36.“From the 107th Ohio,” Wooster Republican, May 28, 1863; George Templeton Strong diary, May 5, 1863.
37.Stark County Republican, May 28, 1863.
38.John W. Black to dear father, May 31, 1863, Bound Volume 197, FSNMP; William O. Dauchy letter, May 31, 1863, Bound Volume 479, FSNMP; “From the 107th Regt.,” Sandusky Register, May 11, 1863.
CHAPTER 5: “HEAPING UPON US . . . IGNOMINY AND SHAME”
1.The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Eleventh Army Corps (New York: G. B. Teubner, Printer, 1863), 9; Robert E. Wright and George David Smith, Mutually Beneficial: The Guardian and Life Insurance in America (New York and London: New York University Press, 2004), 27.
2.The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Eleventh Army Corps, 9; “The German Soldiers at the Battle of Chancellorsville,” New York Herald, June 3, 1863; Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
3.The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Eleventh Army Corps, 7; New York Herald, June 3, 1863; “The German Troops in the 11th Corps,” Sandusky Register, June 6, 1863; on Kapp, see Daniel Moran and Arthur Waldron, eds., The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 91.
4.Friedrich Kapp and Charles Goepp, as quoted in The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Eleventh Army Corps, 25–26, 19–20; on Goepp, see Julius Goebel, Deutsch-amerikanische Geschichtsblätter (Chicago: German-American Historical Society of Illinois, 1913), 12:479–480.
5.William H. Warren Memoir, in MS 619: Civil War Manuscripts Collection, Series I, Box 24, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale; Erastus Fouch Diary, May 16, 1863, Bound Volume 229, FSNMP; 107th Ohio Descriptive Books, vol. 1, RG 94, NA; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 77; Sandusky Register, May 23, 1863; Stark County Republican, June 4, 1863; Stark County Republican, June 18, 1863; “Wounded Ohio Soldiers in Washington Hospital,” Cleveland Morning Leader, May 15, 1863.
6.See the various Special Orders in RG 313, pt. 2, entry 5367, General and Special Orders, May 1863–February 1864, NA.
7.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 77; Henry Blakeman, letter, May 22, 1863, Bound Volume 105, FSNMP; Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 7–8. Seraphim Meyer reported that upon his return to the regiment, he found “great discontent and complaints in the regiment” with respect to the allegedly “harsh and severe treatment” doled out by these new officers. See Seraphim Meyer to Theodore Meysenburg, July 14, 1863, Seraphim Meyer Compiled Service Record, RG 94, NA.
8.Carl Schurz to Oliver O. Howard, June 17, 1863, in RG 393, entry 5315: Register of Letters Received, January 1863–April 1864, NA; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 79–80; Compiled Records Showing Service of Military Units in Volunteer Union Organizations, microfilm M594, reel 158, NA; Howard, Autobiography, 1:390–91; Richard Magee Diary, June 12–June 30, 1863, RG 69:163, Connecticut State Library; Silas Shuler to Asa Shuler, July 16, 1863, in Pennsylvania Folklife 29, no. 3 (Spring 1980), 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, Gettysburg National Military Park Library.
9.OR. On the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania, see Allen C. Guelzo, Gettysburg: The Last Invasion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), and Jason Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign” (PhD diss., Texas Christian University, 2008).
10.On the fight at Winchester, see Eric J. Wittenberg and Scott L. Mingus, Sr., The Second Battle of Winchester: The Confederate Victory That Opened the Door to Gettysburg (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016); Guelzo, Gettysburg, 71; David Schley Schaff, The Life of Philip Schaff: In Part Autobiographical (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1897), 214.
11.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 84.
12.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 85–86; Alfred E. Lee, “Reminiscences of the Gettysburg Battle,” Lippincott’s Magazine 6 (July 1883): 54; Oliver Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876): 52; Thompson, “From Chancellorsville to Gettysburg: A Doctor’s Diary,” 311; James Montgomery Bailey, “Under Guard or Sunny Slices in the South,” Danbury Times, September 17, 1863; Richard Magee Diary, June 29–June 30, 1863, RG 69:163, Connecticut State Library, Hartford; J. Henry Blakeman to his dear mother, June 27, 1863, in Lewis Leigh Collection, Box 21, Folder 33, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. See also Eric Burke, “Facing the Enemy: The Crucible of Combat Forged Unique Unit Cultures Within Civil War Regiments,” Civil War Times Illustrated (June 2019): 30–38.
