by Von Hardesty
CHAPTER 2
1. John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History, New York: Penguin Press, 2005, p. 35.
2. Willy Ley, The Conquest of Space, New York: Viking Press, 1949.
3. The Saturday Review, December 24, 1949, p. 9.
4. Ibid.
5. Collier’s, October 18, 1952, p. 74.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., pp. 52-56.
9. Collier’s, April 30, 1954, pp. 24-25.
10. Mike Wright, “The Disney-Von Braun Collaboration and its Influence on Space Exploration,” MSFC History Office, 1993, http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/disney_article.html; Collier’s, April 30, 1954 pp. 24-25.
11 Dwayne Day, “Science Fiction Literature,” U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Social/space_lit/SH10.html.
12. Cargill Hall, “The Eisenhower Administration and the Cold War: Framing Astronautics to Serve National Security,” Prologue: Quarterly Journal of the National Archives, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1995), pp. 59-72.
13. Burrows, pp. 156-157.
14. Hall, pp. 59-72.
15. Ibid.; Burrows, p. 158.
16. Walter A. McDougall, …The Heavens and the Earth, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, p. 116; Burrows, p. 158.
17. McDougall, p. 116.
18. McDougall, p. 118.
19. Burrows, pp. 127-129.
20. Burrows, p. 159.
21. Ibid., p. 174.
22. T. A. Heppenheimer, Countdown: A History of Space Flight, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997, p. 98.
23. Zaloga, The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword, pp. 13-15, 23-24; see also Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry (English translation of Rakety i lyudi), edited by Asif Siddiqi, Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, History Division, 2006, pp. 230-231.
24. Ibid.
25. McDougall, p. 98.
26. Heppenheimer, p. 73.
27. Ibid., pp. 72-73.
28. McDougall, p. 106.
29. Ward, p. 80.
30. Ordway and Sharpe, pp. 253-254.
31. See website http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/redstone.html.
32. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 90-91.
33. Zaloga, p. 38.
34. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 111.
35. Zaloga, p. 39.
36. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 112.
37. Ibid.
38. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, pp. 284-285.
39. Ibid.; “Khrushchev Remembers,” quoted in Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 117.
40. Cadbury, pp. 138-139.
41. Ibid; 48. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 129.
42. Cadbury, p. 139.
43. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 130.
44. Ibid., pp. 130-131.
45. Cadbury, p. 140.
46. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 130-132.
47. Ibid., p. 133.
48. McDougall, p. 101.
49. Ibid., p. 102.
50. Matt Bille and Erika Lishock, The First Space Race: Launching the World’s First Satellites, College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 29.
51. McDougall, p. 109.
52. Ibid., p. 110.
53. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 84-85.
54. Ibid., p. 86.
55. NSC 5520, quoted in Burrows, p. 166.
56. NSC 5520 and NSC 5522, quoted in Burrows, pp. 166-168.
57. Bille and Lishock, pp. 74-75.
58. “James A. Van Allen, Discoverer of Earth-Circling Radiation Belts, Is Dead at 91,” The New York Times, (August 10, 2006), p. C14.
59. “Reach into Space,” Time, May 4, 1959, see http://www.time.com/time/archive.
60. Burrows, pp. 168-169.
61. Quoted in Burrows, p. 169.
62. Burrows, p. 169; and Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 93.
63. Ward, p. 94.
64. Ibid.; Bille and Lishock, pp. 44-45.
65. Bille and Lishock, p. 48; Ward, p. 95; Burrows, p. 170.
66. Bille and Lishock, p. 51; Ward, p. 95.
67. Burrows, pp. 170-171.
68. Bille and Lishock, pp. 76-77.
69. McDougall, p. 121.; Bille and Lishock, p. 52.
70. Ibid., p. 77; Asif Siddiqi, “Korolev, Sputnik, and the International Geophysical Year,” see http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/siddiqi.html.
71. Ibid., Bille and Lishock, p. 77.
72. Ibid., p. 80; McDougall, p. 123.
73. Burrows, p. 171.
74. McDougall, p. 123-124.
75. Bille and Lishock, p. 118.
76. Burrows, p. 172.
77. Bille and Lishock, pp. 91, 94-95, 98.
78. Ibid., p. 99.
79. Ibid., p. 116.
80. Bille and Lishock, pp. 116-117.
81. Ibid., p. 117.
82. T. A. Heppenheimer, “How America Chose Not to Beat Sputnik into Space,” Invention and Technology, Winter 2004, p. 44; Countdown: A History of Spaceflight, p. 100; Ward, p. 98.
83. Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, pp. 419-433; James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat the Americans to the Moon, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999, p. 126. (hereafter Korolev).
84. Sidiqqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 164-166.
85. Willy Ley, The Conquest of Space, New York: Viking Press, 1949.
86. Robert Godwin, ed., Mars: The NASA Reports, Wheaton, Il.: Apogee Books, 2000.
CHAPTER 3
1. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2 , p. 383.]
2. Quoted in Dickson, p. 105.
3. Quoted in James Harford, “Korolev’s Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3,” in http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/harford.html., p. 6.
4. Ibid., p. 7.
5. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, p. 385.
6. See “Russian Launch Vehicles,” http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com.
7. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 166-167.
8. Siddiqi, p. 168; Dickson, pp. 106-107; Ari Sternfeld, Soviet Writings on Earth Satellites and Space Travel, New York: Citadel Press, 1985, p. 63.
9. See William Walter, The Space Age, pp. 79-80; “Soviet Embassy Guests Hear of Satellite From an American as Russians Beam,” New York Times, October 5, 1957, p. 3.
10. Harford, “Korolev’s Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3,” pp. 9-13.
11. Ibid.
12. See Time, October 14, 1957; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, pp. 259-262.
13. Sternfeld, pp. 29-32; 63-79.
14. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, p. 388.
15. Ibid, pp. 388-389; Harford, “Korolev’s Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3,” pp. 10-13.
16. Burrows, pp. 198-199.
17. Martin Caidin, Vanguard! The Story of the First Man-Made Satellite, New York: Dutton & Company, Inc., 1957, p. 13.
18. Burrows, p. 190.
19. Burrows, pp. 191-192; see http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/oneworld-learn.html.
20. Quoted in the “Sputnik Triumph” in www.century-of-flight.freeola.com.
21. James Hansen, First Man, The Life of Neil Armstrong, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005, pp. 168-169.
22. Editorial reprinted in University Daily Kansan, Wednesday, October 16, 1957, p. 2.
23. University Daily Kansan, Monday, November 18, 1957, p. 8.
24. Quoted in “Ike Doesn’t Know about Americans,” University Daily Kansan, October 28, 1957, p. 9.
25. Harry S. Truman, Speech, Jefferson-Jackson Dinner, Los Angeles, November 1, 1957, General Files for 1957, Truman Presidential Library and Archive.
26. Walter, The Space Age, p. 84; Burrows, pp. 204-205.
27. Ibid., p. 188; Ward, p. 111.
28. Ward, pp. 113-114.
29. Burrows, pp. 206-207.
30. “James A. Van Allen, Di
scoverer of Earth-Circling Radiation Belts, Is Dead at 91,” New York Times, August 10, 2006.
31. Burrows, pp. 207-208.
32. Burrows, p. 209; Ward, p. 115.
33. Burrows, pp. 207-209; Howard E. McCurdy, Inside NASA: High Technology and Organizational Change in the U.S. Space Program, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, pp. 16-17.
34. Ward, pp. 115-116; Burrows, p. 209.
35. Ibid., p. 228.
36. See “Red Files: Secret Soviet Moon Mission—Dr. Sergei Khrushchev” www.PBS.org/redfiles.
37. Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Fili, Podlipki, Tyuratam, Book Two, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1999, pp. 251-257.
38. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 527f.
39. “Exploration of Space,” http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com; Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 173.
40. Ibid., p. 156.
41. Burrows, pp. 214-215.
42. Ibid., pp. 216-218.
43. Dickson, p. 227; McDougall, p. 160.
44. Burrows, pp. 229, 232-233.
45. Burrows, p. 166; “Atlas D,” http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/atlasd.htm.
CHAPTER 4
1. Howard E. McCurdy, Space and the American Imagination, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997, p. 60.
