Day of the Rangers: The Battle of Mogadishu 25 Years On

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by Leigh Neville


  21. Karcher, Major Timothy M., Understanding the Victory Disease, from the Little Bighorn, to Mogadishu, to the Future; www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA416034

  22. Kassinger, Jack, Holding Hands with Heroes (Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing, 2010), p. 154

  23. Ernst Presentation, MOUT 2000 Conference

  24. http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/intelligence-challenges-in-urban-operations

  25. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2000/02/27/after-action-report/3c474a43-ea21-4bf5-afc5-02820b8579e5/?utm_term=.fbffa8f6d588

  26. Wasdin and Templin, SEAL Team Six, p. 197

  27. Ibid, p. 209

  28. Smith, Michael, Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America’s Most Secret Special Operations Team (London: Orion, 2006), p. 187

  29. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  30. Ibid

  31. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/Speeches-Testimony/Article/795839/special-operations-command-pacific-change-of-command/

  32. Ernst Presentation, MOUT 2000 Conference

  33. Naylor, Sean, Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command (New York: St Martins, 2015), p. 59

  34. Allard, Kenneth, Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned (Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1995), p. 51

  35. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/haad.html

  36. Rysewyk, Experiences of Executive Officer from Bravo Company

  37. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  38. Department of Defense, Subject: After Action Report for TASK FORCE RANGER Operations in Support of UNOSOM II

  39. Ibid

  40. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  41. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  42. Rysewyk, Experiences of Executive Officer from Bravo Company

  43. Senate Review

  44. Ibid

  45. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  46. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  47. Ibid

  48. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  49. Ibid

  50. Ibid

  51. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  52. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-holy-warrior/

  53. Sangvic, Major Roger N., Battle of Mogadishu: Anatomy of a Failure (Fort Leavenworth: School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College, 1999); www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA366316

  54. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/montgomery.html

  55. Sangvic, Battle of Mogadishu: Anatomy of a Failure

  56. Lechner, A Monograph of Combat Operations in Mogadishu

  57. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  58. Department of Defense, Subject: After Action Report for TASK FORCE RANGER Operations in Support of UNOSOM II

  59. Levin, C. and Warner, J., Subject: Review of Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia (Washington: Senate Committee on Armed Services, 1995)

  Chapter 3

  1. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  2. Smith, Killer Elite, p. 188

  3. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  4. Senate Review

  5. DiTomasso, The Battle of the Black Sea

  6. https://www.dvidshub.net/news/165185/career-sof-senior-nco-receives-2015-bull-simons-award

  7. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-hawk-down-site-revisited-20-years-later/

  8. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  9. Ibid

  10. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  11. https://www.army.mil/article/135695/Soldiers_reflect_on_Battle_of_Mogadishu/

  12. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  13. Ibid

  14. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/haad.html

  15. Thomas, Get It On!, p. 53

  16. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/04/23/embassy.bombings.trial.01/index.html

  17. Bowden, Black Hawk Down, p. 53

  18. Butler Jr., Captain Frank, Hagmann, Lieutenant Colonel John H. and Richards, David T., “Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations” (Military Medicine, 165, Supplement 1, 2000)

  19. https://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/.../DATA/.../SOMALIA7May1999.doc

  20. Ibid

  21. Ibid

  22. McKnight, Streets of Mogadishu, p. 127

  23. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-01-19/news/0201190359_1_blackburn-commandos-rangers

  24. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/rangers/berendsen.html

  25. Durant, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Michael J. and Hartov, Steven, In the Company of Heroes (New York: GP Putnam’s Sons, 2003), p. 39

  26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97hbJzK7SU8

  27. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/haad.html

  28. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/rangers/berendsen.html

  29. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  30. Perino, Captain Larry D., The Battle of the Black Sea: Mogadishu Somalia (Fort Benning: Infantry Officer’s Advanced Course, 1994); www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/.../PerinoLarryD%20%20CPT.pdf

  31. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/haad.html

  32. Eversmann, Matt and Schilling, Dan, The Battle of Mogadishu: Firsthand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger (New York: Presidio Press, 2004), p. 185

  33. Ibid, p. 69

  Chapter 4

  1. Lechner, A Monograph of Combat Operations in Mogadishu

  2. DiTomasso, The Battle of the Black Sea

  3. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-hawk-down-site-revisited-20-years-later/

  4. Boykin, Lieutenant General William G., Never Surrender (New York: Hachette, 2008), p. 265

  5. This is a direct quote from a Delta operator who wished to remain anonymous

  6. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/etc/script.html

  7. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-hawk-down-site-revisited-20-years-later/

  8. Butler, Hagmann and Richards, “Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations”

  9. Boykin, Never Surrender, p. 266

  10. Butler, Hagmann and Richards, “Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations”

  11. https://www.army.mil/article/108840

  12. http://www.24sow.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/162683/pj-scott-fales-receives-2012-bull-simons-award/

  13. https://www.army.mil/article/156778/Veterans_reflect_on_Battle_of_Mogadishu/

  14. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  15. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-hawk-down-site-revisited-20-years-later/

  16. http://www.24sow.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/162683/pj-scott-fales-receives-2012-bull-simons-award/

  17. Ibid

  18. Ibid

  19. http://www.24sow.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/162683/pj-scott-fales-receives-2012-bull-simons-award/

  20. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,163897,00.html

  21. http://arits.org/biographies/279-sfc-earl-fillmore

  22. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  23. Ibid

  24. Thomas, Get It On!, p. 106

  25. Perino, The Battle of the Black Sea: Mogadishu Somalia

  26. Ibid

  27. Ibid

  28. Ibid

  29. Ibid

  30. http://www.24sow.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/162683/pj-scott-fales-receives-2012-bull-simons-award/

  Chapter 5

  1. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  2. Ibid

  3. Bowden, Black Hawk Down, p. 167

  4. Grau, Lester W., �
��A Weapon For All Seasons: The Old But Effective RPG-7 Promises to Haunt the Battlefields of Tomorrow” (Infantry Magazine, May–August 1998); http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/weapon.htm

  5. Rottman, Gordon L., The Rocket Propelled Grenade (Oxford: Osprey, 2010), p. 46

  6. DeKever, Andrew J. and Durant, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Michael J., Here Rests in Honored Glory: Life Stories of Our Country’s Medal Of Honor Recipients (Merriam Press Military, 2012), p. 322

  7. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/socom-year-in-review-2008-2009/

  8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ioo3HnN8rKI

  9. http://www.socnet.com/showthread.php?t=75147

  10. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  11. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/us/mike-durant-rewind/index.html

  12. DeLong, Kent and Tuckey, Steven, Mogadishu! Heroism and Tragedy (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1994), p. 43

  13. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  14. Ecklund, Marshall V. and McNerney, Michael A., Personnel Recovery Operations for Special Operations Forces in Urban Environments: Modeling Successful Overt and Clandestine Methods of Recovery (California: Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, 2004); https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/1159

  15. Lechner, A Monograph of Combat Operations in Mogadishu, Somalia Conducted by Task Force Ranger

  16. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  17. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/us/mike-durant-rewind/index.html

  18. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  19. Ecklund and McNerney, Personnel Recovery Operations for Special Operations Forces In Urban Environments

  20. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  Chapter 6

  1. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-michael-j-durant-2/

  2. Lechner, A Monograph of Combat Operations in Mogadishu, Somalia Conducted by Task Force Ranger

  3. Eversmann and Schilling, The Battle of Mogadishu: Firsthand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger, p. 185

  4. McKnight, Streets of Mogadishu, p. 164

  5. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  6. https://www.dvidshub.net/news/printable/165185

  7. https://www.army.mil/article/135695/soldiers_reflect_on_battle_of_mogadishu

  8. Ibid

  9. Whetstone, Lieutenant Colonel Michael, Madness in Mogadishu: Commanding the 10th Mountain Division’s Quick Reaction Company during Black Hawk Down (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2015), p. 215

  10. Ibid

  Chapter 7

  1. Perino, The Battle of the Black Sea: Mogadishu Somalia

  2. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-hawk-down-site-revisited-20-years-later/

  3. https://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/.../DATA/.../SOMALIA7May1999.doc

  4. Carney and Schemmer, No Room for Error, p. 254

  5. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1994/June%201994/0694heroes.aspx

  6. Carney and Schemmer, No Room for Error, p. 255

  7. http://www.courier-tribune.com/news/20161105/bray-lived-dream-he-wanted-to-be-soldier

  8. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  9. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/montgomery.html

  10. Ibid

  11. Ibid

  12. Ferry, Captain Charles P., “Mogadishu, October 1993: A Company XO’s Notes on Lessons Learned” (Infantry Magazine, November-December 1994); https://www.benning.army.mil/magazine/1994/1994_6/fa02.pdf

  13. Ibid

  14. Ibid

  15. Casper, Colonel Lawrence E., Falcon Brigade: Combat and Command in Somalia and Haiti (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001), p. 79

  16. Ferry, “Mogadishu, October 1993: A Company XO’s Notes on Lessons Learned”

  17. Whetstone, Madness in Mogadishu, p. 168

  18. http://www.battleofmogadishu.com/Cms_Data/Contents/mog/Media/.../JAN_APR_98.pdf

  19. Ibid

  20. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  21. Rysewyk, Experiences of Executive Officer from Bravo Company

  22. https://www.dvidshub.net/news/165185/career-sof-senior-nco-receives-2015-bull-simons-award

  23. http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/02_awards/silverstar/6_PostRVN/10_somalia.html

  24. https://www.army.mil/article/135695/soldiers_reflect_on_battle_of_mogadishu

  Chapter 8

  1. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  2. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/rangers/ramaglia.html

