by Scott McGill
Waddell, Helen. (1929). Mediaeval Latin Lyrics. London: Constable.
Ware, Catherine. (2012). Claudian and the Roman Epic Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilde, Oscar. (2008 [1890]). The Picture of Dorian Gray. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Edmund. (1931). Axel’s Castle. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Wood, Ian. (2013). The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
FURTHER READING
No single work examines nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century approaches to late antique literature, but there are fine studies on particular periods. On late antiquity in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐ century French literary culture, see the meticulous survey of David (2001). For Victorian England, see Jenkyns (1995–1996) and Vance (1997, pp. 195–268). On changing critical visions of late antiquity as a historical period in the twentieth century, see Rebenich (2009) and Wood (2013, pp. 268–309).
Index
À rebours (“Against the Grain”) (novel by Huysmans) 628–629, 630, 637
Abbasaid Caliphate 103, 575, 576
abbots 39, 166, 394
abbreviated texts 433, 437–439
Abelard, Peter (d. 1142) 589
Abgar of Edessa 55, 362, 410
absorption, Byzantium period 561–562
Abū Ḥātim al‐Rāzī 569, 570
Acacius of Melitene 80, 212
accents 455, 456
Achilles Tatius 223, 244
Acts of the Apostles see Apostles, Acts of
Aeneid (Virgil) 222, 244, 436, 465, 585, 621
Aethicus Ister 292, 407
Aetius, Flavius 229, 246
Africa 38, 87, 111, 171, 187, 545, 577 North Africa 32, 229, 272, 419, 513, 532, 533, 562, 571, 589
Agapetus, Pope 434
Agat’angelos 81, 82, 83, 93
Agathias (d. 582) 13, 248–249, 252
agency 507–508
Aḥikar story 530–531
Aithiopika (Heliodorus) 14
Alaha‐Zekha 172
Alan of Lille 282
Alaric (Visigothic leader) 228
Albanian language 88
Alcuin 457, 585
Aldhelm (seventh‐century Anglo‐Saxon poet) 34
Alexander of Aphrodisias 56, 57 philosophical commentary 298, 300–305
Alexander of Neckham (d. 1217) 589
Alexander Romance, The, 283, 288, 530, 531
Alexander the Great 75, 407, 444
Alfoldy, Geza 510
Allegorical Content of Virgil 290
Ambrose of Milan (374–397) 30, 150, 195, 270, 329, 335, 349, 395 biblical commentary 314, 315, 317, 319
Ambrosiaster 314, 317, 320
Ammianus Marcellinus see Marcellinus, Ammianus
Anastasius Sinaites 408
Anastasius the Librarian 170, 246
Anatolia 92, 98
Anaximander 297
Ancient Menippean Satire 281
Ancient North Arabian language 126, 127
Ancient South Arabian language 126, 128
andarz texts (wisdom literature) 110
anegyricus Messallae 212
Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus, lost 144, 148
Anthemius (Emperor, 467–472) 29, 229, 246
anti‐Chalcedonianism 63, 70, 71, 394, 560 see also Council of Chalcedon
Antiochus (ca. 125–68BCE) 301, 441
antiquarian literature 539–553 definitions/terminology 539–540
past and present 548–550
perspectives on the past 544–547
presenting the past 540–543
antiquity, late see late antiquity
Antonine Itinerary 363–364
Aphrodite 198
Aphthonius 463, 464, 475–479, 484
apocalyptic and visionary texts 14, 108–110, 262
Apocolocyntosis (Seneca) 281, 283
Apocryphal Acts, early Christian 14
Apollinaris, Sidonius see Sidonius Apollinaris (d. ca.489)
Apollinarius of Laodicea 226, 260, 264, 335
Apollo 198
