31.Mitchell, Vacant Chair, 33–34; Christian Rieker to dear sister, April 12, 1863, Society of Separatists of Zoar Records, Box 96, Folder 1, OHC; Alvin Brown to dear father, March 15, 1863, transcript at The Olive Tree Genealogy, http://www.pastvoices.com/usa/brownalvin1863.shtml [accessed November 25, 2017].
32.“From the 55th Ohio,” Tiffin Tribune, May 1, 1863; Daniel Horn to Gelles Horn, October 2, 1863, Daniel Horn Papers, Box 2, Huntington Library.
33.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 44; “From the 107th Regiment,” Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863.
CHAPTER 3: “STOP ALL FIRING IN THE REAR OF US”
1.Phillip Oakleaf Carded Medical Records, RG 94, entry 534, Box 2844, NA; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 46; William Williams, History of The Fire Lands, Comprising Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio (Cleveland: Press of Leader Printing Company, 1879), 95; Walt Whitman, December 26, 1862, as quoted in Walt Whitman’s Civil War, ed. Walter Lowenfels (New York: Da Capo, 1961), 35, 36. Conversely, Nicholas Marshall, “The Great Exaggeration: Death and the Civil War,” Journal of the Civil War Era 4, no. 1 (March 2014): 3–27, contends that scholars such as Drew Gilpin Faust have “exaggerated” the cultural impact of the war’s human toll by discounting the grim “demographic realities” of nineteenth century America.
2.Christian Rieker to sister and all, February 17, 1863 [typescript translation], in Society of Separatists of Zoar Records, Box 96, Folder 1, OHC; Jacob Kummerle Carded Medical Records, RG 94, entry 534, Box 2843, NA; Thomas Evans Diary and Memoir, Miscellaneous Manuscript Collection, LC.
3.C. to Friend William, February 14, 1863, in Stark County Democrat, March 4, 1863; “From the Fifth,” Danbury [Connecticut] Times, December 18, 1862.
4.OR, ser. 1, vol. 21, p. 127; William Marvel, Burnside (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991; OR, ser. 1, vol. 21, p. 754; Sutherland, Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville, 89; Daily Cleveland Herald, January 23, 1863.
5.George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 412; “The Eleventh Army Corps,” New York Times, January 25, 1863; New York Times, January 24, 1863; “From the 107th,” Summit County Beacon, February 12, 1863; “The Army on the Rappahannock,” [New Haven] Daily Palladium, January 24, 1863; Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863; “From Sigel’s Column,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 21, 1863.
6.Harold A. Winters, et al., Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 38–39; James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither, eds., A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D. (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994), 70; Daniel Umbstaetter, affidavit dated March 25, 1890, in Seraphim Meyer Pension File, RG 15, NA; New York Herald, January 26, 1863; “From the 107th,” Summit County Beacon, February 12, 1863; “Latest From Burnside’s Army,” Lowell Daily Citizen and News, January 24, 1863; “Our Army on the Rappahannock,” New York Herald, January 24, 1863; New York Herald, January 25, 1863; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 48; Augustus Bronson to Dear Times, January 25, 1863, Bound Volume 391, FSNMP; Mark H. Dunkelman, Gettysburg’s Unknown Soldier: The Life, Death, and Celebrity of Amos Humiston (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), 82; Thomas Evans Diary, Miscellaneous Manuscript Collection, Manuscript Division, LC; Harvey Henderson Civil War Diary, January 22, 1863, Huntington Library; William Swinton, as quoted in Hartwell Osborn, et al., Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904), 58.
7.“The Army of the Potomac,” Daily National Intelligencer, January 28, 1863; “Our Army on the Rappahannock,” New York Herald, January 24, 1863; Ernst Damkoehler to Mathilde Damkoehler, February 2, 1863, Bound Volume 327, FSNMP; “The Obscurity of the Situation,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 26, 1863.
8.Stark County Democrat, February 4, 1863; A. Wilson Greene, “Morale, Maneuver, and Mud: The Army of the Potomac, December 16, 1862–January 26, 1863,” in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock” (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 205; Harvey Henderson Civil War Diary, January 23, 1863, Huntington Library; William H. Warren memoir, Bound Volume 391, FSNMP; “From the Army of the Potomac,” Stark County [Ohio] Democrat, February 11, 1863; Bangor [Maine] Daily Whig & Courier, January 23, 1863.
9.Stark County Democrat, February 4, 1863; Lebanon [Pennsylvania] Courier, February 5, 1863; Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863.
