Manchurian Incident, 168–69
military authority of, 193–94
Okinawa defenses, 242, 248
Pearl Harbor operation, 220, 221
Second Shanghai Incident, 195
surrender, 251
and Tōjō Hideki, 219–20, 234
wartime mobilization role, 198, 200
Yichang operation, 210
Zhang Zuolin affair, 165–66
Hirose Takeo, 121
Hirota Kōki, 187
China policy, 185, 190
imperial defense policy, 183–84
Hitler, Adolf, 200, 216
Hokkaidō Colonization Office, 51, 53
homeland defense, 241, 246, 248, 249–50
Homma Masaharu, 223, 224
Honjō Shigeru, 168, 290n20
human bullets, 104, 105, 121, 172
Hundred Regiments Offensive, 213–14
Ichigo operation, 244–45
Ichiji Kōsuke, 111, 284n73
Ichiji Masaharu, 16, 17
Ichiki Kiyonao, 229
Ichiwara Shinichirō, 104
IGHQ. See imperial general headquarters
Iguchi Shōgo, 101
Imamura Hitoshi, 225
imperial bodyguard, 10
imperial conferences, 199, 213
1894, 80
June 1903, 101
February 1904, 102
January 11, 1938, 199
November 30, 1938, 203
July 2, 1941, 217
September 6, 1941, 219–20
November 5, 1941, 220
September 30, 1943, 232
June 8, 1945, 249
June 22, 1945, 250
August 9, 1945, 251
imperial defense policy, 132, 287n50
1907, 126–27, 255
1918, 137–40
1923, 150–51
1936, 181–84
lack of civilian participation, 127, 183–84
no unified strategic focus, 128, 150–51, 156–57
imperial general headquarters (IGHQ), 77, 109, 115, 118, 195, 201, 207, 219, 260, 300n50
abandons strategic offensive, 232
absolute defense zone, 232
assessment of western allies, 226
Attu, 231
authorized by emperor, 77
cancels F-S operation, 228
Changkuofeng, 201–2
China Incident, 192–93, 197–98
civilian participation, 80, 102–3, 192
command and control issues, 89, 107–8
decisive battle of the homeland (1945), 246, 249
disbanded by SCAP, 261
Guadalcanal, 229–30
Imphal operation, 235–37
June 8, 1945, imperial conference, 249
Kwantung Army Special Maneuvers, 217
limits ground operations in China, 198, 203
membership, 193
Okinawa, 247–48
Port Arthur operation
Russo-Japanese War, 102–3, 104, 108, 111, 113–14
Sino-Japanese War, 80–81, 84, 87
Shō operation, 240–41, 243
surrender, 251
troop strength in China, 243
Yichang operation, 209
imperial general headquarters—government liaison conferences, 193–94, 211
June 25, 1940, 216–17
November 1, 1941, 220–21
March 7, 1942, 226
See also liaison conferences
imperial general headquarters imperial conferences, 193–94, 198, 230
Imperial Guard, 22, 28, 32, 34, 39, 49, 50, 68, 74, 75
disrupted by Korea crisis, 35–36
dissatisfaction in ranks, 47–48, 51
established, 23–24
mission, 24
reforms, 51
Satsuma Rebellion, 40–41, 44
See also TakebashiIncident
imperial institution
arbitrates military policy differences, 254
army’s special relationship, 38, 48, 52, 73
Boshin War, 10
general staff college, 50
kokutai, 161
legitimizes army’s authority, 7, 31, 34, 134, 161, 254
protected from war responsibility, 219
supreme commander, 49, 65, 75
Imperial Rescript of 1872, 31
Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, 52
Imperial Reservist Association, 136, 189
imperial way faction (kodo ha), 176–77, 179
Imphal operation, 235–38
independence of supreme command, 38, 78, 127
general staff, 49
in Meiji Constitution, 65
origin, 37
Siberian expedition controversy, 143
Indian National Army, 236
infantry, 132–33
Infantry Manual, 57, 59
1891, 76