2. Tom D. Crouch, Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999, p. 154.
3. Michael Gorn, NASA: The Complete Illustrated History, New York: Merrell, 2005, pp. 83-93.
4. Crouch, p. 155.
5. Ibid., p. 156; Burrows, 287.
6. Martin Caidin, Man into Space, New York: Pyramid Books, 1961, p. 158.
7. Burrows, pp. 284-289.
8. Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff, New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1979, p. 100.
9. Burrows, pp. 290-292.
10. Hugh Sidey, John F. Kennedy, President, Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc., p. 113.
11. McDougall, pp. 221-222.
12. Burrows, pp. 268, 305; see also http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros.html.
13. “Chronology of Two-Year Dispute on ‘Missile Gap,’” The New York Times, Feb. 9, 1961, p. 4.
14. John Rhea, Editor, Roads to Space: An Oral History of the Soviet Space Program, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1995, p. 375.
15. See Dwayne A. Day, “Of Myths and Missiles: The Truth about John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap,” http://www.thespacereview.com, January 3, 2006.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. McDougall, p. 222.
19. Ibid., pp. 311-312.
20. Ibid., p. 311; Gorn, p. 99.
21. Burrows, p. 320; Gorn, p. 100.
22. Jack Valenti, “Thank the Lord for the Good Men,” Houston Post, March 31, 1962, a news clipping in James Webb Papers, Harry S. Truman Library and Archive.
23. Burrows, pp. 265-266; Gorn, p. 107.
24. Roger D. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, The Kennedy Perspective on Space, p. 1, in http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pai/History/Apollomon/Apollo.html.
25. Sidey, p. 62.
26. Launius, Apollo, p. 1.
27. Gorn, p. 82; Bille and Lishock, pp. 152-153.
28. Burrows, p. 294.
29. Wolfe, The Right Stuff, p. 58.
30. Burrows, 307; Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Vol. 2., Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1999, 430-431.
31. Burrows, pp. 308-309; Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 98, 256-258.
32. Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Vol 2., pp. 426-427.
33. N. P. Kamanin, Skrytiy kosmos, Kniga pervaya, 1960-1962, Moscow: Infortekst, 1995, p. 99.
34. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 261-262.
35. Harford, Korolev, pp. 171-176; Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 274-282.
36. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 277.
37. Harford, Korolev, p. 172.
38. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 278.
39. Burrows, p. 313.
40. Ibid.; Mark Gallai, S Chelovekom na bortu: povesti, Moscow: Sovetskiy Pisatel’, 1985, pp. 122-126.
41. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 280.
42. Harford, Korolev, p. 174.
43. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 281.
44. Burrows, p. 315; Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Vol. 2, p. 421; Gallai, pp. 126-131.
45. Sidey, pp. 109-111.
46. Roger Launius, Apollo, p. 3.
47. Sidey, pp. 118-119; Dwayne Day, “Pay no attention to the man with the notebook: Hugh Sidey and the Apollo Decision,” December 5, 2005 in http://www.thespacereview.com/article/511/1.
48. Sidey, p. 120.
49. Day, “Pay no attention to the man with the notebook: Hugh Sidey and the Apollo Decision.”
50. Launius, Apollo, pp. 3-4.
51. Dwayne Day, “A new space council?,” June 21, 2004, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/163/1.
52. Burrows, p. 189; Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 126.
53. See http://history.nasa.gov/Apollomon/docs.htm.
54. Launius, Apollo, p. 4.
55. Burrows, pp. 266-267; McDougall, p. 225; and see “Chronology of Major Events in Manned Spaceflight” in http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4214/app4/html.
56. Excerpted from http://history.nasa.gov/Apollomon/docs.html.
57. McNamara and Webb memo to Johnson, quoted in Burrows, pp. 328-329.
58. Burrows, pp. 328-329.
59. “Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs,” John F. Kennedy’s remarks to a Joint Session of Congress, dated May 25, 1961.
60. “An Historic Meeting at the White House on Human Spaceflight,” http://www.history.nasa.gov/JFK-Webbconv/.
61. Sidey, pp. 152-154.
62. Wolfe, The Right Stuff, p. 211.
63. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Project Apollo, The Tough Decisions, Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 37-SP-2005-4537, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2005, p. 18.
64. Lloyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, “This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury,” Shepard’s Ride, p. 1, in http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/toc.htm.
65. Seamans, p. 30; “This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury,” Liberty Bell Tolls, pp. 1-3.
66. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 290-291.
67. Ibid., p. 292.
68. Ibid., p. 260; 291.
69. Burrows, pp. 338-340.
70. Siddiqi, p. 294.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., pp. 294-295.
73. Wernher von Braun, Across the Space Frontier, New York: Viking, 1952.
CHAPTER 5
1. Svetlana Boym, Kosmos: A Portrait of the Russian Space Age, Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002, frontispiece.
2. Ibid, p. 90.
3. David West Reynolds, Kennedy Space Center: Gateway to Space, Buffalo: Firefly Books, 2006.
4. Charles Lindbergh, Autobiography of Values, New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1976, p. 343.
5. Ibid., p. 344.
6. Peter P. Wegener, The Peenemünde Wind Tunnels, A Memoir, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, pp. 16-17.
7. David Scott and Alexei Leonov, Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004, pp. 96-97; Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 135.
8. Burrows, p. 164.
9. Boym, p. 90.
10. See The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 54, No. 5 (September 1998), pp. 44-50.
11. Walter Duranty, USSR, The Story of Soviet Russia, New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1944, p. 139.
12. Boym, Kosmos, p. 91.
13. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 134.
14. David Scott and Alexei Leonov, Two Sides of the Moon, Our Story of the Cold War Space Race, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004, p. 97.
15. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 135-136.
16. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, p. 314.
17. Scott and Leonov, pp. 96-97.
18. Chertok, Ro
ckets and People, Vol. 2, p. 315.
19. Ibid., p. 316; see www.astronautix.com/sites/Baikonur.html.
20. Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, p. 327.
21. Zaloga, The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword, p. 47.
22. Dwayne A. Day, “The Secret at Complex J,” Air Force Magazine, July 2004, pp. 72-75; Dino A. Brugioni, “The Tyuratam Enigma,” Air Force Magazine, July 1984, pp. 108-109.
23. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 258; Scott and Leonov, pp. 55-56; James Oberg, “Disaster at the Cosmodrome,” Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine, December 1990, pp. 74-77; Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 2, p. 598.
24. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 266.
25. Heppenheimer, Countdown, pp. 330-331.
26. Ward, pp. 70-71; Ordway and Sharpe, The Rocket Team, p. 243.
27. Martin Caidin, Spaceport U.S.A: The Story of Cape Canaveral and the Air Force Missile Test Center, New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1959, pp. 68-69; David West Reynolds, Kennedy Space Center, pp. 62-63.
28. “The Making of the Cape,” Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations, in http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4204/ch1-3.html; Ward, pp. 80-81.
29. Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 116.
30. Reynolds, pp. 63-65; Caidin, Spaceport U.S.A., p. 105.
31. Caidin, p. 106; Reynolds, p. 63-65.
32. Joel Powell, Go For Launch: An Illustrated History of Cape Canaveral, Burlington (Canada): Apogee Books, 2006, pp. 50-53; Reynolds, pp. 71-72.
33. Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 120.
34. aidin, Spaceport U.S.A., pp. 29-35.
35. Reynolds, p. 33.
36. Caidin, Spaceport U.S.A., pp. 37-63.
37. Ibid.
38. Powell, p. 127.
39. Gorn, p. 107.
40. “Life in Missileland,” Time, July 15, 1957, in http://www.time.com/time.
41. “The Future of NASA,” Time (August 10, 1970) and “Apollo: Where Is Its Poetry?” Time (August 9, 1971) in http://www.time.com/time.
42. “A New Look at the Cape,” Time (March 26, 1965) in http://www.time.com/time.
43. Gorn, pp. 103, 107; Reynolds, Kennedy Space Center, p. 40.
44. Ibid., pp. 26-27.
45. Wernher von Braun, Across the Space Frontier, New York: Viking, 1952.
CHAPTER 6
1. “40th anniversary of Glenn’s Orbital Flight,” in www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002.
2. “First Orbit—25th Anniversary,” Lecture by John Glenn, National Air and Space Museum, February 25, 1987.
3. Burroughs, p. 342; Wolfe, The Right Stuff, pp. 267-268.
4. Burroughs, p. 341; Hansen, p. 211.
5. See Glenn, “First Orbit—25th Anniversary.”