13.Vanderslice, Gettysburg, Then and Now, 43.
14.Hess, Lee’s Tar-Heels, 115–17.
15.Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 52–53; Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg—The First Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 48–49; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 162; William Henry Warren, “The Battle of Gettysburg, As Seen By the Writer, Wednesday, July 1st, 1863,” 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, Gettysburg National Military Park Library.
16.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 86; Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign, 278; RG 313, pt. 2, entry 5367, NA; William H. Warren Diary, July 1, 1863, Civil War Manuscripts Collection, Group 619, Series I, Box 24, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale; Lee, “Reminiscences of the Gettysburg Battle,” 55.
17.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 86; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 54; Pfanz, Gettysburg—The First Day, 137.
18.Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 54; OR, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 701.
19.A. Wilson Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill: O. O. Howard and Eleventh Corps Leadership,” in Gallagher, The First Day at Gettysburg, 70; OR, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 727; Edward N. Whittier, in Civil War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Massachusetts, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Reprint ed., Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1993), 1:75; Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 33; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 76–77; Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 5.
20.Lee, “Reminiscences of the Gettysburg Battle,” 55; Warren, “The Battle of Gettysburg, As Seen By the Writer,” 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, Gettysburg National Military Park; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 1801–181; Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 37; OR, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 229; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 209; Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill,” 74; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment, 68; see also William B. Southerton Memoir, MS 3177, OHC.
21.OR, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 727; “Historical Significance of Adams County Poor Farm Lands, Tracts 02–138 and 02–139,” and Edward Roach, “Maintaining the Poor: An Introduction to the Almshouse and Public Relief in Adams County, Pennsylvania, 1817–1968,” Adams County Almshouse Vertical File, 9–20a, Gettysburg National Military Park; “Adams County Almshouse,” http://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php/Adams_County_Almshouse.
22.William Henry Warren, ‘The Great Rebellion: A History of the 17th Conn. Vol. Infantry,” vol. 2, in Civil War Manuscripts Collection, MS 619: Civil War Manuscripts Collection, Series I, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale; Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 40; William H. Warren Scrapbook, in Civil War Manuscripts Collection, Series I, Box 26, Yale; Carol Reardon and Tom Vossler, A Field Guide to Gettysburg: Experiencing the Battlefield Through Its History, Places, and People (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 104; OR, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 727; New York Monuments Commission, Final Report of the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, Printers, 1902), 1:19–20; National Tribune, March 19, 1885.
23.Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 8–9; Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 40; OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 727–29; Pfanz, Gettysburg—The First Day, 232; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 78; OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 719; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 56. The 41st New York was likewise attached to von Gilsa’s brigade, though on July 1 it remai
ned behind in Emmitsburg, Maryland, on a guard duty.
24.Campbell Brown, as quoted in Jones, Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 208–9; Joseph T. Butts, ed., A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto Baron Von Fritsch (New York and London: F. Tennyson Neely, 1902), 75–76; Bradley M. Gottfried, The Artillery of Gettysburg (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2008), 66.
25.Ibid.; Fritz Nussbaum, as quoted in Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 225; Ralph Lowell Eckert, John Brown Gordon: Soldier, Southerner, American (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 2, 35–36; Robert Stiles, Four Years Under Marse Robert (New York and Washington: Neale Publishing, 1910), 210–11; OR, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 492; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 285.
26.Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment, 78; J. Clyde Miller to John B. Bachelder, March 2, 1884, in David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd, eds., The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg in Their Own Words. 3 vols. (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Books, 1994), 2: 1025–26; Butts, A Gallant Captain, 75; William Henry Mayo Diary, July 1, 1863, in Mayo Family Papers, Box 1, Huntington Library.
27.Henry W. Thomas, History of the Doles-Cook Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia (Atlanta: Franklin Printing & Publishing Company, 1903), 8–9; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 184–85; Bradley M. Gottfried, The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3–July 13, 1863 (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2007), 124–25; Noble, The Seventeenth Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion, 2.
