Lyme

by Mary Beth Pfeiffer

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  Index

  * * *

  acorns, 96–97, 241

  acquired resistance, 229–230, 235

  Adelman, Zach, 225–226, 228

  agriculture, 44, 97

  Ahern, Holly, 38, 90

  AIDS, 191, 230–234

  Allan, Brian, 95, 96

  allergies, meat, 161–164

  alpha-gal syndrome, 162, 163

  Alzheimer's disease, 120, 143–144

  Amblyomma americanum. See lone star ticks

  American Journal of Medicine, 172

  American Time Use Survey, 246

  Americanitis, 61, 62, 63

  Americans, Lyme infection numbers for, 4, 6, 16

  amoxicillin, 33, 82, 118, 134

  anaphylaxis, 162

  anaplasmosis, 5, 100

  Annals of Internal Medicine, 69, 113, 147, 178, 227

  antibiotics, 3-4, 71, 120, 193, 199; antimalarial drugs used with, 176–177; curative view of short-term, 105; deaths from long-term, 37–38; effectiveness, 37, 39, 134–135; emphasis on risks of long-term, 81–82; fear of overuse of, 37; for late-stage Lyme, 118–119; most commonly used, 33; safety compared to opioids, 37; opposing findings and debate over, 137–139; parents questioned over child's, 189; pathogen survival, symptoms after, 34-35, 79–80, 82-84 134–139, 141; physician risks for prescribing, 4, 36–37, 39, 66–67, 76, 78, 193; politics surrounding, 4; single-dose prophylaxis, 71-72 See also intravenous therapy; Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome; treatment

  ANTIDotE project, 233, 234, 236

  antimalarial drugs, for babesiosis, 177

  antitrust investigation, of IDSA, 75–76

  Appalachian Trail, 22

  arachnids. See spiders, ticks as

  Arctic, Siberian, 58

  Argenteuil, France, 183

  armor, of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), 90–94

  arthritis symptoms, 2, 48, 49, 85, 138, 232; Borrellia link with, 44, 147; in children, 16, 184; rheumatoid, 186, 193

  Asia, Lyme spirochete strain in, 146

  Auerbach, Jill (Lyme patient), 13, 14, 15, 175, 177, 181; study rejection of, 124–125

  Australia, 23, 147, 162, 191; tick-bite allergy theorized in, 162-163; tick-borne pathogens in patients’ blood from, 172

  Austria, babesiosis in, 179; ticks infected from 1880s, 49

  autoimmune response, 138

  Auwaerter, Paul, 62, 65, 107

  Babesia, 81, 129, 171, 172, 181–182; microti, 180, 232; problem of multiply infected, 172, 177

  babesiosis, 5, 66, 170, 174–177, 232; bovine, 248–249; death from, 5; growth in cases of, 179; malaria-like, 194; misdiagnosed as lupus, 175; symptoms and cause of, 174; transfusion-related, 178–179, 181

  bacteria. See pathogens; spirochetes, Lyme; specific spirochetes

  Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome, 217–218

  Barbour, Alan, 45, 141

  Barthold, Stephen, 133–137

  bartonellosis and Bartonella, 66, 81, 121, 166–170

  bats, 97

  Baumgarth, Nicole, 131–133

  Bering Strait, 9–10

  biofilms, 142–145

  biological diversity, 12, 22, 53–55, 95

  birds, ticks on migrating, 19–20, 30, 212, 222; flyways into Europe, 215–219; Ixodes ticks on Newfoundland, 224; new tick species seeded by, 216; ticks in diet of, 102, 103; ticks infected by, 213–214; warming trends impact on, 219–221

  birds, adult ticks eaten by, 239

  blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis): armor of, 90–94; Cary Institute study of mice and, 53–55, 88–89; discovery of Southern, 150; diseases found in, 2; DNA family tree of, 18; feeding habits, 90–91; found on dogs during walk, 51; migration and surge of, 13–15, 50, 57–59, 204; movement of lone star compared to, 158

  blood donors, 178–179, 181, 242

  blood-brain barrier, 131

  Blumenthal, Richard, 75

  Bockenstedt, Linda, 137–139, 141

  Boere, Maaike (Lyme patient), 244, 245

  Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme spirochete) (B. burgdorferi), 123; adaptability and special features of, 7, 46–49, 236; agriculture and, 44; ancient history of, 43–46; antibiotics and, 79, 134–135, 136; anti-cancer agent destroying, 135; arthritis and, 44, 147; Babesia microti and, 180; behavior once inside humans, 131–132; biofilms and, 142–145; Brazilian version of, 218; climate change and, 5–6; co-evolution between ticks and, 130–131; colonizing of, 130, 146–147; colonizing steps of, 130; deer link with, 44–45; delivery to host, 130; DNA testing, 218; evolution and indestructibility of, 129–130; fantastic voyage inside humans, 146; flipped switch and rise of, 49–53; genetic profile of, 7; genome, 47; hosts unaffected by, 129–130; Hu test on DNA of, 79–80; identification and naming of, 49; immune system invasion by, 30, 131–133; inability to culture, 109–110, 136–137; as invisible assassin, 31; archived Ixodes ricinus ticks found to contain, 49; making mice resistant to, 247–248; mice studies on ability to thrive of, 131–133; in migrating birds, 212–213; persistence of, 133–137; Poinar's discovery of ancient tick and, 46, 130; post-treatment survival issue, 79, 139–141; propulsion mechanism, 46–47; reinfection study, 139–142; cultured from Georgia residents, 151; in southern states and coastal regions, 100–102; syphilis caused by cousins of, 144; Tchefuncte Indians as victims of, 44; ticks required by, 103

  Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Borrelia family): Borrelia miyamotoi, 5, 93, 100, 205; known and unknown species and strains of, 146–150; Southern strains, 151–155

  Borrelia strains in non-mainstream, 151–152

  borreliosis: global variations in, 218; as Lyme disease name, 251

  Bosnia, 17

  Bourgeois, Jennifer (Lyme patient), 187

  bovine babesiosis, 248–249

  brain fog, 144–145

  brain scans. See Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography

  Bransfield, Robert, 41–42

  Brazil: borreliosis in, 218; Lyme-like illness in, 217–218; neurological Lyme disease in, 218–219

  Breitschwerdt, Edward, 164–167; in twin girl and mother Bartonella case of, 168–170

  Brinker, Hans, 28–29

  Brisson, Dustin, 140

  Britain, General Medical Council in, 77

  Burgdorfer, Willy, 49, 184–185

  California, 93–94, 131, 148, 151; Bartonella in t
icks in, 166-167; Borrelia miyamtoi found in, 93

  camouflage mismatch, in snowshoe hare, 10

  Canada, 57; birds bringing ticks into, 212–215; Borrelia in blood of dogs in, 123; climate change and, 22; dogs study by veterinarians in, 211–212; flyways of, 212–213; government conference in, 107–111, 122, 124; hyperendemic area of, 223–224; Lyme disease case growth in, 19; Lyme disease counting in, 123–124; new frontier in tick-borne disease as, 122-124; predictions for migration into, 5–6; tick expansion in, 18–19, 222; bird migration studies in, 219–221; US guidelines followed by, 124

  Canadian Wildlife Service, 19–20, 219–221

  cancer, 106, 135, 179, 191

  cardiovascular disease, 173

  carditis, Lyme, 207–208

  Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 53–55, 92, 175–176; acorn study, 96–97; fungicide and mouse-treatment project of, 249–250; life cycle of ticks studied by, 88–89

  castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus), 14, 28, 52–53, 215–219; altitudinal expansion of, 17; 1990s testing in Europe, 49; WHO report on, 59

  caterpillars, gypsy moth, 53

  cats, infected with Bartonella, 168, 169–170

  cattle ticks, 248–249

  CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  ceftriaxone, 82, 135

  Center for Biological Diversity, 12

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 4, 170; company line on testing, 112; on deaths from Lyme, 198-199; endemic defined by, 16; endemic view of, 6, 16–17, 153; Epidemic Intelligence Service, 171–172; flawed testing supported by, 117; funding and, 201–202; grants for Lyme research, 228; IDSA alliance with, 64–65, 66, 81–82, 197; intravenous therapy report by, 65–66; lingering symptoms percentages posted by, 63, 64; loonies and, 81; Rocky Mountain spotted fever deaths study by, 165; maps of Lyme disease, 14–15; neuroborreliosis and, 85; New England Journal of Medicine ties with IDSA and, 77; New York State Department of Health letter to, 111; Ongoing Research website page, 228; patients with rash percentages maintained by, 113; positive test percentages acknowledged by, 70; patient share with prolonged symptoms considered "small" by, 34–35; on PTLDS caveats ignored in declaring "small" share of patients with, 64–68, 84; result of laissez faire attitude, 114; studies dismissed by, 85; treatment guidelines adopted by, 108; 2015 map, 15; two-tiered testing endorsed by, 70; underreporting and, 72