Onggut, 48
Orda: Hungarian campaign, 86, 88, 166; as leader of Blue Horde, 17–18; as son of Batu, 17–18; territory of, 107; Volga region campaign, 81, 96
Orda (horde), defined, 10
Ordaids: collapse of, 263; during Pax Mongolica, 164–165; political stability of, 170; succession struggles, 212; territory of, 99, 100, 127, 166–167, 221; trade competition of, 190–191
Orkhon Valley, 28–29, 32–36
Otrar, 207, 221, 279
Ottomans, 291, 294, 299
Ötükän Mountains, 35
Oyirad, 43, 101, 166, 294
Özbek: and collapse of Ilkhanids, 242–246; descendants of, 268; governance of, 20–21; influence on Russian politics, 225–231; Islamic influence on, 221–223; marriages of, 261, 262; as Muslim, 240; political impacts on trade under, 231–237; rule included purges and reforms, 217–225, 250; treaty with Lithuania, 269
Pachyméres, Georges (historian), 194
Palaiologos, Michael (Byzantine emperor), 138, 152, 153–154, 184–185
pastoralism, 306
Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace), 3, 6, 164, 165–166, 246
Pegolotti, Francesco (trader), 207–209, 246
Plague of Justinian, 251
Plano Carpini. See John of Plano Carpini
pneumonic plague, 253
Poland-Lithuania, 269–270, 286–287, 290–291, 299–300
Polo, Marco, 166–167, 202–203
postmen, 128
property, private, 240–242
psychological warfare, 55, 58, 74
purges, political, 21, 141, 199, 218, 262, 263, 267
Qabul Khan (Mongol ruler), 32–33
Qaidu (Ögödeyid khan), 168–169, 173–178, 190, 191, 209, 212
Qangli, 46, 75
Qara Khitai, 40, 43; destruction of, 49; Muhammad’s involvement in, 50–51; Naiman rebels fled to, 43–45; origins of, 49; use of mercenary armies, 45
Qara-Nogay (Blue Horde leader), 275
Qaraqorum, 36, 108, 118, 122
Qara Qoyunlu, 285
qari söz (steppe epics), 23
Qarluqs, 49
Qasimov City, 302
Qazaqs, 294–295, 306
Qipchaq Khanate, 2
Qipchaqs, 44; Bashman’s guerrilla tactics, 77–80; fur trade routes, 156; in Hungary, 86, 88; integrated into Mongol Empire, 80, 93–94, 130; origins of, 46–47; resistance to Westward campaign, 72–76, 80; as state-avoidant, 47
Qonggirad: chief wives from, 101, 102; and kinship-control rules, 104; secession attempt, 266; and Toqtamish, 278, 281, 283–284; wealth of, 33, 203–204
Qonichi (Ordaid leader), 191–192, 196, 209, 212, 221
Qubilai, 191; as founder of Yuan dynasty, 232; as great khan, 159, 171, 173, 174–178; as military commander, 44; succession struggles, 146, 148
quriltai (assembly): election of Güyük as great khan, 92, 97–98, 99; enthronement rites, 98–99; as governance institution, 40–41; Jochid instances of, 105–106; at Plain of Talas (1269), 174–175; purpose of, 36–38, 41, 63, 116; reconciliation with Toluids (1283), 191; role of elites at, 41; and seasonality considerations, 107–108
Qutluq-Temür (beg), 217–220, 221, 239–240, 266–267
Qutuz (Mamluk sultan), 144–145
Rashīd al-Dīn, 24; on Chinggis’s grief over Jochi’s death, 76–77; on cooperation between Ordaids and Batuids, 171; on generosity of Ögödei, 114–115; on Qonichi, 209; on religious conflict in marriages, 200; on Temüjin’s enthronement, 36–37
redistribution of wealth. See inheritance scheme, of Chinggis Khan; quriltai (assembly)
Red Turbans movement, 258, 272
Roger, Master (archbishop of Split), 86–88, 92
Roman Catholic Church, Franciscan and Dominican friars, 119, 196–197, 202, 213, 232, 308
Romanian Land. See Walachia
Rubruck. See William of Rubruck
Rukn al-Dīn (Seljuq sultan), 151
Russia: alienation ritual in land transactions, 241–242; early Mongol domination in, 136–137; integrated into Mongol Empire, 130–133; Jochid economic influence on, 9, 15; land transactions in, 242; and Mongol exchange, 178–190; nationalist scholarship on the Horde, 13–15; rise of Moscow, 225–231; Stand on the Ugra River, 300, 302; as trade middlemen, 156, 158; united with Qipchaqs against Mongols, 73–76, 80; use of peasant conscripts, 84. See also specific leaders and cities