28.OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 712–13; Andrew L. Harris to John B. Bachelder, March 14, 1881, in Ladd and Ladd, The Bachelder Papers, 2:742–44; J. Henry Blakeman to his dear Mother, July 21, 1863, in Lewis Leigh Collection, Box 21, Folder 33, United States Army Heritage & Education Center; Butts, ed., A Gallant Captain, 75; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment, 213–14; Jones, Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 209; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 183; Ames, as quoted in Seraphim Meyer Court Martial Records, RG 153, NA; G. W. Nichols [61st Georgia], as quoted in Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 44; Sears, 213–14. See also lecture, n.d., by Augustus Choate Hamlin, in Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection, MS 1084 (1053), Houghton Library
29.Seraphim Meyer Court Martial Records, RG 153, NA; William H. Warren Memoir, 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP.
30.Seraphim Meyer Court Martial Records, RG 153, NA; William H. Warren Memoir, 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP; Henry Chase, ed., Representative Men of Maine (Portland: Lakeside Press, 1893), 231; Andrew Harris to John B. Bachelder, March 14, 1881, Bachelder Papers, 2:742–44; Mahlon Slutz Reminiscences, Indiana State Library.
31.William B. Southerton Memoir, William B. Southerton Papers, MS 3177, OHC; Andrew Harris to John B. Bachelder, March 14, 1881, Bachelder Papers, 2:742–44; “Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863,” 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP; John Henry Ahrens Diary, in 75th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP.
32.James Montgomery Bailey, “Slice Second,” 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP; J. Henry Blakeman to dear mother, July 21, 1863, Lewis Leigh Collection, Box 21, Folder 33, United States Army Heritage & Education Center; OR, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 492; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 78; Jere Williams to John Bachelder, June 18, 1880, Licensed Battlefield Guide Files, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, GNMP; Andrew Harris speech, Andrew Linton Harris Papers, Box 1, Folder 3, OHC; Jacob Boroway to his brother, July 10, 1863, in Raynors’ Historical Collectible Auction Catalog, HCA 2014-08, lot no. 362, http://www.hcaauctions.com/lot–36565.aspx.
33.“Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863,” in 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Vertical File, GNMP; see also Hartwig, “The Unlucky 11th,” 49.
34.Seraphim Meyer Court Martial Records, RG 153, NA; National Tribune, April 23, 1885; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 88; Augustus Vignos to J. B. Bachelder, April 17, 1864, Bachelder Papers, 1:155.
35.Southerton, “What We Did There, Or, Swamp Angel,” OHC; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 58; Howard, Autobiography, 1:418; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 88.
36.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 88–89.
37.Ibid.
38.Ibid.; Howard, Autobiography, 1:419; Fritz Nussbaum, as quoted in Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 225.
39.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 88, 226; Seraphim Meyer Court Martial Records, RG 153, NA; Howard, Autobiography, 1:419; “From the 25th Ohio,” National Tribune, June 4, 1885.
40.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 90; George Billow Pension File, RG 15, NA; Andrew L. Harris to John Bachelder, March 14, 1881, Bachelder Papers, 2:748; Peter F. Young to John Bachelder, August 12, 1867, Bachelder Papers, 1:311; Mahlon Slutz Reminiscences, Indiana State Library; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty Third Regiment, 85; E. C. Culp to my dear Lucy, July 5, 1863, Thomas J. Edwards Collection, Box 1, Folder 2, BGSU; 107th Ohio Regimental Order Books, RG 94, NA. Fritz Nussbaum supposed that there were “only about one hundred men” drawn up behind the fence on East Cemetery Hill, but the numbers he provides elsewhere are unreliable. Nussbaum, as quoted in Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 225–26. On injuries among the rank and file, see also Busey and Martin, The Last Full Measure, 104–5.
CHAPTER 6: “ALL THAT MORTAL[S] COULD DO”
1.Gallagher, The Second Day at Gettysburg, 189n47; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 93; William Seymour, as quoted in Jones, Cemetery Hill, 53; Stephen A. Wallace Diary, July 2, 1863, Licensed Battlefield Guide Files, 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, GNMP; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 83.
2.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 98; OR, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 446; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 63; Archer, East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg, 15; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 83. For a provocative analysis of temporality in Civil War America, see Cheryl Wells, Civil War Time: Temporality and Identity in America, 1861–1865 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005).