1898, 86, 132
1909, 133
1928, 158
revision of, 132–33
Inoue Junnosuke, 173
Inoue Kaoru, 55, 56
Inoue Nishhō, 174, 292n40
inspector general, 48
inspector general of military education, 62–63, 64
Institutional Research Committee, 152
International Red Cross, 120
interservice rivalry, 64–65, 76–77, 126, 211, 237, 255
Asia-Pacific War strategy, 226, 231–32
imperial defense policy divided objectives, 127, 139, 182–84
imperial general headquarters (1904), 100
imperial general headquarters (1937), 192
naval general staff, 76
Russo-Japanese War, 101
Sino-Japanese War, 80
southern advance, 219–21
See also imperial defense policy
Inukai Ki, 170–71, 174, 274n24
Ishihara Sadakichi, 253
Ishii Shirō, 261
Ishimoto Shinroku, 103
Ishiwara Kanji, 186, 257
China policy, 190
drafts 1936 national defense plan, 183–85
Manchurian Incident conspirator, 166, 168–69
prepares rearmament plan, 185–86, 187
revision of imperial defense policy, 182–83
Itagaki Seishirō, 207
Changkuofeng, 202
Manchurian Incident conspirator, 166, 168–69
provokes First Shanghai Incident, 171
Itagaki Taisuke, 16, 17, 21–22, 40
Korea crisis 1873, 22, 35
Itō Hirobumi, 3, 63, 92, 271n24
civilian control of military, 88
favors small army, 55–56
Port Arthur massacre, 87
Russo-Japanese War, 104
Sino-Japanese War strategy, 79–80
Yamagata’s recall, 90
Iwakura Mission, 22, 271n31
Iwakura Tomomi, 14, 22, 23, 54
Iwo Jima, battle of, 246, 252, 258
Japan-USSR Neitrality Pact, 216
Java Sea, battle of, 225
Jimpuren uprising, 38, 39
Jinan incident, 164
Jingo incident, 53
joint general staff, 64, 77
Jomini, Antoine Henri de, 28
Kaikōsha, 71
kamikaze, 248, 258. See also suicide; suicide tactics
Kanaya Hanzō, 175
Kan’in, Prince, 175, 177, 183, 210, 213
Changkuofeng, 202
China Incident, 191
Katō Kanji, 150
Katō Tomosaburō, 141
Katsura Tarō, 22, 129, 131, 253
advocate of Prussian doctrine, 58
and army expansion, 55
centralized command, 113
division reorganization, 54
independent general staff, 49
reorganization of superintendency, 61–62
Russo-Japanese War role, 101, 104, 109
Kawabe Masakazu, 235, 238, 299n34
&n
bsp; Kawakami Sōroku, 22, 58
China war plans, 78, 79, 81
favors larger army, 55
opposes creation of naval general staff, 100
opposes Getsuyōkai, 66
questions railroad construction plans, 72
Kawamura Sumiyoshi, 41, 42, 45
KawashimaYoshiyuki,171
Ketsu-go operation, 245–46
Kido Kōin, 6, 14, 21, 23
KigoshiYasutsuna,131
kiheitai, 10, 15
disbanded, 22
first and second Chōshū expeditions, 4–6
Forbidden Gate incident, 3, 4
participation in uprisings, 21, 22–23
tactics, 5–6
See also Ōmura Masujirō; Takasugi Shinsaku
Kirino Toshiaki, 9, 14, 40, 45, 46
Kiri operation, 209
Kita Ikki, 170, 180
Kitashirakawa, Prince, 91
Kiyoura Keigo, 149
Kobayashi Junichirō, 148
Kodama Gentarō, 22, 186
assists Nogi, 117–18
emphasizes spiritual education, 61
Port Arthur, 114
post–Russo-Japanese War force structure, 126, 132, 274n21, 282n15
Provisional System to Study Military Systems, 62
Russo-Japanese War, 101–2, 104, 109, 113
shell shortages, 117
and Yamagata’s recall, 90
Kohima, battle of, 237
Koiso Kuniaki, 139, 154, 164, 249, 257
establishes Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, 240
identifies China as vital interest, 139
March 1931 incident, 167
kokutai, 133, 136, 161
