Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded

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by Simon Winchester


  Schell, Maximilian 394

  Schley, Jan van: HetBrandende Eiland (‘The Burning Island’) 138–9, 140

  Schouten, Wouter 27

  Schröder, Mr (German anthropologist) 202

  Schruit, Mr (telegraph-master) 168n, 213, 225, 245, 246, 247

  Schuit, Mr (lighthouse keeper on Anjer) 168n

  Schuit, Mr (Lloyd's agent at Anjer) 161, 168, 182–6, 193, 194, 213, 214

  Schuit, Mrs (widow) 168n

  Schuurman, A.L. 172, 173–4

  Schwartz, Judy 379

  Schweitzer, Christopher 47

  Sclater, Dr Philip Lutley 73, 116

  addresses the Linnean Society 52–3, 54

  brilliant ornithologist 53

  specialist in biogeography 53–4

  pioneering work on bird-geography 54–6, 64

  and the Wallace Line 56–7

  ‘On the General Geographical Distribution of the Members of the Class Aves' 53, 54–5

  Scoresby Sund 80, 81

  Scotia Arc, South Atlantic 111

  Scotia (ship) 285

  Scott, Robert 270–71

  Scott, Robert and Strachey, Richard: ‘Notes on a Series of Barometrical Disturbances which Passed Over Europe between the 27th and 31st of August 1883' 271

  Scott, Robert Falcon 79

  sea-floor spreading 88, 94, 97, 105, 106, 116, 154, 171

  sea-waves 242, 263, 282

  Seal Island 102

  Seattle 104

  Sebesi Island (previously Zibbesie) 50, 165, 166

  Sebuku Island 166

  Second World War 90–91, 97

  Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge 105

  seismic shocks 248

  seismographic network 107

  Selborne, Hampshire 294n

  Semarang, Java 2

  Serang 261, 322, 323, 324, 339

  Sertung Island (later Verlaten, now Sertung again) 118, 347, 354, 361, 366, 370, 374, 387

  Seuss, Eduard 72n, 73

  Shackleton, Sir Ernest 79

  Shaka Calendar 128, 129

  Shanghai 196, 278, 289

  Shelley, Mary: Frankenstein 296

  shells 60

  Shepard, Jim: ‘Krakatau’ 150, 210

  short waves 279, 280

  Si-tiao community 132

  Siberia 290

  Sibesie Island 237, 260

  Sicily 303

  Sigurdsson, Professor Haraldur 133–4

  Encyclopedia of Volcanoes 297, 397

  Sikin, mas 376, 377, 386

  Simkin, Tom and Fiske, Richard S.:

  Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic

  Eruption and Its Effects 396–7

  Simla, India 144

  Singapore 157, 158, 168, 187, 189, 190, 191, 200, 231, 233, 264n, 265, 278

  Singapore Cricket Club 153

  Sinkara Lake 126

  Sir Robert Sale (British vessel) 230

  Skerl (translator) 75

  Skopje 378

  slavery

  in Batavia 42, 44–5, 46

  on Rodriguez 261

  Smith, William 69

  Smithsonian Institution, Washington 287n, 312

  Snider-Pellarini, Antonio 72n

  Socoa, near Birritz 280, 281

  sodium 304

  Soenda Straits xv

  solfataras 303, 326

  Solferino, battle of 195

  Solo, Java 2, 124, 127, 133, 153

  Solo, sultan of 124

  Solomon Islands 384n

  Solor fort 29

  South Africa 281, 287, 289

  South America 67, 71, 72, 74, 308

  South American Plate 308

  South Atlantic 111

  South China Sea 43, 161n, 182

  South Georgia 274, 281

  South Pole 74, 76, 84, 85, 281

  Southampton 172n

  South-East Asia 52, 224n

  maps xiii, xiv

  Southern Africa 197

  Spaan, Mr van 211n

  Spain, Spanish 13n, 14, 22, 29n

  Spanish Netherlands 29n

  Speenhof, Mr 46

  Spice Islands, Islanders 33, 60, 297n

  Spice Route 11, 13n

  spiders, ballooning 356–9, 357, 361–2

  Spitsbergen 87

  Sri Lanka see Ceylon

  stabilists 107–8

  Steers Island 314, 347n

  Sterling, Edward 194n

  Stockholm 80

  Stokes, Sir George 273n

  Stonyhurst College 288

  Stonyhurst weather observatory 270

  Strachey, General Richard 271, 273n

  stratosphere 285, 286, 313

  stratospheric ash, cloud of 289–91

  Sturdy, E.W. 220n

  subduction 111, 112, 113, 154, 318, 319,388

  subduction factories 307, 308–9, 320

  subduction zones 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 171, 308, 309, 312, 317, 319,388