10.The Liberator, February 27, 1863; Henry Blakeman to dear friend, February 1, 1863, Bound Volume 105, FSNMP; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 48; Annals of Cleveland, 46:112; Robert Hunt Rhodes, ed., All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes (New York: Random House, 1992), 89–90; Charles H. Doerflinger, “Familiar History of The Twenty-Sixth [Wisconsin] Regiment,” Bound Volume 75, FSNMP.
11.Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863.
12.“The Change of Commanders,” New York Times, January 27, 1863; Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (London: John Murray, 1909), 2:403; John Hennessy, “We Shall Make Richmond Howl: The Army of the Potomac on the Eve of Chancellorsville,” in Gary W. Gallagher, Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, 7; Theodore Meysenburg, “Reminiscences of Chancellorsville,” B&L, 1:301; Sears, Chancellorsville (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 54; Hartford [Connecticut] Evening Press, January 31, 1863; “A Soldier’s Letter,” Stark County Democrat, February 11, 1863.
13.New York Times, January 28, 1863; OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, p. 5; Lincoln to Hooker, January 26, 1863, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 6:78–79; OR, ser. I, vol. 25, pt. 2, pp. 11, 38–39, 50–51, 54–59, 152, 161–63, 582; Brig. Gen. Williams, letter to XI Corps, March 22, 1863, RG 393, entry 5315, NA; Wilson French to dear wife, April 19, 1863, Bound Volume 391, FSNMP.
14.“Circulation of Disloyal Papers Stopped,” Stark County Republican, March 5, 1863; The Liberator, February 27, 1863; Hartford Daily Courant, February 21, 1863.
15.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 51–52; Southerton, “What We Did There,” Ohio History Connection; D. G. Brinton Thompson, ed., “From Chancellorsville to Gettysburg: A Doctor’s Diary,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 89, no. 3 (July 1965): 297n15; “Stafford County Civil War Sites Database: Army of the Potomac Camps, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 11th Army Corps,” from the research files of John J. Hennessy [copy in author’s possession]. More than fifty miles to the south in Richmond, one Confederate War Department underling held “that the thermometer on the night of [February] 3rd had dropped to 8 degrees below zero.” Robert K. Krick, Civil War Weather in Virginia (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 86, 88. Seraphim Meyer Pension File, RG 15, NA. Not surprisingly, George Billow reported that several officers resigned their commissions “on account of ill health.” “From the 107th,” Summit County Beacon, February 12, 1863. See also Henry J. Blakeman to dear mother, February 4, 1863, Bound Volume 105, FSNMP.
16.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 51–52; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 57; F. A. Wildman to my dear wife, January 22, 1863, Wildman Family Papers, OHC; William H. Warren memoir, Bound Volume 391, FSNMP; Danbury Times, January 29, 1863; “A Soldier’s Letter,” Stark County Democrat, March 4, 1863; Alvin Brown to his father, February 15, 1863, in Personal Papers Collection, Library of Virginia, Richmond.
17.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 54; Nelson, Ruin Nation, 137; Charles Carleton Coffin, Marching to Victory: The Second Period of the War of the Rebellion, Including the Year, 99; OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 196; John A. Black to dear father, March 19, 1863, Bound Volume 197, FSNMP; William H. Warren memoir, Bound Volume 391, FSNMP; Anton Lang Pension File, RG 15, NA; “Life in the Seventeenth,” Danbury [Connecticut] Times, February 26, 1863. On fatalities beyond combat, see Brian Steel Wills, Inglorious Passages: Noncombat Deaths in the American Civil War (Lawrence: University Press
of Kansas, 2017). On the relationship between deforestation and mud, see Cashin, War Stuff, 104.
18.“From the 107th,” Summit County Beacon, March 19, 1863; “An Army Letter,” Tiffin Tribune, February 27, 1863; “A Soldier’s Letter,” Stark County Democrat, March 4, 1863; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 53; Thomas Evans Diary, Miscellaneous Manuscript Collection, LC; Reid, Ohio in the War, 2:177; Henry J. Blakeman to dear brother, February 15, 1863, and to dear mother, March 15, 1863, Bound Volume 105, FSNMP; Erastus Fouch diary, March 12, 1863, Bound Volume 229, FSNMP; “Life in the Seventeenth,” Danbury Times, February 26, 1863; Charles Mueller, order dated February 25, 1863, 107th Ohio Regimental Order Books, vol. 5, RG 94, NA; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 53; “From the Army of the Rappahannock,” Stark County Democrat, February 11, 1863.