Apollonius King of Tyre 283, 288
apologetic chronology 183
Apologia Secunda (Athanasius) 165
Apostles, Acts of 34, 80, 231, 344, 586
apostolic preaching 345
Appendix Probi 456–457
Apuleius 284, 288, 291, 525
Aquinas, Thomas 338
Arab Conquests 16, 17, 127, 132, 558
Arab ethnogenesis 127, 128
Arabia “Arabization” of 125
defining 124
linguistic heterogeneity of 125
maps 124
northern Arabia inscriptions 126
Arabia Felix 125
Arabian Peninsula 124, 127
Arabian/Arabic literature 123–140 grammatical noun endings 130
inscriptions 126–128
and Islam 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135–138
Northern Arabian graffiti 130
“Oral Formulaic” verse 130
phonemic vowels 129
poetry 129–133, 138
Arabic languages 124, 130 Ancient North Arabian 126
Ancient South Arabian 126, 128
and Arabic reception of late antique literature 569, 571
classical Arabic 127
of everyday life 130
Modern South Arabian 126
Old Arabic 127, 128, 129
Arabic reception of late antique literature 569–582
Arab‐Islamic conquest, seventh century 123
Aramaic language 13, 104, 129
Arator 34, 231, 245, 273, 586
Ardā Wirāz Nāmag (The Book of Righteous Wirāz) 108, 109
Ardaxšīr Romance (Kārnāmag ī Ardaxšīr ī Pābagān) 115
Argonautica (Orphic) 223
Aristides, Aelius 80, 210, 332
Aristotle/Aristotelianism 11, 12, 16, 32, 80, 194, 213, 301, 331, 461, 525, 561, 603 and Arabic reception of late antique literature 577, 580
Aristotelian logic 330, 338, 339, 525, 572, 599
Categories 57, 298, 301, 303, 525
philosophical commentary 298–304, 307, 309
Physics 303, 306, 572
and pseudepigraphy 402, 406
Armenia/Armenian literature 75–85, 528 and Christianity 76, 77
“classical” literature 76
commencement of literature compared to language/oral culture 76, 77–78
culture 76
ecclesiastical/theological works, in prose 79–81
historians 82–84
and Islam 80, 84
language of Armenia 75, 76, 77–78, 88
Third Council of Duin (607) 94
written literature 77
Zoroastrianism 79, 80, 82, 83
Arnobius (c. 310) 333, 590
Ars dictaminis (art of letter writing) 590
Ars maior/Ars minor (Donatus) 452, 453, 454, 455
Arsacid regime, Parthian 75, 76, 87, 95
Artes grammaticae 453, 460
ascetics/asceticism 39, 51, 89, 226, 247, 380, 635 Armenian 77, 80
and Christianity 65, 236, 247, 261, 270, 638 Christian poetry 261, 270
Coptic 61, 66
epistolography 393, 394
female 93, 320
monastic tales 381, 382
Syriac 51, 52, 53
Aspasius 303, 304
astrology 115, 225, 527, 528
astronomy 115, 527
Athanasius of Alexandria 39, 62, 165, 284, 289, 410, 434 Christian theological literature 328, 329, 335
hagiography 380
The Life of Antony of Egypt 70, 380, 381, 562
audiences inscriptions 517–519
school texts 484–487
sermons 352–353
Auerbach, Erich 633
Augustine of Hippo (395–430) 150, 184, 248, 270, 334, 339, 453, 597, 600, 601 biblical commentary 314, 317, 318, 321
Christi
an theological literature 327, 328, 335, 336–337
City of God 614–615
Confessions 264, 374, 375, 376, 525, 616, 639
and Latin literature 27, 29, 30, 31, 34
and letters/letter collections 390, 395, 397
panegyrical works 209–210, 216
and sermons 343, 349, 353
style 614
Aurelius Victor see Victor, Aurelius
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 29, 209, 210, 270, 443, 529, 589, 590, 612, 613, 614, 634 epigrams and occasional poetry 242–245, 249, 254, 255
legal texts 421–422
Mosella 32, 495