  Sudan 335n

  Suez 191

  Suez Canal 143, 183

  Sufi movement 334, 337

  Sukarno, General 145–6, 380

  Sukarnoputri, Megawati 376

  Sukhumi 190

  Sulawesi 24, 55, 64, 66, 137

  sulphur 302

  sulphur dioxide gas 243, 388, 389

  Suma Pars. 27

  Sumatra 1, 6, 20, 26, 31, 48, 49, 55, 61, 78, 126, 169, 309, 374

  Islamicized 17, 40

  mapping 22, 24, 171

  van Linschoten on 25

  British colonial intentions 34

  volcanically unstable 114–15

  splits from Java 126, 155

  and P'u-tei 132

  earthquakes 154

  and gutta-percha 188

  warnings of forthcoming eruption (1883) 207

  sky completely darkened (August 1883) 234

  deaths from tephra 242–3, 245

  plate tectonics 317

  Islam in 342

  rain forest 355

  Sumbawa Island 294

  sun

  blue 287, 289

  colorations 288

  white corona 288

  sun-compass 86

  sun-gauges 267

  Sunda country 125, 126

  Sunda Kelapa, Jakarta 136–7, 147

  Sunda (steam ferry-boat) 157, 168

  Sunda Strait 3, 6, 22–3, 25–7, 45, 50, 111, 115, 119, 127, 148, 149, 155–8, 161n, 164–7, 170, 173, 175, 182, 183, 200, 204, 207, 210, 213, 219–21, 223, 226, 231, 233, 237–9, 241, 245, 249, 253, 258, 260, 272, 275, 278, 282, 298, 319, 338, 342, 345, 354, 355, 367n, 372, 376, 378–81

  Sundanese 332, 333, 335

  sunsets 287–93

  supercontinents 73, 74, 88

  Surabaya, Java 17, 153, 168, 172n, 278

  Surapati 45

  Surtsey Island, off Iceland 384n, 385

  survival of the fittest 61–2

  S.W. Silver & Company 187

  swiftlets 21

  Sydney 189, 264n

  Sydney Morning Herald 232

  Symons, G.J. 272–3

  Tabr-iz, Persia 190

  Tachard, Guy 27–8

  Tambora, Mount, Sumbawa 5, 48, 244, 283n, 294–5, 296, 308n, 312, 393

  Tambora language 295

  Tamils 44

  Tangier 325

  tapirs 68

  tarekat (Abdel Karim's brotherhood) 337

  Tasmania 289

  Taupo, Mount, New Zealand 5, 312

  Taylor, Frank 72n

  tea 141, 238–9, 330

  Teheran 190

  telegraph cable, submarine 5, 6, 146, 184, 187–92, 188

  telegraph, electric 5, 7, 28n, 146, 167, 175, 179, 184, 186–7, 189–90, 192, 195, 215, 238, 246, 260