19.Invoking the memory of Valley Forge and the rugged Revolutionary encampment of 1777–1778, authors Albert Z. Conner, Jr., and Chris Mackowski contend that for the men of the Army of the Potomac, the winter of 1862–1863 constituted “a strategic pause.” According to these authors, a “strategic pause” is “a protracted halt to fighting in a theater of operations” that enables men to “rest, restore, resupply, and regroup forces.” Further, it “provides opportunities to develop plans; revise tactics, procedures, and techniques; and make necessary personnel and organizational changes.” This framework is very useful; however, I argue that the “strategic pause” was equally significant in that it provided enlisted men with ample time to ruminate about their participation in the war, the sniping of Copperhead Democrats back home, and the potential consequences of defeat. As they reflected on the growing antiwar movement arresting the North, men encamped along the Rappahannock increasingly defined themselves in opposition to “disloyal” civilians. An army that was divided on emancipation (to say nothing about its fierce disagreements over what constituted appropriate military tactics and policies toward southern civilians) would come to find common ground—and perhaps a previously unknown level of internal cohesion—by condemning the so-called “fire in the rear.” Conner Jr. and Mackowski, Seizing Destiny, xii. See also James S. Pula, Under the Crescent Moon with the XI Corps in the Civil War, Vol. 1: From the Defenses of Washington to Chancellorsville, 1862–1863 (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2017), 77–78; Henry J. Blakeman to dear friend, February 1, 1863, Bound Volume 105, FSNMP. Annals of Cleveland, 46:45. Almost a decade before the war, the publication of the Cleveland Leader began with the merger of “a Free Soil organ, the True Democrat, and an antislavery Whig paper, the Forest City.” Davison, Cleveland during the Civil War, 15. Jennifer L. Weber has pointed out that, “The strength of the Peace Democrats generally ran in inverse relation to the successes (or failures) of the armies.” Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 8–10. I rely on the periodization of Copperheadism proposed by Weber, who contends that, “Copperheadism developed in three distinct phases.” In her view, the movement’s “second phase” commenced “with the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 and extended into the following spring, when the Union adopted a draft.” In a sharp departure from the seminal work of historian Frank L. Klement, perhaps the Copperheads’ most important chronicler, Weber contends that, “the peace movement was broad, and so influential by August 1864 that it very nearly took over the Democratic Party.” Her thesis has invited much debate, but I find it persuasive. See also George Knepper, Ohio and Its People (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989), 237–38.
20.Roseboom, The History of the State of Ohio, 4:404; Clement Laird Vallandigham, “Speech On The Great Civil War in America,” January 14, 1863, in Speeches, Arguments, Addresses, and Letters of Clement L. Vallandigham (New York: J. Walter & Co., 1864), 436, 438, 440, 429, 430; James L. Vallandigham, A Life of Clement L. Vallandigham (Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1872), 53; Stephen Middleton, The Black Laws: Race and the Legal Process in Early Ohio (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), 212.
21.“The Northern Peace Party,” Fayetteville [North Carolina] Observer, January 26, 1863; Semi-Weekly Raleigh Register, January 24, 1863; Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham & The Civil War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970), 124–25, 127–28; “Great Speech of Hon. C. L. Vallandigham on the War,” Newark [Ohio] Advocate, January 23, 1863; Newark Advocate, January 30, 1863; “Reaction Against Vallandigham’s Speech,” Daily Cleveland Herald, January 19, 1863; Lowell Daily Citizen and News, January 20, 1863; Thomas Beer, as quoted in Klement, Limits of Dissent, 136.
22.“Treason,” Ripley [Ohio] Bee, February 19, 1863; “Echoes from the Army,” Hartford [Connecticut] Evening Press, February 28, 1863. On the “groundswell for peace and compromise that swept over the land” in early 1863, see Klement, Limits of Dissent, 128; Ripley Bee, January 22, 1863; Annals of Cleveland, 46:45; George Templeton Strong, diary entry, January 24, 1863, in Allan Nevins, ed., Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865 by George Templeton Strong, (New York: Macmillan Company, 1962), 289–90; “Jeff. Davis and His Dog,” Scioto Gazette, February 17, 1863; “Peace Movements,” Lowell [Massachusetts] Daily Citizen and News, February 17, 1863. Echoing George Templeton Strong, one modern scholar concludes that, “no single man outside the Confederate armies represented a greater threat to the Union than Clement L. Vallandigham,” Giovanna Dell’Orto, “The Arrest and Trial of Clement L. Vallandigham in 1863,” in Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism, ed. David B. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris, Jr. (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2008), 189.
