25. Gromyko, Memoirs, 342; Brown, Gorbachev Factor, 87.
26. David Christian, Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege, and the Challenge of Modernity (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), 405–6. See also Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
27. Stephen F. Cohen, “Introduction: Gorbachev and the Soviet Reformation,” in Voices of Glasnost: Interviews with Gorbachev’s Reformers, ed. Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina vanden Heuvel (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 22; Ilya Zemtsov and John Farrar, Gorbachev: The Man and the System (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1989), xiii.
28. “O merakh po preodoleniyu p’yanstva i alkogolizma,” Pravda, May 17, 1985, 1.
29. Nicholas Daniloff, “Gorbachev’s 100 Days—New Vigor in the Kremlin,” U.S. News & World Report, June 24, 1985, 27. Also see Celestine Bohlen, “Drunkenness Crackdown Gets Off to Early Start,” Washington Post, June 1, 1985, A17.
30. “Utverzhdat’ trezvyi obraz zhizni,” Pravda, Sept. 26, 1985, 3; Hendley, “Moscow’s Conduct of the Anti-Alcohol Campaign,” 98; Celestine Bohlen, “Anti-Alcohol Drive,” Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1986, A12; Stephen White, Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 76–78.
31. Anders Åslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform, 1985–88 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 75. On the continuity in tactics see Daniel Tarschys, “The Success of a Failure: Gorbachev’s Alcohol Policy, 1985–88,” Europe-Asia Studies 45, no. 1 (1993): 18–19.
32. Tarschys, “The Success of a Failure,” 19.
33. White, Russia Goes Dry, 74–75, 88.
34. “Vospitanie lichnosti,” Pravda, Aug. 25, 1985, 3; translation in Hendley, “Moscow’s Conduct of the Anti-Alcohol Campaign,” 92–93.
35. See, for instance, “O merakh po preodoleniyu p’yanstva i alkogolizma,” 1; “O ser’eznykh nedostatkakh v organizatsii vypolneniya v gorode Permi postanovlenii partii i pravitel’stva o preodolenii p’yanstva i alkogolizma,” Pravda, Aug. 6, 1985, 2; Nikolai Ryzhkov, “Ob osnovnykh napreavleniyakh ekonomicheskogo i sotsial’nogo razvitiya SSSR na 1986–1990 gody i na period do 2000 goda,” Pravda, March 4, 1986, 2.
36. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 181. On Romanov in Hungary see Roy A. Medvedev, “The Kremlin and the Bottle,” Russian Life 41, no. 4 (1998): 20; Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 29.
37. Peter Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 254.
38. On plan fulfillment see “Novyi krupnyi shag v razvitii ekonomiki: Ob itogakh vypolneniya gosudarstvennogo plana ekonomicheskogo i sotsial’nogo razvitiya SSSR v 1985 gody,” