I am somewhat horrified to confess that my first impression was that it might be suggesting a particularly disgusting delight in menstrual blood. Susan Zieger’s reference to ‘English ladies who would not stop drinking the blood of slaves from their teacups’ is by no means a pleasing alternative bringing, as it does, a whole other dimension of racial oppression and abuse but seems in keeping with the abuse that Harriet’s father is reported to have inflicted on his workers. Whilst Harriet’s mother was clearly not an ‘English lady’ it is not unlikely that she would have aped their manners given her marriage to a supposed English gentleman. Zieger, Inventing the Addict, p. 200.
[58] Zieger, Inventing the Addict, pp. 222-223.
[59] Zieger, Inventing the Addict, p. 225.
[60] Jennifer De Vere Brody discusses the various ‘racialist labels’ that were used to describe a ‘woman of colour’: mulatto, an octoroon, a quadroon, a mustee, mestico, griffe, or creole,’ several of which are applied to Harriet in this novel. See Jennifer De Vere Brody, Impossible Purities: Blackness, Femininity and Victorian Culture (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1998), pp. 15-16.
[61] Francis Anstie, ‘Hyst
eria’, Lancet, 14 December 1872, 839-842 (p. 839).
[62] See De Vere Brody. Impossible Purities for a comprehensive discussion of the dangers the non-white girl was believed to pose to the English gentleman.
[63] John G Mecke, Mulattoes and Race Mixture: American Attitudes and Images, 1865-1918 (USA: Umi Research Press, 1979), p. 189. Whilst Mecke’s book has an American bias we can be fairly confident that many of the attitudes he discusses were not uncommon in England.
[64] Andrew Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity and Other Allied Papers (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1875), p. 52.
[65] Davis, Horrifying Sex, p. 42.
[66] De Vere Brody, Impossible Purities, pp. 18-19.
[67] Ornella Moscucci, ‘Clitoridectomy, Circumcision and the politics of sexual pleasure in Mid-Victorian Britain’, in Sexualities in Victorian Britain, ed. by Andrew H Miller & James Eli Adams (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996), pp. 60 - 78 (p. 70).
[68] Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast. English Feminism and Sexual Morality 1885–1914 (London: Penguin Publishing, 1995),p. 64.
[69] Evelyn Ender, Sexing the Mind. Nineteenth Century Fictions of Hysteria (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 39.
[70] Ender, Sexing the Mind, p. 40.
[71] De Vere Brody, Impossible Purities, p. 38.
[72] William Acton, The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs (London: J A Churchill, 1875), p. 184.
[73] Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 195 - 196.
[74] Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre 2 vols (1847, repr. London: Everyman’s Library Edition, 1991) vol II, p. 69. See Greta Depledge, Female maladies, medical practice and literary culture 1860–1900 (PhD thesis: University of London, 2007), pp. 65-66 and Zieger, Inventing the Addict, pp. 219-220.
[75] Zieger, Inventing the Addict, p. 221.
[76] Davis, Horrifying Sex, p. 53, n.6.
[77] Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 316 (n. 112). Richardson writes: ‘Mary Wollstonecraft believed poor people in public hospitals were being used as medical guinea-pigs in her lifetime; see her novel Maria, 1798.’ Richardson does not make a specific quotation from this novel but the one I have used here I think best serves this argument. Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria, (1798, repr. ed. by Janet Todd London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 90.
[78] George Eliot, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life, (1871, repr. ed. by William J Harvey, London: Penguin Books, 1965), p. 119.
[79] Elizabeth Lee, Ouida: A Memoir (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1914), pp. 323-324. Lee is referring to an article by Ouida published in Humanity, in November 1897 from where she quotes Ouida’s use of the phrase ‘scientific torture of lunatics’.
[80] Valerie Pedlar, ‘Experimentation or Exploitation?: The Investigations of David Ferrier, Dr Benjulia, and Dr Seward’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 28 (2003), 169 – 174, (p. 169).