  telegraph system 271

  Telok Betong, Sumatra 166, 216, 219, 228, 234, 247, 249n, 250, 251, 253–9, 277

  temperature 293–6

  Tenison-Woods, Julian 232, 233n, 234n

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord

  St Telemachus 286

  ‘ The Deep-Sea
Cables’ 191

  tephra 242, 244

  Tern Island 102

  Ternate 56, 60, 61

  Tertiary period 84, 87

  Tethyan Ocean 73, 74

  Texel 15, 19, 23

  Thailand 21, 34n

  Thames River 284, 290

  Theodore the Studite, St 10

  Theosophy 53n

  thermometers, recording 267

  Thiara carolitaciturni (a mollusc) 367n

  Thomas Cook guides 143

  Thomson, Captain 216, 231

  Thomson, Ken 30

  Thor, Mr (in Batavia) 205

  thorium isotopes 109

  Thornton, Ian 369

  Krakatau: The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem 396

  thrushes 55, 65, 66, 116, 137n

  Thunderer, The 194

  Thwart-the-Way Island 161n, 237, 260n, 278

  Tidal Survey of India 276

  tidal wave 242n, 313, 319

  tide-gauges 276, 277, 278, 280, 282

  tide-meter 252, 253–4, 277–8

  Tiflis, Georgia 190

  time zones 219, 248, 263

  Times, The 179–80, 185, 185n, 186n, 187, 193–4, 197, 272, 291, 299

  Timor 13n, 19, 23, 29, 55, 168

  tin 148

  Tjeringin, Java 238, 253, 260

  Toba, Mount, Sumatra 5, 309, 312

  tobacco 330

  Tokyo 196, 200

  Tonga 112, 384n

  Tordesillas Line 13n, 14

  Toronto 103, 274

  transcurrent fault 106, 107

  transform fault 105, 106, 106

  tree-ring samples 129, 131, 133, 296

  trees 137, 148, 166, 298

  repopulation of Krakatoa Island 359–60

  Trenton, New Jersey 263

  Treub, Melchior 364, 365

  trilobites 73

  Trincomalee, Ceylon 264

  Trobriand Islands 55

  troposphere 285

  Troy, New York 319

  Tsingtao, Shandong peninsula 157–8n

  tsunamis 113, 231, 242n, 244, 246, 249, 257, 275–8

  Tunisia 295

  Turkey 112, 290

  Turkey Company 30

  Turner, J.M.W. 283n

  Tuzo Wilson, J. 101–7, 106, 109, 306

  ‘A New Class of Faults and Their Bearing on Continental Drift’ 105

  Typhon 303

  Tyringin, Java 246, 250, 259

  Ujung Kulon National Park 379n

  United States Coast Guard 93

  United States Geological Survey 207, 375

  United States Government 93

  United States Navy 93, 107, 107

  United States of America 197

  evidence of crustal movement 91, 93

  makes peace with Britain 139n

  and Diego Garcia 263n

  high number of volcanoes 308

  Universit of Auckland 290

  University of Graz, Austria 76

  University of Hawaii 290

  University of Melbourne 290

  University of Rhode Island 133, 290, 397

  Universit of Toronto 101

  Unzen, Mount 244, 266, 378

  uranium isotopes 109

  Usk, south Wales 57

  Utrecht 37

  Vail, Alfred 146

  van den Broecke, Mr (storekeeper) 35

  van der Stok, Dr J.P. 162–4, 216

  van der Stok, Mrs 162

  Varanus salvator (five-banded swimming monitor lizard) 389–91, 390

  Vava'u Group 384n

  Venice 13, 34

  Vening Meinesz, Felix 88–90

  Verbeek, Dr Rogier Diederik Marius 170, 250n

  employment 169–70, 171

  misses first part of eruption 171

  sees Krakatoa in July 1883 176

  and van der Stok 216

  on renewed activity of Krakatoa 347, 348

  the first on to Krakatoa Island after 1883 eruption 356

  Krakatau 169, 266–7, 313–14, 315, 347, 367, 397

  Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) 48, 50, 119, 138, 144

  chartered by the Dutch government 30, 31

  rights 30

  and capitalism 30

  joint-stock company 30

  ‘Gentlemen Seventeen’ 31, 33

  rules most of East Indies for two centuries 31

  Coen and 35

  corporate logo 38, 38

  formative years 38–9

  and Batavia 42, 47, 135, 139

  hat rule 44n

  courts 45

  harsh treatment by security officers 47

  employee care 48

  buildings reportedly damaged by earthquake (1681) 50

  and naval blockades 139

  collapse in 1799 31, 141, 143

  Vereker, Captain Hon. Foley 264–5, 272

  Verlaten Island (previously and now Sertung) xv, 118n, 158n, 314, 318, 354

  Vesuvius, Mount 12, 112, 171n, 393

  Vietnam 34n, 128

  Vigo, Spain 191–2

  Villarica volcano 308

  Villumsen, Rasmus 77

  Visscher, Nicholas 25

  Vlakke Hoek, Sumatra 234, 278

  Vlekke, Bernard 136

  Vogel, Johan Vilhelm 48–51, 134

  Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEL) 309, 312, 313

  volcanic heat 304

  volcanic products 297

  volcanic soils 297

  volcanoes, number and size of 301

  Volcanological Survey of Indonesia 376, 377

  Vulcan 303

  vulcanism 297, 305

  vulcanology 314

  Wafula, Dieudonné 307n

  Wager, Lawrence 79

  Waghenaer, Lucas Janszoon 25, 26–7

  Waialeale, Mt, Kauai 102

  Waldseemüller, Martin 22

  Walker, Captain 157

  Wallace, Alfred Russel 56, 73

  on Ternate 56, 60, 61

  Wallace Line theory 56, 57, 64, 65–6, 65, 68, 116

  a pioneer of evolution science 57, 60, 62, 62

  background 57, 62, 64, 69

  interest in beetles and spiritualism 58

  Amazonia trip 58–9

  natural selection theory 58

  collecting zeal in the East Indies 59–60

  influences Darwin 60–61

  health 61

  survival of the fittest concept 61–2

  gives Darwin all the credit 63

  honoured 63

  recognition of his achievements 63–4

  and geology 66–8

  Darwinism 63

  The Malay Archipelago 63

  Wallace, Alfred Russel – cont.