  3. Smith, Task Force Ranger in Somalia

  4. Perino, The Battle of the Black Sea: Mogadishu Somalia

  5. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2000/02/27/after-action-report/3c474a43-ea21-4bf5-afc5-02820b8579e5/?utm_term=.517e38c186d4

  6. www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID=7891

  7. Ecklund and McNerney, Personnel Recovery Operations for Special Operations Forces In Urban Environments

  8. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/haad.html

  9. Faust, Task Force Ranger in Somalia: Isaiah 6:8

  10. Ibid

  11. http://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/Army_160thSOAR_Histories_1991-2001.pdf

  12. http://www.dailylife.com.au/news-and-views/dl-culture/black-hawk-down-us-prisoner-of-war-mike-durant-reunites-with-the-aid-worker-who-saved-him-20150518-gh41z5.html

  Chapter 9

  1. McKnight, Streets of Mogadishu, p. 169

  2. Senate Review

  3. Ibid

  4. Ibid

  5. Ibid

  6. Ibid

  7. Ibid

  8. Ernst Presentation, MOUT 2000 Conference

  9. Senate Review

  10. Ibid

  11. Baumann and Yates with Washington, My Clan Against the World, p. 22

  12. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/10/31/the-words-behind-a-deadly-decision/061d5a21-d93a-4c7d-8ad5-4a0c10688595/?utm_term=.65ae1a4b6a57

  13.http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showthread.php?t=41259

  14. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/etc/script.html

  15. Galdorisi, George and Phillips, Thomas, Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue (St Paul: Zenith Press, 2009), p. 505

  16. Ibid, p. 505

  17. Sangvic, Battle of Mogadishu: Anatomy of a Failure

  18. Eversmann, MOUT 2000 Conference

  19. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/06/the-kill-company

  20. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/middleeast/21abuse.html

  21. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/06/the-kill-company

  22. Ricks, Thomas E., The Gamble: General Petraeus and the Untold Story of the American Surge in Iraq (New York: Penguin, 2009), p. 35

  23. Interview with Task Force Ranger participant September 23, 2017

  24. Interview with Task Force Ranger participant August 2, 2017

  25. Interview with Task Force Ranger participant July 27, 2017

  26. Kilcullen, David, Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 75

  27. Ibid

  28. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/12/shabaab_leader_recou.php#

  29. Duffield, Major Mark F., Into the Beehive: The Somali Habr Gidr Clan As An Adaptive Enemy; www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a374653.pdf

  30. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/04/23/embassy.bombings.trial.01/index.html

  31. http://www.weeklystandard.com/showstoppers/article/4846

  32. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/10/31/the-words-behind-a-deadly-decision/061d5a21-d93a-4c7d-8ad5-4a0c10688595/?utm_term=.65ae1a4b6a57

  33. Ibid

  34. Senate Review

  35. http://www.militaryhallofhonor.com/honoree-record.php?id=1973

 
36. Kragh, John F. and others, Tragedy into Drama: An American History of Tourniquet Use in the Current War (Fort Sam Houston: United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 2013); www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA614535

  37. Regimental Training Guidance

  38. Couch, Sua Sponte

  39. Eversmann, MOUT 2000 Conference

  40. Adcock, Gene, CCT – Eye of the Storm Volume 2: The GWOT Years (Author House, 2012)

  41.Senate Review

  REFERENCES

  INTERVIEWES

  John Belman, 75th Ranger Regiment

  Tom DiTomasso, 75th Ranger Regiment

  Mike Durant, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)

  Matt Eversmann, 75th Ranger Regiment

  Norman Hooten, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  Gerry Izzo, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)

  Gary Keeney, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  Paul Leonard, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  Karl Maier, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)

  Michael Moser, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  Jim Smith, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  Jeff Struecker, 75th Ranger Regiment

  Kelly Venden, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne)

  A number of additional interviewees chose to remain anonymous due to their continuing work in the field of special operations.

  BOOKS

  Adcock, Gene, CCT – Eye of the Storm Volume 2: The GWOT Years (Author House, 2012)

  Allard, Kenneth, Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned (Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1995)

  Baumann, Robert F. and Yates, Lawrence A. with Washington, Versalle F., My Clan Against the World: US and Coalition Forces in Somalia 1992–1994 (Leavenworth: Washington Combat Studies Institute Press, 2003)

  Bolger, Lieutenant General Daniel P., Death Ground: Today’s American Infantry in Battle (Novato: Presidio Press, 1999)

  Bolger, Lieutenant General Daniel P., Savage Peace: Americans at War in the 1990s (Novato: Presidio Press, 1995)

  Bowden, Mark, Black Hawk Down (London: Bantam Press, 1999)

  Boykin, Lieutenant General William G., Never Surrender (New York: Hachette, 2008)

  Carney, Colonel John T. and Schemmer, Benjamin F., No Room for Error: The Covert Operations of America’s Special Tactics Units from Iran to Afghanistan (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002)

 

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