by Naomi Wolf
266 Any kind of experiment: Ibid., p. 294.
266 “The doctor . . .”: Relevant to the discussion, the reader is reminded of the Oath of Hippocrates. It reads:
I swear by Apollo Physician, by Asclepius, by Health, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture. . . . I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury or wrongdoing. . . . I will keep pure and holy both in my life and my art. In whatsoever house I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrongdoing and harm. . . . now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain forever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I transgress it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me.
265 “These people are already dead”: Attributed to Nazi doctor Karl Bunding, quoted in ibid., p. 47.
265 The Reich Committee: Ibid., p. 70.
265 Liberating therapy for the race: Ibid., p. 26.
265 Trivialization: Ibid., p. 57.
265 Expansion of categories: Ibid., p. 56. “Excessive zeal” was widespread, excused as a product of “the idealism of the time.”
265 Life unworthy of life: Ibid., p. 302.
266 The doctor . . . very dangerous: Ibid., p. 430.
266 Cosmopolitan: Catherine Houck, “The Rise and Fall and Rise of the Bosom,” Cosmopolitan, June 1989.
266 Every popular model: Dr. Steven Herman, quoted in Glamour, September 1987.
267 Miss America: Ellen Goodman, “Misled America: The Pageant Gets Phonier,” Stockton (Calif.) Record, September 19, 1989.
267 Artificial placenta: Jalna Hammer and Pat Allen, “Reproductive Engineering: The Final Solution?,” in Alice Through the Microscope, op. cit., p. 221. Also being researched are an artificial skin, and a pill that manipulates the pituitary gland to promote height.
267 Grossman: Edward Grossman, quoted in Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 210, lists the “benefits” that will accrue from an artificial placenta. Grossman reports that the Chinese and Russians are both interested in the artificial placenta.
267 Moving into an era: Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 211.
267 Gestate their white babies: Lecture, Catharine A. MacKinnon, Yale University Law School, April 1989. In 1990, a custody suit was brought for an infant carried to term in a genetically unrelated “rented” uterus.
268 To predetermine sex: Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 215.
268 Passivity and beauty: Ibid., p. 213.
268 Psychotropic drugs: Oakley, op. cit., p. 232.
268 Valium: Ruth Sidel, Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 144.
268 Tranquilizers: Debbie Taylor et al., Women: A World Report (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985) p. 46.
268 Amphetamines first appeared in 1938, their dangers unknown. By 1952, 60,000 pounds of them were produced in the United States annually, with doctors prescribing them regularly for weight loss: Roberta Pollack Seid, Never Too Thin: Why Women Are at War with Their Bodies (New York: Prentice Hall, 1989) p. 106.
268 Sedated slimness: John Allman, “The Incredible Shrinking Pill,” The Guardian, September 22, 1989.
Acknowledgments
I own this book to the support of my family: Leonard and Deborah and Aaron Wolfe, Daniel Goleman, Tara Bennet-Goleman, Anasuya Weil and Tom Weil. I’m expecially grateful to my grandmother, Fay Goleman, on whose unflagging encouragement I depended and whose life—as family services pioneer, professor, wife, mother, and early feminist—gives continual inspiration. I’m grateful to Ruth Sullivan, Esther Boner, Lily Rivlin, Michele Landsberg, Joanne Stewart, Florence Lewis, Patricia Pierce, Alan Shoaf, Polly Shulman, Elizabeth Alexander, Rhonda Garelick, Amruta Slee, and Barbara Browning for their vital contributions to my work. Jane Meara and Jim Landis gave their thoughtful editorial attention very generously. Colin Troup was a ready source of comfort, contentiousness, and amusement. And I am indebted to the theorists of femininity of the second wave, without whose struggles with these issues I could not have begun my own.
Bibliography
The Beauty Myth
de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Penguin, 1986. (1949)
Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunuch. London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1985.
Reed, Evelyn. Sexism and Science. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978.
——. Woman’s Evolution: From Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Family. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975.
Russett, Cynthia Eagle. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Stone, Merlin. When God Was a Woman. San Diego: Harvest, 1976.
Walker, Barbara G. The Crone: Woman of Age, Wisdom, and Power. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Work
Anderson, Bonnie S., and Judith P. Zinsser. A History of Their Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present. Vols. I and II. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Cava, Anita. “Taking Judicial Notice of Sexual Stereotyping (Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 109 S. Ct. 1775),” in Arkansas Law Review. Vol. 43 (1990), pp. 27–56.
Cohen, Marcia. The Sisterhood: The Inside Story of the Women’s Movement and the Leaders Who Made It Happen. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1988.
Craft, Christine. Too Old, Too Ugly, and Not Deferential to Men. New York: Dell, 1988.
Eisenstein, Hester. Contemporary Feminist Thought. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1985.