3.OR, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 543–44; Cyrus Kingsbury Remington, A Record of Battery I, First N.Y. Light Artillery Vols., Otherwise Known As Wiedrich’s Battery during the War of the Rebellion, 1861–’65 (Buffalo: Press of the Courier Company, 1891), 19; William Seymour, typescript manuscript, Licensed Battlefield Guide File for “Hays’ Brigade, Early’s Division, Second Corps,” GNMP; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 63; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 98; Butts, A Gallant Captain, 84; Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861–1865 (Reprint ed., Gettysburg: Stan Clark Military Books, 1962), 242–43; Jones, Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 216–17; William Henry Mayo Diary, July 2, 1863, Mayo Family Papers, Box 1, Huntington Library; Silas Schuler to Asa Schuler, July 16, 1863, in William T. Parsons and Mary Shuler Heimburger, ed., “Shuler Family Correspondence,” Pennsylvania Folklife 29, no. 3 (Spring 1980): 112; Albert Peck [17th Connecticut], as quoted in Archer, East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg, 26–27, 29–30; Theodore Ayrault Dodge, as quoted in Thomas L. Elmore, “The Whistle and Hiss of The Iron: The Effects of Artillery Fire on Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 5 (July 1991): 121; Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:28.
4.Archer, East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg, 26, 30; OR, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 446–47, 544; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 338; Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle, 243; Whittier, “The Left Attack (Ewell’s) at Gettysburg, 1:79.
5.OR, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 447, 480, 504; William Henry Mayo Diary, July 2, 1863, Mayo Family Papers, Box 1, Huntington Library; Terry L. Jones, Lee’s Tigers Revisited: The Louisiana Infantry in the Army of Northern Virginia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017), 272–77, 378; J. W. Jackson as quoted in Gottfried, The Maps of Gettysburg, 218; Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr., Guide to Louisiana Confederate Military Units, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 90–91; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 286; Guelzo, Gettysburg, 339; Whittier, “The Left Attack (Ewell’s) at Gettysburg,” 1:77; Kiefer, His
tory of the One Hundred Fifty Third Regiment, 219–20.
6.Kiefer, History of the One Hundred Fifty Third Regiment, 219–20; Parsons and Heimburger, “Shuler Family Correspondence,” 112; Butts, A Gallant Captain, 84; Nevins, A Diary of Battle, 245; J. W. Jackson as quoted in Merle Reed, ed., “The Gettysburg Campaign—A Louisiana Lieutenant’s Eye-Witness Account,” Pennsylvania History 30 (April 1963): 189.
7.Andrew L. Harris to John Bachelder, March 14, 1881, Bachelder Papers, 2:744–745; OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 706.
8.Bachelder Papers, 2:746; Whittier, “The Left Attack (Ewell’s) at Gettysburg,” 1:90; OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 715, 718; Charles P. Hamblen and Walter Powell, eds., Connecticut Yankees at Gettysburg (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993), 55; OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 480; Harris to John Bachelder, April 7, 1864, Bachelder Papers, 1:138–139.
9.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 101; Nevins, A Diary of Battle, 245; Thomas E. Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg: A Morganton Confederate Veteran Tells of the Charge,” Southern Historical Society Papers 29 (1901): 339–41; Nussbaum, as quoted in Camps and Campaigns, 225–26; Parsons and Heimburger, ed., “Shuler Family Correspondence,” 112; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 79; E. C. Culp to my dear Lucy, July 5, 1863, Thomas J. Edwards Collection, Box 1, Folder 2, BGSU; Southerton, “What We Did There, Or, Swamp Angel,” typescript manuscript, VFM 3177, OHC.
10.OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 718, 720, 731; Whittier, “The Left (Ewell’s) Attack at Gettysburg,” 90; Ohioan, as quoted in Jones, Lee’s Tigers Revisited, 280; Andrew Harris to John B. Bachelder, March 14, 1881, Bachelder Papers, 2:745–46; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty Third Regiment, 87; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 101; Parsons and Heimburger, ed., “Shuler Family Correspondence,” 112; J. W. Jackson, as quoted in Reed, ed., “The Gettysburg Campaign,” 189; “From the 11th Army Corps,” Norwalk Reflector, July 21, 1863.
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