Kōmei, Emperor of Japan (1846–1867), 1, 2, 7, 269n16
Kōmoto Daisuke, 164–65, 166
Konoe Fumimaro, 181, 187, 194, 200, 216
China policy, 192, 199, 219
German alliance, 213
imperial general headquarters, 192
national policy, 210–11
New Order in East Asia, 203
Kon operation, 239
Korea, 84, 96
Crisis of 1873, 35–36, 39
as vital Japanese interest, 53, 91–92
Korea Army, 166, 169, 202
Kuga Noboru, 173
kunrentai, 91
Kuribayashi Tadamichi, 246
Kuroda Kiyotaka, 21, 23, 271n24
Nagaoka campaign, 16
Satsuma Rebellion, 41–44
tondenhei system, 19
Kuroki Tamemoto, 111–12
Kwantung Army, 143, 182, 188, 196, 201, 250
established, 124
Manchurian Incident, 168–69, 171
Nomonhan, 203–5
shift to defensive strategy, 250
Special Maneuvers, 217–18
Suiyuan incident, 191
USSR entry into war against Japan, 250
Zhang Zuolin affair, 164–65
Kwantung Army Special Maneuvers, 217–18, 297n72
League of Nations, 169, 171, 182
lessons learned
Pacific War, 241–42
Russo-Japanese War, 122, 132–33
Sino-Japanese War, 86
Leyte, battle of, 243
liaison conferences
July 19 1941, 211
November 1, 1941, 220
November 20, 1941, 221
March 7, 1942, 226
organization for China Incident, 193
See also Supreme Council for the Direction of the War
Liaoyang, battle of, 105, 117
line of interests, 74–75
line of sovereignty, 74–75
logistics, 206, 238, 258, 284n58
army’s disdain for, 60, 116
in Boshin Civil War, 11, 17
breakdowns in China, 132, 195, 201, 203, 227, 244
Imphal, 235–36
Meckel slights, 59
at Qingdao, 137
reliance on railroads, 195
in Russo-Japanese War, 109, 115–17
Satsuma Rebellion, 40
Siberian Expedition, 144
Sino-Japanese War, 83–85, 89–90
staff college ignores, 59, 116
World War II, 229–30, 236, 238
London naval treaty, 167
losses, Chinese, 245
losses, Japanese
Boshin Civil War, 15, 18
Boxer Rebellion, 99
Changkuofeng, 202
China, 173, 245
Choshu uprising, 23
First Shanghai Incident, 173
Manchuria, 176, 251
Nomonhan, 205
Qingdao, 137
Russo-Japanese War, 103, 104, 108–9, 114–15, 118, 119, 284–85n75
Saga revolt, 37
Satsuma Rebellion, 43
Siberia, 144
Sino-Japanese War, 86, 281n68
Taiwan, 38, 91
World War II, 231, 233, 238, 246, 248
Ludendorff, Eric von, 155
MacArthur, Douglas, 223–24, 238–39, 243
Maebara Issei, 3, 21
leads Hagi revolt, 38–39
Malaya campaign, 223
Makino Nobuaki, 142
Manchurian Army, 105, 109, 112–13
Manchurian Incident, 166, 168–69, 182, 256, 290–91n20
maneuvers, 75, 159
counter-amphibious in 1891, 57, 75
March incident, 167–68, 170, 178, 181
Marco Polo Bridge incident, 191, 235
Matsui Iwane, 195–96
Matsukata Masayoshi, 54
Matsukata Toshitane, 112
MatsuokaYōsuke, 211
announces Manchurian life-line, 168
concludes Neutrality Pact with USSR, 215–16
May 15, 1932, incident, 174, 179, 181
Mazaki Jinsaburō, 154, 175, 177
February 26, 1936, incident, 181
incites junior officers, 178
Meckel, K. W. Jakob, 58, 60, 74, 76
advises on superintendency reforms, 61–62
contributions to Japanese military education, 58–59
counter-amphibious doctrine, 75
personality, 58
philosophy of warfare, 59
railroad planning, 72
standardizes training, 59
Meiji, Emperor of Japan (1867–1912), 7, 15, 37, 51, 79, 80, 93, 279n21
approves naval general staff, 77
army expansion, 54, 56
attends maneuvers, 75
close relations with army, 31–32
declared living god, 31
donations for coastal defense, 56