Eisenstein, Zillah R. The Female Body and the Law. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Hearn, Jeff; Deborah L. Sheppard; Peta Tancred-Sheriff; and Gibson Burrell, eds. The Sexuality of Organization. London: Sage Publications, 1989.
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann. A Lesser Life. New York: Warner Books, 1986.
Hochschild, Arlie, with Anne Machung. The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking, 1989.
Kanowitz, Leo. Women and the Law: The Unfinished Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1975.
Lefkowitz, Rochelle, and Ann Withorn, eds. For Crying Out Loud: Women and Poverty in the United States. New York: Pilgrim Press, 1986.
MacKinnon, Catharine A. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
——. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
——. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Miles, Rosalind. The Women’s History of the World. London: Paladin, 1989.
Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. London: Virago, 1985.
Minton, Michael, with Jean Libman Block. What Is a Wife Worth? New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
Molloy, John T. The Woman’s Dress for Success Book. New York: Warner Books, 1977.
Oakley, Ann. Housewife; High Value/Low Cost. London: Penguin, 1987.
Richards, Janet Radcliffe. “The Unadorned Feminist” in The Sceptical Feminist: A Philosophical Enquiry. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1980.
Radford, Mary F. “Beyond Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (109 S. Ct. 1775): A New Approach to Mixed Motive Discrimination” in North Carolina Law Review. Vol. 68 (March 1990), pp. 495–539.
——. “Sex Stereotyping and the Promotion of Women to Positions of Power,” in The Hastings Law Journal. Vol. 41 (March 1990), pp. 471–535.
Rix, Sarah E., ed. The American Woman, 1988–89: A Status Report. New York: W. W. Norton, 1988.
Rowbotham, Sheila. Woman’s Consciousness, Man’s World. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1983.
Sidel, Ruth. Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America. New York: Penguin, 1986.
Swan, Peter N. “Subjective Hiring and Promotion Decisions in the Wake of Ft. Worth (Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 108 S. Ct. 2777), Antonio (Wards Cove Packing Co
., Inc. v. Antonio, 109 S. Ct. 2115) and Price Waterhouse (Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 109 S. Ct. 1775),” in The Journal of College and University Law. Vol. 16 (Spring 1990), pp. 553–72.
Taylor, Debbie et. al. Women: A World Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Tong, Rosemary. Women, Sex, and the Law. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984.
Steinem, Gloria. Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.
Waring, Marilyn. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Religion
Appel, Willa. Cults in America: Programmed for Paradise. New York: Henry Holt, 1983.
Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780–1835. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
——. Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women. New York: Dutton, 1972.
Galanter, Marc, ed. Cults and Religious Movements: A Report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, D.C.: The American Psychiatric Association, 1989.
Halperin, David A., ed. Psychodynamic Perspectives on Religion, Sect and Cult. Boston: J. Wright, PSG, Inc., 1983.
Hassan, Steven. Combating Cult Mind Control. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979.
McKnight, Gerald. The Skin Game: The International Beauty Business Brutally Exposed. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1989.
Culture
Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin Books, 1988.
Brookner, Anita. Look at Me. London: Triad Grafton, 1982.
Chorlton, Penny. Cover-up: Taking the Lid Off the Cosmetics Industry. Wellingborough, England: Grapevine, 1988.
Ferguson, Marjorie. Forever Feminine: Women’s Magazines and the Cult of Femininity. Brookfield, England: Gower, 1985.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. London: Penguin Books, 1982.
——. The Second Stage. New York: Summit Books, 1981.
Gamman, Lorraine, and Margaret Marshment, eds. The Female Gaze: Women as Viewers of Popular Culture. London: The Women’s Press, 1988.
Gay, Peter. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. Volume I: Education of the Senses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
——. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. Volume II: The Tender Passion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Kent, S., and J. Morreau, eds. Women’s Images of Men. New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, 1985.
Lapham, Lewis H. Money and Class in America: Notes on the Civil Religion. London: Picador, 1989.
Oakley, Ann. The Sociology of Housework. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985.
Reich, Wilhelm. The Mass Psychology of Fascism. New York: Penguin Books, 1978.
Root, Jane. Pictures of Women: Sexuality. London: Pandora Press, 1984.
Wilson, Elizabeth, and Lou Taylor. Through the Looking Glass: A History of Dress from 1860 to the Present Day. London: BBC Books, 1989.
Winship, Janice. Inside Women’s Magazines. London: Pandora Press, 1987.
Sex
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975.
Carter, Angela. The Sadean Woman: An Exercise in Cultural History. London: Virago Press, 1987.
Caputi, Jane. The Age of Sex Crime. London: The Women’s Press, Ltd., 1987.
Cassell, Carol. Swept Away: Why Women Fear Their Own Sexuality. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.
Chodorow, Nancy J. Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Cole, Susan G. Pornography and the Sex Crisis. Toronto: Amanita, 1989.
