Mexico. See Texas-Mexico border
mice: acorns and, 96–97, 241; Bartonella in, 168; Baumgarth studies on B.burgdorferi and, 131–133; Bockenstedt study of pathogenic residues, 138–139; coinfection in, 180; DNA alteration in, 247–248; efforts to culture pathogen outside of, 136–137; humanized, 237; immune systems of humans and, 131–133; in adulterated nature, 21–22, 55; study of blacklegged ticks and, 53–55, 88–89; transmission to deer versus, 56–57
migration, ticks movement east and south, 224
migration, ticks' northern: birds and, 19–20, 30, 212–217; blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), 13–15, 57–59, 204; Borrelia burgodorferi, 5–6; in Bosnian region, 17; into Canada, 18–19; Canadian study of, 219–221; castor bean tick altitudinal expansion, 17; coastal rise of ticks and, 100; dogs study confirming, 211–212; in Europe, 18; forecast for 2050, 19; Global Change Research Program predicted, 51; Hudson Valley research on northern, 18; lone-star tick, 160; Lyme disease as "rare" view and, 100–101; North American flyways role in, 212–215; predictions for, 5–6; in US counties, 3
Miklossy, Judith, 143–144
military, 158, 159
Minnesota: moose decline in, 12
misdiagnosis, 33; Auerbach's babesiosis, 175; in children, 184–186; Drayson case, 117–121; of early cases, 48; Elone, J.,death and, 197, 206–209; false positives, 69, 106, 110–111, 153; hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 168; Kristofferson, 120; Lyme as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 184; Lyme disease, 106; most common syndromes in, 119; Pronk's story of, 26–27, 30–31; rash and, 113–114; schoolitis as, 189–190, 203; support groups, 153. See also mental illness
misogyny, medical, 188
MIT, Sculpting Evolution project of, 247–248
Mitomycin C, 135
Monet, Claude, 183
monkeys, 78–79, 142
monocytic ehrlichiosis, 159
Montana, 9–10, 49
mood disorder, 119
moose, 10–13, 12
Moriarty, Tara, 47
mosquitoes, 6, 51, 225; ticks versus, 251
Murphy, Troy, 189–195, 202–206
myths, Lyme disease: easy to treat, 73–74; Lyme as difficult to get, 71–73; overdiagnosis, 68–69; reliable testing, 70–71
Nadelman, Robert, 140
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 69, 81, 82, 134; funding, 201; research proposals rejected by, 145; response to AIDS by, 230
national parks, 99–100
natural remedies, 239
NEJM. SeeNew England Journal of Medicine
Netherlands, 25, 50, 58, 67, 190–191; childcare authorities in, 191; deceptive natural tableau of, 27–30; Dutch cases of prolonged symptoms, 33–34; Dutch epidemic of Lyme disease, 28–29, 33–34; job hazard of Lyme in, 243–246; Lyme disease suicides in, 42; physician-examined tick bites in, 238; population and landscape, 27; Pronk email to Dutch Parliament, 32, 41; warming trends in, 28–29; year-round tick phenomenon in, 89. See also Pronk, Barbara, case history
Neto, Aginar Mafra, 249
neurasthenia, 61, 62
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), 71, 72, 75–76, 125, 139–140; IDSA and CDC ties to, 77
New York, upstate, 1–2, 87–88, 90–94; babesiosis in, 176; Dutchess County Public Health Bulletin, 174–175, 177; rise of ticks in, 50–51
New York State: Babesia in, 180; Department of Health letter to CDC, 111; ticks collected in 1940s, 48–49
New York Times, 71, 72, 140
New York Times Magazine, 105
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
nonrash patients, 71–72, 113, 196; percentages, 238; Wormser on testing and, 114–115
Norman, September, 161–164
North America: tick species in, 191; migrating birds and, 212–215
Norway, 57
NPR Radio, 165, 229
nymphs: coinfections and, 171; lone star tick, 158–159
O'Connell, Susan, 76–77
Offit, Paul, 227
Ogden, Nicholas, 18–19
Oklahoma City, tornado and homeless dogs in, 157–158
Oklahoma counties, tick percentages for, 159
Oliver, James, Jr., 150–151
Omeragic, Jasmin, 17
opioids, prescription, 37
Ornate cow tick, 222
orthodoxy, 145
Ostfeld, Richard, 53–55, 82, 175–176
Ötzi (shepherd), 44
outdoor time, loss of, 246
overdiagnosis myth, 68–69, 73, 124
oxpeckers, 102–103
pain amplification syndrome, 189–190
pandemic, Lyme disease, 7, 149, 164, 190; chipping away at, 249
parents, 189; child welfare authorities threatening, 187–188; medical misogyny and, 188
Parish, Dana, 35
parks: Northeast and Mid-Atlantic national, 99–100; warning signs in Paris, 183
pathogens: biofilms and, 142–145; Borrelia miyamotoi, 5; causing Lyme disease, 5–7, 23, 44; infected ticks carrying other, 23, 33; listed tick, 238; Rickettsia rickettsii, 45; Rocky Mountain spotted fever family, 158; Southeast Lyme-like disease and, 147; survey revealing coinfection from, 170–171; survival after antibiotics, 40, 79–80, 82, 134–137. See alsoBorrelia burgdorferi; spirochetes, Lyme; specific pathogens
patients, Lyme, 36, 119; advocacy of, 117–118, 124, 246; brain fog in, 144–145; CDC on "small" numbers of PTLDS, 64–68; coinfection survey of late-stage, 170–171; early-treated, 16, 61–62, 65, 73, 134; excluded from research studies, 124–125; experiences of advanced, 35; intravenous and oral therapy for some, 67; left behind by tests, 124–128; listening to, 174; loonies view of, 81; nonrash, 71–72, 113–115, 196, 238; referred for, diagnosed with, psychiatric illness, 77, 26-27, 109-110, 119, 189-190; refused treatment, 39; with second rash, 140; symptoms found in Southern, 150–151; surveys of, 118, 119, 120, 170-171, 172-174; who saw bite, 71, 151. See also deaths; late-stage Lyme disease; specific patients
pediatric Lyme specialists, 126, 190, 192–194
penguins, 220–221
Perlman, Itzhak, 106
permethrin, 237, 240, 242–243, 244; deer treated with, 249
Perronne, Christian, 83, 84, 125
persistence, 40, 79–80, 82, 145; flawed studies used to dismiss, 173; of Lyme pathogen (Borrelia burgdorferi), 133–137; opposing findings on, 137–139; repeat tick-bite and, 139-148; phenomenon of bacteria, 134
pesticides, 249
pharmaceuticals, with toxic side effects, 37
Philipp, Mario, 79
physicians: antibiotics prescriptions risks for, 4, 36–37, 39, 66–67, 78, 193; censure, license loss of, 66–67; diagnosis controversy and, 112–113; dysfunctional medical landscape and, 66; first to describe rash, 47; licensing board investigations of, 39, 66–67, 76; Lyme disease, 77; Lyme disease underestimated by, 39–40; patients feared by, 105–107; patients turned away by, 36; physician-examined tick bites, 238; "Stalking Dr. Steere," 105–106; treating outside of IDSA guidelines, 66, 76
Platt-Mills, Thomas, 162–163
PLoS-One, 142, 171, 180
Poinar, George, Jr., 45–46, 130
postmortem studies, 199
posttraumatic stress disorder, 80
Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS), 4, 33, 62; "small" numbers of, 64–68. See also Centers for Disease Control; late-stage Lyme disease; patients.
Powassan virus, 204–205, 232–233; vaccines and, 237
predators, decline of, 96, 250
prolonged symptoms, Lyme disease, 33; CDC postings on, 34–35, 63, 64; dismissal of coinfection and, 172–173; percentage of early-treated patients with, 113. See also late-stage Lyme disease; Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome.
Pronk, Barbara, case history, 25, 33, 36, 42; cost of diagnostic delay for, 31; misdiagnoses and, 26–27, 30–31; suicide decision and email to Dutch Parliament, 32, 40–41
propulsion mechanism, of Borrelia burgdorferi, 46–47
proteins, 130, 138
PTLDS. See Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome
quarantine, cattle, 248–249
radioactive contamination, 88
Radmore, Laura (mother of Lyme patient), 190
Randolph, Sarah, 52, 55–56, 59
rash, Lyme disease, 34, 70, 134; atypical, 126; early reporting and naming of, 48; European cases of early 1900s, 48; first doctor to describe, 47; missed diagnosis of EM, 70, 197; patients with no, 71–72, 113–114, 196; patients with second, 140; percentages of nonrash patients, 238; variations of, 113
reforestation, 94–95
reinfection study, 139–142
reproductive cycle, in ticks, 92
research, 74; clinical trials lacking, 201; criticism of non-traditional, 109–110; marginalization of researchers, 75; patients excluded from, 124–125; articles rejected by journals, 83; tick infection resistance, 228–229. See also funding
Rhesus macaques, 78–79
rheumatoid arthritis, 186, 193
Ribeiro, Jose, 234
Rickettsia amblyommii, 158
Rickettsia pathogen, 45, 158, 214; on migrating birds, 216
Rickettsia rickettsii: emergence of, 45
Riekert, Jennifer, 140
river blindness, 94
RMSF. See Rocky Mountain spotted fever
RNA interference, 236
robot, tick control, 240–243
Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 49
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 2, 101–102, 159; children’s deaths from, 199, 249; decline in fatalities from, 165; first infection from lone-star tick of, 165-166; late-stage Lyme patients with, 170; Rickettsia pathogen related to, 45, 158, 214, 216
Rudenko, Nataliia, 148–155
Russia: Lyme spirochete strain in, 146, 191; rise of tick-borne encephalitis in Eastern Europe and, 52–53; tick increase in, 13, 58
saliva, tick, 90–92, 103, 229; gene sequencing and, 235–236; magical protein in, 131–132; subversion of host immunity, 229-230; vaccine targeted at, 232, 234-237. See also ANTIDotE project.
Samuel, Bill, 11, 13
Sandström, Kenneth, 67
Sapi, Eva, 143
SARS. See severe acute respiratory syndrome
Scandinavian countries: tick migration and, 222
schoolitis, 189–190, 203
Science, 142
Scott, John D., 212–214, 221–223; on Canadian statistics, 224
Scrimenti, Rudolph, 48
Sculpting Evolution project, MIT, 247–248
seronegative tests, 125–126, 151
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 98
Shapiro, Eugene, 126–127, 128, 140
sheep, 245
Siberian Arctic, 58
Sigal, Leonard, 72–73
Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) scans, 202–203
snow, seasonal emergence and, 87, 88
snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), 9–10
soldiers, 154, 158, 159
songbirds, 212–215
South, 100–102, 147, 151–155; first researches to identify blacklegged ticks in, 150; new species found in, 148; spirochete cultivation in, 151–152
South America, 217–218, 222–223
Southern Hemisphere, 220–221
Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), 149–150, 153, 154; Brazil and, 218
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, 80
SPECT scans. See Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography
Sperling, Janet, 124
spiders, ticks as, 17
spirochetemia, 148–149
spirochetes, Lyme, 30–31, 40; ability to change shape, 82; antibiotics not killing, 79, 83, 141; cultivation of Southern, 151–152; in heart, 207; new type of, 93; proteins, 130, 138; strains of in different countries, 146, 191. See alsoBorrelia burgdorferi
spirochetes, syphilis, 131
STARI. See Southern tick-associated rash illness
Steere, Alan, 68–69, 105–106
Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, 82
strep throat, 193
suicide, 6, 32, 33, 40–41
Superbot (Tickbot), 240–243
Sweden, 50, 58, 67, 190–191; blood donors in, 242
symptoms, Lyme disease, 115, 150–151; arthritis-like, 2, 16, 44, 48, 49, 138, 147, 232; coinfections and, 171–172; neurological, 80, 244; posttraumatic stress disorder, 80. See also neurological Lyme disease; Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome; prolonged symptoms; specific coinfections
syphilis, 131, 144
Takken, Willem, 29, 41, 89
TBE. See tick-borne encephalitis
Tchefuncte Indians, 44
testing: babesiosis, 121, 177; bartonellosis, 121, 170; Borrelia miyamotoi, 232; Borrelia strains, species in non-mainstream, 121, 122,148, 151–152; CDC company line on, 112; circular thinking in regard to, 115–116, 153–154; Dattwyler work on new, 117; false negatives, 79, 109–110, 111, 196; false positives, 68-69, 106, 110–111, 126–127, 153; gold standard needed for, 116–117; HIV versus Lyme, 116; infections missed by, 66; Lee's DNA, 109–110; myth of reliable, 70–71; patients left behind by, 124–128; problems with studies that measure, 115–116, 194-195; seronegative, 125–126, 151; Virginia law on patient disclosure on, 111-112; weakly positive, 154. See also false negatives; false positives; two-tiered testing
Texas A&M University study, 200
Texas-Mexico border, 248–249
thrush, gray-cheeked, 19–20
tick bites, 190–191; increase percentage, 50; meat allergies and, 161–164; multiple, 242; patients who see, 71; physician-examined, 238; pulling out ticks, 238; reason for not feeling, 91; repeat, 139–140; unseen, 33
tick control: cattle quarantine, 248–249; companies, 87; job hazard status and, 243–246; natural remedies for, 239; pesticides and tick pheromones project, 249; robot, 240–243; in schools, 246–247
tick-bite resistance, Wikel research on, 229–230
tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), 52–53, 222, 233–234, 236-237
Tickbot (Superbot), 240–243
ticks, disease-carrying: ancient history of Borrelia burgdorferi and, 43–46; animals that eat, 102–103; balance of power, 252; birds dispersing, 212–217; Borrelia burgdoferi advantage to, 7; climate change allowing survival of, 22; co-evolution between B. burgdorferi and, 130–131; cofeeding on birds, 213; counting and tracking, 17, 18-20, 54; discovery of Borrelia burgdorferi in archived I. ricinus, 49; European species of, 28, 191; flags used to capture, 92–93; fragmented forests causing increased numbers of, 22, 53, 94–97; genetic engineering and, 226; mosquitoes versus, 251; purpose question for, 91, 102–103; as spiders, 17; spread of diseases from, 5; tick exposure and, 89; trends of rising, 223–224; types by continent, 191; uninfected compared to, 23; Iowa increase in percentage of, 50; world movement of, 4. See also diseases; Ixodes ticks; pathogens; spirochetes, Lyme; specific pathogens; specific topics; specific types
transfusion-related babesiosis, 178–179, 181
traumatic brain injuries, symptoms resembling, 80
treatment: babesiosis and Lyme, 176–177; delayed, 3, 30, 172, 194; early, 16, 62, 65, 113, 126; lack of standardized, 186; Lyme research, dogma and, 74–78; myth of easy, 73–74; patients refused, 36, 39; prompt, 61–62; statistical analysis of clinical trials of, 74; trials few, limited, 40, 66, 77, 173. See also antibiotics; intravenous therapy; testing
tuberculosis, 82, 134
tularemia, 194
two-tiered testing: in Canada, 123; case confirmation scheme, 111; cases unconfirmed by, 111; CDC endorsement of, 70; Dattwyler lecture on problems with, 107–111; Elone, J., death and misdiagnosis from, 197, 206–209; fierce defense of, 112; problem of, 70, 195, 245; process of, 107–109; studies of accuracy, 115-116; study of patients who failed, 151-152; used to define endemic area, 152-153. See also testing.
underdiagnosis, 4, 69, 113, 115
United Kingdom, diagnostic delays in and deferral of treatment, 118; doctor called "impaired," 77-78; Drayson case, 117
-119; patients see US doctors, 172; Wallenius case, 1990-191; Winchester support group in, 67
United States (US), 3, 16, 51, 122, 124; first official Lyme disease case in, 48; Forest Service, 95; Ixodes tick number of counties in, 50; Lyme disease case counting start in, 50; Lyme pathogen in, 146; number of infections since 2004, 80; neotropical ticks carried into, 216; treatment guidelines in other countries dictated by, 67. See also South; specific states; specific topics
upstate New York. See New York, upstate
vaccine, 82, 230, 232–237; influenza and Borrelia, 133; for yuppies, 227;
veterinarians and veterinary scientists, 131, 133, 211–212; Bartonella infection rate in, 169. See also Breitschwerdt, Edward
Wagner, Julia (Lyme patient), 143
West Nile virus, 6, 51, 242; funding for compared to Lyme, 201.
Western blot test, 108–109, 111
Western Europe, Lyme disease case estimate in, 14
White, Kathy (Lyme patient), 247
White, Monica (Lyme patient), 67
WHO. See World Health Organization
Wikel, Stephen, 229–230, 232, 235
Wilson Anglin, Kara (Lyme patient), 184–187, 190, 199–202
winter ticks, moose afflicted by, 11–12, 13
woodburbs, 29
World Health Organization (WHO), 59, 83, 94
Wormser, Gary, 40, 81, 140, 141, 167; prolonged symptoms from coinfection dismissed by, 172–173; testing accuracy, nonrash, 114–115; refusal to be interviewed, 114
xenodiagnosis, 78–80
Yale University, 49, 190; Bockenstedt research at, 137–139, 141
Zhang, Ying, 82, 134
Zika virus, 51, 214, 225–226, 229, 242; herd immunity to, 229
Zubcevic, Nevena, 80–81, 82, 84
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