donations to army, 23
imperial defense policy (1907), 126–27
imperial general headquarters, 79
inspector general reforms, 63
inter-service rivalry, 76
presides at military ceremonies, 32, 122
promotes social change, 32–33
rejects proposals for civilian control of army, 128–29, 130
restoration of, 7
Russo-Japanese War, 102, 107, 108, 113, 117
Satsuma Rebellion, 40, 41, 43
wartime role, 80
Yamagata recall, 90
Yasukuni Shrine, 122
Meiji Constitution, 65, 254
Meiji Restoration, 255
Midway, battle of, 227, 228, 252
military academy, 25–26, 32, 116, 275n10, 289n47
characteristics of cadets, 25–26, 139
curriculum, 25
expansion, 94
French influence, 27
German reforms, 61
purpose, 26
Military Affairs Cooperative Committee, 142
military affairs directorate, 10–11, 20
military affairs ministry, 20, 28
Military Board of Councilors, 151, 153
military branch, 10
military budgets, 55, 71, 78, 130, 141, 145
&
nbsp; in 1882, 53
in 1885, 56
in 1936, 185–86
army demands, 128
army-navy competition for, 127, 139, 186
China Incident, 200
Diet opposition, 186
Hara Kei, 129, 141
post–Sino-Japanese war, 95–96
Satsuma Rebellion costs, 46, 47
military department (1869–1873), 21, 23, 24, 31
Minami Jirō, 154, 168, 175
Minseito political party, 167
Miura Gorō, 44, 50, 56, 253, 275–76n15, 281n76
against reform of inspector general, 62–63
conscription, 29
critical of Satsuma-Chōshū hegemony, 65–66
dismisses Russian threat, 70–71
Getsuyōkai, 66
Hokkaido Colonization Office affair, 51
leads counter-coup in Korea, 91–92
opposes large army, 53, 55–56
opposes Prussian-style reforms, 58
mobilization, 75, 139, 216
China Incident, 198–200
of home front, 199–200
Kwantung Army Special Exercises, 217–18
National General Mobilization Law, 200
reserve mobilization in Russo-Japanese War, 115
in Sino-Japanese War, 81
in World War II, 232–33
Moltke, Helmut von, 58
Mukden, battle of, 108–9, 118–19
Mukden incident. See Manchurian Incident
Murata Tsuneyoshi, 28, 74, 94
Mussolini, Benito, 200
Mutaguchi Renya, 191, 259, 299n34
Imphal operation, 235–38
Mutsuhito. See Meiji, Emperor of Japan
Mutsu Munemitsu, 79, 80, 93
and Port Arthur massacre, 86–87
Myitkyina, battle of, 236, 238, 244
Nagano Osami, 220, 229
Nagaoka Gaishi, 112, 113, 133
Nagata Tetsuzan, 166, 257
assassinated, 179
Baden-Baden meeting, 155
blocks Chōshū candidates from staff college, 155–56
control faction, 177–78
naimuhan, 33
Nanjing massacre, 197
Nanshan, battle of, 103–4, 113
National Defense Council, 55
National General Mobilization Law, 200
naval general staff, 64, 65, 77, 101, 222
navy
abandons decisive fleet engagement strategy, 230–31
co-equal with army, 124
decisive fleet engagement doctrine, 222
demands army take Port Arthur, 114, 117
Guadalcanal, 228–29
Indian Ocean operations, 225
insists on holding Central Pacific Front, 231–32
over-extension in Pacific War, 222, 224, 226–27
popularity after Russo-Japanese War, 123, 126
protection of sea lanes, 211
Sino-Japanese War, 83
southern advance strategy, 210, 216, 218
strategic differences with army, 151
navy ministry, 65, 261
NCO. See non-commissioned officer
Neutrality Pact (Japan and USSR), 216
Nikolaevsk massacre, 144
Nineteenth Route Army (China), 171, 173
Ninnaji, Prince (Yoshiaki), 20, 37, 38, 270n21
Japan's Imperial Army Page 49