Coward, Rosalind. Female Desire: Women’s Sexuality Today. London: Paladin, 1984.
Crewdson, John. By Silence Betrayed: The Sexual Abuse of Children in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Danica, Elly. Don’t: A Woman’s Word. London: The Women’s Press, 1988.
Dinnerstein, Dorothy. Sexual Arrangements and the Human Malaise. New York: Harper Colophon, 1976.
Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London: The Women’s Press, 1984.
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Deirdre English. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women. New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1979.
——, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs. Re-Making Love: The Feminization of Sex. New York: Anchor/Doubleday 1986.
Estrich, Susan. Real Rape. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Finkelhor, David. Sexually Victimized Children. New York: The Free Press, 1979.
——, and Kersti Yllo. License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives. New York: The Free Press, 1985.
Firestone, Shulamith. The Dialectic of Sex. New York: Bantam, 1971.
Friday, Nancy. My Secret Garden: Women’s Sexual Fantasies. New York: Pocket Books, 1974.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980.
Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.
Hite, Shere. The Hite Report on Female Sexuality. London: Pandora Press, 1989.
Katz, Judy H. No Fairy Godmothers, No Magic Wands: The Healing Process After Rape. Saratoga, Calif.: R&E Publishers, 1984.
Kinsey, A. C.; W. B. Pomeroy; C. E. Martin; and P. H. Gebhard, eds. Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1948.
Minot, Susan. Lust and Other Stories. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
Mitchell, Juliet, and Jacqueline Rose, eds.; Jacques Lacan and The Ecole Freudienne. Feminine Sexuality. London: MacMillan, 1982.
——. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Lang and Women. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
Russell, Diana E. H. The Politics of Rape: The Victim’s Perspective. New York: Stein & Day, 1984.
——. Rape in Marriage. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990.
——. “The Incidence and Prevalence of Intrafamilial and Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Female Children,” in International Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 7 (1983), pp. 133–139.
Snitow, Ann; Christine Stansell; and Sharon Thompson; eds. The Powers of Desire. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.
Suleiman, Susan Rubin. The Female Body in Western Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. Vance, Carol S., ed. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.
Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. New York: Penguin Books, 1982.
Walker, Alice. You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down. San Diego: Harvest, 1988.
Hunger
Atwood, Margaret. The Edible Woman. London: Virago Press, 1989.
Barnett, Rosalind C.; Lois Biener; and Grace K. Baruch, eds. Gender and Stress. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
Bell, Rudolph. Holy Anorexia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Bruch, Hilde; Danita Czyzewski; and Melanie A. Suhr, eds. Conversations with Anorexics. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
——. Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and the Person Within. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.
——. The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa. London: Open Books, 1978.
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs. Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Chernin, Kim. The Hungry Self: Women, Eating and Identity. London: Virago Press, 1986.
——. The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness. New York: Perennial Library, 1981.
Hollander, Ann. Seeing Through Clothes. New York: Penguin, 1988.
Hsu, L. K. George. Eating Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press, 1990.
Jacobus, Mary; Evelyn Fox Keller; and Sally Shuttleworth; eds. Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Scie
nce. New York: Routledge, 1990. See especially, Susan Bordo, “Reading the Slender Body,” pp. 83–112.
Lawrence, Marilyn. The Anorexic Experience. London: The Women’s Press, 1988.
——, ed. Fed Up and Hungry. London: The Women’s Press, 1987.
Orbach, Susie. Fat Is a Feminist Issue. London: Hamlyn, 1979.
——. Hunger Strike: The Anorectic’s Struggle as a Metaphor for our Age. London: Faber and Faber, 1986 (especially pp. 74–95).
Pomeroy, Sarah B. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken Books, 1975.
Pyke, Magnus. Man and Food. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970.
Seid, Roberta Pollack. Never Too Thin: Why Women Are at War with Their Bodies. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
Szekeley, Eva. Never Too Thin. Toronto: The Women’s Press, 1988.
Tolmach Lakoff, Robin, and Raquel L. Scherr. Face Value: The Politics of Beauty. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. San Diego: Harvest/HBJ, 1989.
Violence
Brighton Women and Science Group. Alice Through the Microscope: The Power of Science Over Women’s Lives. London: Virago Press, 1980.
Chesler, Phyllis. Women and Madness. Garden City. N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1972.
Dworkin, Andrea. Letters from a War Zone: Writing 1976–1987. London: Secker & Warburg, 1988.
——. Woman Hating. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1974.
Kappeler, Susanne. The Pornography of Representation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
Karmi, Amnon, ed. Medical Experimentation. Ramat Gan, Israel: Turtledove Publishing, 1978.
Koonz, Claudia. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics. London: Methuen, 1987.
Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution. New York: Virago Press, 1986.