Russian campaign, 80–85, 85, 131
Russian Orthodox Church: Ivan of Moscow’s relations with, 229–230; tarkhan status of clergy, 14, 16, 181–182; veneration of Dmitrii Donskoi, 271–272
Saladin (Ayyubid ruler), 143
Salji’üdai Güregen (Qonggirad leader), 199–201, 204
salt extraction, 154–155, 188
Salvaygo, Segurano (trader), 232–234
Samarkand, 54
Samoyeds, 170
Saracens. See Islam and Muslims
Sarai, 118–119, 122, 153, 207, 237–239, 264, 268, 281, 300, 308
Saraijuq, 117, 207
Sarqadu-khatun (Jochi’s wife), 102
Sartaq (Jochid prince), 119, 124, 126, 141
Sāsī Buqa (Ordaid ruler), 212
Sayf al-Dīn Bākharzī (shaykh), 159
Sayin Batu. See Batu
Sayyid Atā (Sufi), 267
seasonality, as political instrument, 107–108
Secret History of the Mongols, 37, 43, 44, 80, 132
Seljuq Sultanate, 151, 154, 156
Shiban (Jochid prince), 81
Shibanids, 280–281, 283–284, 288, 292, 293–294
Shigi Qutuqu (Chinggis’s son), 132
Shiji, 305
Shiremün (Ögödeyid prince), 141
Shirvan shah (Caucasian ruler), 261
Shishman, Michael (tsar of Bulgaria), 224
Siberian Road, 190–191, 208–209
siege engines and techniques: based on Chinese technology, 51; constructed on battlefield, 56; engineers for, 49; in Hungarian campaign, 89; improvement of, 142; Mongols known as experts of, 75; rain / mud hindrances, 92; in Russian campaign, 81, 84, 85
Sighnaq, 223, 279, 280, 293
Silk Road, 48, 209, 214, 231–232, 246
silver bars, 172–173, 207
Simeon (grand prince), 257
Simeon Bekbulatovich (Jochid prince), 302
slave trade. See human trafficking
social hierarchy, 31–32
Sofiiskaya Chronicle, 133
Solkhat, 197, 256, 282, 284
Song dynasty, China, 40, 48
spiritual framework, of the Horde: enthronement and burial sites, 117–118; generosity and circulation of resources tied to, 114–116; khans prospered under divine dispensation, 244; of nature, 111, 116–117, 125; offerings to Mother Earth, 166–167; rebirth and afterlife, 115; spirits as lords of the land, 240, 241. See also sülde (vital force); Tengri (deity)
spoils of war, distribution of, 58–59, 64, 124–125, 144
status symbols: fashion and clothing, 3, 5; weaponry, 3
Sübötei: campaign in northern China, 47, 48; Hungarian campaign, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94; led Westward contingent, 56; as military commander, 40, 44; siege techniques, 85; Volga region campaign, 79–81; Westward campaign (1221–1223), 67–76
Sudak, 158, 186, 281
Sufi-Qonggirad, 267–268, 280
Sufism, 25, 267, 292, 308
sülde (vital force), 31, 35, 117, 273
Sultan-Khatun (Berke’s mother), 102
Tabriz, 245, 261, 284
Taidula (Jochid khatun), 261–262
Tamar (queen of Georgia), 69
Tamerlane (Temür), 22, 274, 278–279, 279, 284–287, 288
tammachi, 80
Tana, 249, 287, 289. See also Azaq
Tangshu (Book of Tang), 258
Tangut, 40, 48, 65, 77
Taoism, 27
tarkhan (protected status), 27, 136, 181–182, 223, 240, 241, 242–243
Tatar khanates, 293
Tatars: allied wi
th Jin, 32, 34; as conflated with Mongols, 14; early history of, 16; inheritance from the Horde, 306; killed Chinggis’s father, 33; subjugated by Chinggis, 34, 38
Tatar-Tong’a (Uighur scribe), 37
Tatar yoke, use of term, 14–15, 271
taxation: of conquered peoples, 9; under dhimmi system, 182; exemptions for clergy, 136, 241; by factions during anarchy period, 267; as favorable to merchants, 114, 208; of fur trade middlemen, 158, 170; by imperial kin, 65; of Iran, 146–147; of Italians, 236; in Russian principalities, 131–133, 135, 137, 225; of Russian subjects, 179–180; on trade transactions, 234, 248
Tayang Qan (Naiman chief), 32–33, 36, 42
Tayichi’ut, 33, 34
Teb Tengri (Mongol shaman), 36–37
Temüge Ochigin (Chinggis’s brother), 97
Temüjin. See Chinggis
Temür Qutluq (Jochid khan), 287–288
Temür the Lame. See Tamerlane (Temür)
Tengiz-Buqa (beg), 264–265
Tengri (deity), 22, 31, 144, 162, 166, 222, 258, 273, 280
tents: compared to sedentary residences, 119; tent-carts, 120–121, 125; trellis tents, 120–121