[81] Florence Marryat, An Angel of Pity (London: Hutchinson & Co, 1898), pp. 17-18.
[82] Macfie, ‘They Suck us dry’, p. 59.
[83] Macfie, ‘They Suck us dry’, p. 64.
[84] Macfie, ‘They Suck us dry’, p. 64.
[85] For a further examination of the racial issues in The Blood of the Vampire see Malchow, Gothic Images of Race, pp. 169-172.
[86] Wynter, The Borderland of Insanity, p. 312.
[87] A café where small concerts would be held.
[88] ‘When pensive I thought of my love’ was a popular song from the gothic opera Blue Beard, composed by Michael Kelly (1762-1826) and first performed in London in 1798.
[89] Louis d’or – a French gold coin worth 20 francs.
[90] Everything that is most beautiful
[91] Founded in Brescia, Italy in 1535. The main purpose of the order, founded by St. Angela di Merici, was the education of girls. The Ursuline order was the first teaching order of women to be established in the church.
[92] French rolls, filled with shrimp or crabmeat.
[93] Literally ‘paws of velvet’; metaphorically, to hide one’s true intentions.
[94] A term used in the West Indies to refer to folk magic, sorcery and religious practices of West African origin. See Introduction and Appendix C.
[95] Entrepôt: a warehouse for commercial goods or a trading centre.
[96] Charles François Gounod (1818-1893). French composer.
[97] Overwhelmed
[98] Literally, ‘rare bird’; metaphorically, an unusual or extraordinary person; a rarity.
[99] Macbeth, V.3.27.
[100] Reference to the story of the wild man of Gadarene, told in Luke 8:35, Mark 5:15
[101] Former spelling of Eskimo.
[102] Roman Goddess of flowering plants.
[103] Manufactured by the Elliman family in Slough. First sold in 1847 and still available today.
[104] Pandemonium was the name Milton gave to the capital of Hell in Paradise Lost.
[105] A character in Gounod’s opera Faust,first performed in Paris in 1859.
[106] Strumous is another word for goitre; most common in people deficient in iodine, the first case of tuberculous thyroid involvement was reported in 1862.
[107] The myth surrounding the upas tree was that it gave off a malodorous vapour which kills everything it touches. Erasmus Darwin referred to the upas tree in his ‘The Loves of the Plants’ (1789).
[108] Antoine Wiertz (1806-1865), Belgian romantic painter and sculptor, drawn to the macabre in much of his work.
[109] Large urban park in Brussels.
[110] An apple-flavoured pastille.
[111] It was an irrevocable loss.
[112] Gallant warrior.
[113] Given the Baroness’s supposed interest in the occult this could mean a collection of idols representing domestic deities. More likely the phrase represents the Baroness’s love of domestic possessions.
[114] French porcelain manufactured on a large scale in the nineteenth century but production dates back to mid-eighteenth century.
[115] Teaspoon with figure of one of the apostles on the handle.
[116] Caviare.
[117] For the love of his beautiful eyes.
[118] There are two possibilities for this – possibly an Italian pottery dating back to the Renaissance, or Pennell could be referring to the Victorian pottery of Herbert Minton which was first exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851.
[119] Spode pottery established by Josiah Spode in Stoke-on-Trent in 1767.
[120] China produced by a number of factories in the Limoges region of France from the late 1700s.
[121] Pottery made by the Hannong family in Strasbourg from 1721–1780.
[122] Possibly referring to the pottery of Anthony Pennis, circa 1756.
[123] The Capo di Monte porcelain factory was established by Charles III, King of Naples in 1743.
[124] Childish games.
[125] By Arthur Sullivan, first published in French in 1872.
[126] By Charles François Gounod
[127] Latin: ‘I Have Sinned.’
[128] Slender.
[129] A society of lawyers practising civil law in London, having within its jurisdiction the issuing of marriage licenses.
[130] Honeymoon.
[131] A character from folklore whose name is synonymous with patience and obedience
[132] Poor child … now then, my poor thing … get up! I am here.
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