authentication of texts 403
authorial personae, replicating 563–564
autobiography/autobiographical poems 264, 373, 374, 375–377 political autobiography 375–376
Avesta 106–107, 111
Avitus (d. ca. 518) 586–587
Avitus (Emperor, 455–456) 29, 34, 35
Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius (bishop of Vienne) 232
Avitus, Flavius Eparchius 229
Avitus of Vienne 629
Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memoir of Zarēr) 111
Babylonian Talmud 107
Baghdad 571, 573, 576
Balkan wars (250s–270s) 146
banquet etiquette, Iran 112
Banū Saʿd ibn Thaʿlaba, tribe of 133
Bar Sahde 172
“Barbarian histories” 38
Barbarus Scaligeri 180
Bardaisan of Edessa (154–222) 49, 50, 56, 57, 329
Barhadbeshabba Arbaya/Barhadbeshabba d’Bet‐’Arbaye 56, 172
Bar‐Maryam, Daniel 165, 172
Bar‐Tabahe, Simon 172
Barwick, Karl 452, 453, 455, 458
Basil of Caesarea 62, 77, 80, 202, 260, 353 biblical commentary 314, 317, 318, 323
Christian theological literature 335, 336
Hexaemeron 226, 318, 319
and school texts 473, 482, 483
Basilikos Logis (treatise) 211
Bassae suae/Gaudentius 243
Bassius, Junius 254
Bassus, Caesius 464
Baudelaire, Charles 630
Baum, Armin D. 401, 402
Beat Generation 636–638
Bede 186, 363, 457 ecclesiastical history 170, 173
and Western Middle Ages 584, 585, 591
Bentley, Richard 404
van Bergen, Antoon 605
Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153) 589
Bethlehem 361, 362
Bible see also biblical commentary; New Testament; Old Testament
Gothic 533
Greek as language of 11
Hebrew 11, 65, 533, 607
King James Version 64
narrative 262
paraphrase 264, 314
poetry 34, 226, 231 New Testament 34, 230, 231, 232, 271
Old Testament 34, 227, 231, 232, 271
Sahidic 64
topography 363
translation see translation
biblical commentary 31, 313–325, 330 see also Bible; Christian theological literature; New Testament; Old Testament
and literature 315–317
origins and development 314–315
Scriptures 314, 316, 317, 319, 321
survey 317–322
Syriac literature 48–49
biblical epic 230–232
Bibliotheke (Photios) 145, 558, 559
biculturalism 61
bilingualism 61, 63
biography 149, 374, 377–380 see also hagiography
ecclesiastical history 166
Greek 14
vs. hagiography 378
historical 143
for individual and communal self‐definition 379
as “parasitic” 378
premodern 373
serial 172
Syriac 52–53
bishops 69, 273, 322, 334, 361, 432, 433, 441, 508, 565 see also priests
and Armenian literature 78, 82, 84
ecclesiastical history 162, 166, 172
and Latin literature 37, 39
school texts 472, 482
sermons 343, 347, 348, 350, 354
and translation 533, 535
Blaudeau, Philippe 167
Blemmyomachy (Homerizing poem) 224
Blemyomachia 407
Bodmer papyrus 225
Boethius 283, 303, 337–338, 339, 461, 613, 623 Consolation of Philosophy 32, 282, 284, 285–287, 289, 291, 584, 588
pre‐Boethian and post‐Boethian traditions 291–292
translation 525, 526
Book of Enoch 106, 113
Book of the Hierotheos, The, (Stephen bar Sudhaili) 52
Book of the Laws of the Countries 56
Bordeaux pilgrims 364
Bracciolini, Poggio 600
breviaria (epitomes) 143, 144, 149, 170, 436, 438 see also epitomes, historical
Breviarium ab urbe condita (Eutropius) 150, 444, 591
British Library, Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (ISTC) 601
Brown, Peter 87, 539, 611 The World of Late Antiquity 611, 628
Budé, Guillaume 603