23.“Another Soldier’s Opinion of Copperheads,” Stark County Republican, March 26, 1863; John J. Hennessy, “ ‘We Shall Make Richmond Howl: The Army of the Potomac on the Eve of Chancellorsville,” in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 5; John J. Hennessy, “Evangelizing for Union, 1863: The Army of the Potomac, Its Enemies at Home, and a New Solidarity,” Journal of the Civil War Era 4, no. 4 (December 2014): 533–58. For further analysis of how Buckeye soldiers responded to the Copperhead movement, see Keith Fellows Altavilla, “Can We Call It Anything but Treason? Loyalty and Citizenship in Ohio Valley Soldiers” (PhD diss., Texas Christian University, 2013); “A Soldier’s Response,” Stark County Republican, March 19, 1863; Annals of Cleveland, 45:47.
24.“The Voice of the Ohio Soldiers,” resolutions of the 4th and 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Stark County Republican, March 6, 1863. At least one Ohio soldier was less modest—or perhaps more candid. “With regard to the probable reception of the miserable Vallandigham,” he wrote, “my opinion is that were he to come to our brigade lines and make himself known or intrude upon the soldiers, he would not get out alive,” Annals of Cleveland, 45:47.
25.Hennessy, “Evangelizing for Union, 1863”; “What Another Soldier Says,” Tuscarawas Advocate, March 20, 1863, and Stark County Republican, March 26, 1863; Wooster Republican, May 7, 1863. See also Summit County Beacon, March 19, 1863, Norwalk Reflector, April 21, 1863, Ohio Repository, March 18, 1863, and Stark Country Republican, March 6, 1863. N. A. Patterson, a soldier from the 90th Ohio, flatly rejected one report that “four-fifths of the army” opposed the Emancipation Proclamation. “I will venture the assertion that one-tenth is the more truthful amount,” he wrote. Annals of Cleveland, 45:47. On von Gunden, see Mike Fitzpatrick et al., “Immigrants in the Ranks: A Collection of Vignettes of Foreigners in the Union Army,” Military Images 19, no. 3 (November/December 1997): 21–22.
26.Stark County Republican, March 26, 1863. See also “From the 55th Ohio,” Tiffin [Ohio] Tribune, May 1, 1863; “What Another Soldier Says,” Tuscarawas Advocate, March 20, 1863; Wooster Republican, May 7, 1863; Stark County Republican, March 26, 1863; “Another Soldier’s Opinion of Copperheads,” Stark County Republican, March 26, 1863; see also The Bivouac 3, no. 9 (September 1885): 343.
27.Perrin, History of Stark County, 205–6; Marc R. Warner, “H
istory of the Stark County Courthouse,” http://www.starkcountyohio.gov/StarkCounty/media/Common-Pleas/History-of-the-Courthouse.pdf [accessed December 13, 2017]; David Tod to William H. Seward, July 29, 1862, in “Appendix,” Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio for the Second Session of the Fifty-Fifth General Assembly, 7; Bryon C. Andreasen, “Lincoln’s Religious Critics: Copperhead Christian Reactions to the President and the War,” in Daniel M. McDonough and Kenneth W. Noe, eds., Politics and Culture of the Civil War Era: Essays in Honor of Robert W. Johannsen (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2006), 200; Edson Baldwin Olds, Arbitrary Arrests: Speech of Hon. Edson B. Olds, For Which He Was Arrested, And His Reception Speeches on his Return from The Bastille (Circleville, OH: n.p., 1862).
28.“The Copper-Head Meeting—Speech of Dr. Olds,” Stark County Republican, March 6, 1863.
29.“The Copperhead Meeting Winds Up in a Fight,” Stark County Republican, March 6, 1863.
30.Roseboom, The History of the State of Ohio, 4:409–10; Thomas H. Smith, “Crawford County ‘Ez Trooly Dimecratic’: A Study of Midwestern Copperheadism,” Ohio History 76, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 1967): 45; Wayne Jordan, “The Hoskinsville Rebellion,” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 47, no. 1 (January 1938): 320, 330, 332; Klement, The Limits of Dissent, 143; Joseph Allan Frank, With Ballot and Bayonet: The Political Socialization of American Civil War Soldiers, 180; Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863; “Stark County Sound As a Butternut,” Stark County Democrat, April 15, 1863.
31.Klement, The Copperheads in the Middle West, 118; Andrew Harris to Friend Lough, March 25, 1863, Andrew Harris Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, OHC; Stark County Republican, February 26, 1863; Hennessy, “Evangelizing for Union, 1863.”
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