theft, as capital offense, 124
Theodore Svetoslav (tsar of Bulgaria), 223–224
Thomas of Split (archdeacon), 87, 88–89
Tinibek (Jochid khan), 231
tithing, 80, 133
Töde-Möngke (Jochid khan), 191, 194, 195, 199
Toghon Temür (great khan), 258
Toghrilcha (Jochid prince), 195, 197–199, 217
Töle-Buqa (Jochid khan), 195–198
Tolui: death of, 77; marriages of, 36; as son of Chinggis, 12; territory of, 65; warriors apportioned to, 66
Toluids, 8; collapse of, 20–21, 22; Jochid competition with, 140; purged descendants of Chagatay and Ögödei, 141; relations with Möngke-Temür, 176–177; relations with Ordaids, 191–192; succession struggles, 212; territory of, 159; trade competition of, 190; undermined Ögödeids, 173–174. See also Jochids and Toluids, internecine conflict in 1260s
To’oril (Kereit leader), 32, 34
Toqa Temür (Jochid prince), 21, 275, 278
Toqa Temürids, 283–284, 292, 294, 302
Toqtamish: reforms and legacy of, 288–292; territory of, 276–277; as unifier of Blue and White hordes, 21–22, 274–284, 291
Toqto’a: civil war against Nogay, 20, 165, 197–205, 223–224; consolidation of power by, 209, 212–216; death of, 216–217, 347n15; governance reforms, 250; marriages of, 217
Toqto’a beki (Merkit chief), 43–44, 47
Toquchar, 47
Toy Khoja (Jochid prince), 278
transhumance, 126
Travels (Polo), 202–203
Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261), 189
tribute, paid to Mongols: by Bulgarians, 194; by Byzantines, 154, 185; from herders, 111; by Jin, 48–49; by Lithuanians, 270; by Russians, 179, 271, 299–300; by Seljuqs, 151; by Tangut, 48; transactional approach to, 307. See also taxation
Tükel Buqa (Jochid prince), 217–218
Tulunbāy Khatun (Jochid princess), 232–233
Tulunbek (Jochid princess), 268–269
Turabak Khatun (Jochid princess), 219, 240
Türks, 32, 38–39, 97
Tutar (Jochid prince), 146–147, 154
Tver, 226–229, 270
Uighurs, 35, 40, 49
Ulaqchi (Jochid prince), 141
ulus: birth of the Mongol ulus, 36–42; governance of, 11; origin of term, 11–12; as sovereign political community, 12. See also specific leaders and regions
‘Umar, Hajji (beg), 247–248
Urgench, 50, 57, 60, 61, 207, 221, 266, 267
Urus (Jochid khan), 275–276, 278–280
Uzbek Ibn Pahlawan (ruler of Tabriz), 68
Uzbeks, 293–295, 306
Venetians. See Italy
vertical transhumance, 126
Vladimir (city), 226
Volga-Ural region, 78
Vytautas (grand duke of Lithuania), 290, 291
Walachia, 224
Wang Khan. See To’oril
Waqqas Bey (beg), 293
wedding gifts, 64
Wenceslas (king of Bohemia), 87
Western Liao Empire. See Qara Khitai
Westward campaign (1221–1223): battles with Qipchaqs and Russians, 72–76, 80; Kingdom of Georgia, 68–69; number of forces, 68; passage through Greater Caucasus, 69–72
White and Blue Hordes: leaders of, 17–18, 116; territory of, 95–96, 100, 168–169; Toqtamish as unifier of, 21–22, 274–284, 291. See also the Horde (Jochid) regime
White City, 234
William of Rubruck (Franciscan friar), 196; on collection of mare’s milk, 111; on kumis festivals, 112; on mobility of hordes, 109, 122; on organization of multiple wives and households, 124; on Qaraqorum, 119; on route of Saracens, 159–160; on salt purchases at Perekop Isthmus, 155; on Sarai, 118; on seasonal mobility, 126; on womens’ skills and activities, 120
women: camp-related tasks, 123; clothing of high-ranking, 3, 5; co-rule with beg husbands, 268–269; as drivers of carts, 120; as owners of households, 123–124; at quriltai, 106; and succession, 100–101; support roles in warfare, 59, 94. See also marriage
Xiongnu, 35, 38–39
Xi Xia. See Tangut
yam. See communication and supply network
yarliks (imperial orders), 24
Yesügei Ba’atur (Chinggis’s father), 32, 33
Yuan Dynasty, China, 250; collapse of, 21, 22, 257–261; founder of, 232; Han Chinese rebellion, 21
yurts, 120
Zhilugu, Gür Khan (Qara Khitan ruler), 45
Zhongdu, 48–49
The Horde Page 45