buildings and poetry 265
bumberazis (titanic champions) 96
Bundahišn (The Book of Primal Creation) 106, 114–115
Burchard of Worms (d. 1025) 589
Buzandaran (Pseudo‐Faustus of Byzantium) (Agat’angelos) 82, 83
Byzantium Empire/period 17, 64, 557–568 absorption 561–562
Byzantium Church 557
continuation 561
“early” and “middle” 558
and Greek 16
literary criticism 564–567
papyri 10
replicating authorial personae 563–564
rewriting 562–563
Caelius Sedulius 231
Caesar Gallus 152
Caesar Julian 152
Caesarea 333
Caesares (Victor) 149–150
Caesarius of Arles (502–542) 30, 40, 354
Caesars (Julian) 283, 284, 289, 291, 614
Cain and Abel 226
Calcidius (scholar) 12
Calvino, Italo 391
Cameron, Alan 269, 549
Cameron, Averil 378
Candidus 155
canones (regnal lists) 183
canonical texts 404, 407, 433
Canons (Shenoute) 67, 68, 69
Capella, Martianus 27, 31, 32, 248, 288, 292, 437, 452 Marriage of Philology and Mercury 283–284, 291, 452, 589
Cappadocian formula 336
Capture of Troy (Triphiodorus) 222
Cardigni, Julieta 290, 291
Carmen contra paganos (anon) 269, 270
Carmen Paschale (poetic version of the Gospels) 34, 586
Cassian, John (d. 435) 39
Cassiodorus 153, 420, 434, 437, 457, 525, 584, 585 and chronicles 182, 184
and ecclesiastical history 164, 165, 170
Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning 28, 434
and Latin literature 28, 29, 34, 35, 38
Cassius Dio 145, 148
Categories (Aristotle) 57, 298, 301, 303, 525
Catholic Church/Catholicism 38, 94, 173, 376, 604, 608
Cato, M. Porcius 407, 495
Caucasian region 87–88, 90, 92, 94 see also Georgia/Georgian literature
aristocracy 95
Caucasian Mountains 87, 88
and Iran 91–92, 99
Parthians 95
social structure 91
Cavafy, C.P. 634–635
Cedrenus 147
Cellectio Avellana 420–421
Cellectio Sirmondiana 420, 421
Cento nuptialis (Ausonius) 242
Cento Probae (Proba) 267, 268
Cento Vergilianus (Proba) 496
centos 242, 264
Chalcedon, Council of see Council of Chalcedon
Chalcedonian formula 335, 336
Charisius 453–454, 460, 462, 463
chreia 476–477, 484–485
Chrestomathoi of Helladius 439–440
Christian history Iranic colors 97–100
Latin 37–40
Christian literature see also Christian theological literature
autobiographical 376
classical/Christian binary 4–5
Middle Persian 113–114
pseudepigraphy 407–411
Christian poetry 225–227, 257, 259–280 epitaphic verse 254
Golden Age for Christian verse 270, 271
Greek 260–266
Latin 266–273
and paganism 261, 263, 269, 270
Christian theological literature 327–342 see also biblical commentary
definitions/terminology 327–331
emergence of 331–334
end of late antiquity, consolidation and reception toward 337–338
“Long Fourth Century” 334–337
Orthodox 335
scholasticism 330
schools of 329
Christian Topography (Indicopleustes) 367–368
Christianity see also Christian literature; Christian poetry; Christian theological literature; Christology; church history; ecclesiastical history; hymns; Jesus Christ
Armenia 76, 77
and asceticism 65, 236, 247, 261, 270, 638
Catholic Church/Catholicism 38, 94, 173, 376, 604, 608
conversion to 48, 262
early languages 17
emergence as a privileged religion in Roman period 4
legal texts 107
literature and poetry see Christian literature; Christian poetry; Christian theological literature
monotheism 125, 332, 362
and new genres 435–437
Nicene 50
as official religion of Roman Empire 404