  ‘On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species’ 60

  The Wonderful Century 62

  Wallace Line 56, 57, 64, 65, 65–6, 68, 116

  Wallis, James 262

  Wapen vau ter Gos (yacht) 48

  Warsaw 190

  water 301, 302, 317, 318–19, 320

  Watkins Gino 79

  Watson, Captain W.J. 220–22

  wayang kulit puppetry 124, 227

  weather observatories 270–71

  Webber, John 121, 122, 354–5

  wedono (indigenous colonial officer) 253

  Wegener, Alfred Lothar 71, 108

  a meteorologist and Arctic explorer 70

  personality 70

  vilified and denied his academic reward 70, 76

  recognition of 70

  a generalist 70–71

  continental drift theory 71–8, 88, 92, 97, 315

  and fossil trails 73–4

  meets Cloos 75

  dies in Greenland 76–7

  and Vening Meinesz 89

  and rate of Gondwanaland's break-up 90

  The Origin of the Continents and Oceans 71

  Wegener, Kurt 72n

  Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen

  procedure 70n

  Weitzel, A.W.P. 143

  Welcome Bay, Jav
a 161n, 220

  Weltevreden 215

  West Africa 14

  West Island 222

  Western Approaches 192

  Westphalia, Treaty of (1648) 29n

  W.H. Besse (American barque) 230

  Wheeling, West Virginia 263

  White, Gilbert: Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 294n

  Willem II, King of the Netherlands 151, 152n

  Willem III, King of the Netherlands 148–51, 154, 329

  Willem III Grammar School, Batavia 151

  William of Orange 29n

  Williams-Ellis, Amabel: Darwin's Moon 57

  Wilson, Anna 199, 200, 201, 206

  Wilson, John 199, 206

  Wilson's Great World Circus 199–201, 201, 204–9, 321

  Winchester, Simon

  in Greenland expedition 79–86, 91

  meets Harry Hess 98–9

  meets Runcorn 100

  visits Rakata 381, 382, 387

  visits Anak Krakatoa 383–4, 386–91

  Witti, Francis 265

  World 291

  Yemenis 339

  Yokohama 278

  Young America Hose Company 292

  Zanzibar 297–8, 299

  Zeeland 29n, 44

  Zeeland (Dutch mail-packet) 157, 161

  Zibbesie (later Sebesi) 50

  Zijp, de (yacht) 48, 49, 51

  zoogeography 54, 63, 64, 73

  Zoological Society of London 53

  * Some botanists regard the clove as more properly Eugenia caryophyllata, though all agree it is part of the family Myrtaceae, of which the evergreen myrtle is the best known.

  * 1603–25.

  * The Papal Donation in essence gave' the exploitation of the Western world to Spain and of the East to Portugal. The Spaniards, who were seamen and navigators of equal skill, had under papal supervision agreed with the Portuguese on the division of the conquerable planet – drawing Pope Julius II's so-called Tordesillas Line along the meridian 370 leagues to the west of the Cape Verde Islands (approximately 48 degrees west of Greenwich). To the west of the Line, Spain had a free hand – hence Mexico, Chile, California; to its east – which crucially included the coast of Brazil – Portugal could freely operate its caravels. And since Africa, Asia and the islands of the Spice Route lay similarly to the east of the Tordesillas Line, so Portugal dominated the exploration of the East and, for a while, the European pepper trade too. The antimeridian of the Tordesillas Line appears in the East too, of course, at around 129 degrees east of Greenwich. Spain colonized the Philippines as a consequence; and Portugal won parts of New Guinea and Timor. The Papal Donation, which had its origins in a ruling from Pope Alexander VI in 1493, cast a very long shadow indeed.

  * Both had been imprisoned for their pains. They were alleged to have stolen a number of Portuguese portolanos, the secret charts and sailing directions carried on all expeditions. No doubt, given the furtive nature of their employment as ‘commercial representatives’ of the van Verre group, they were guilty as charged.

  * In many accounts this small north-west Javan port-city appears with its original Portuguese-given spelling, ‘Bantam’, which suggests, probably not wholly accurately, that the small and eponymous chickens that are actually believed to have first come from Japan originated there.

 

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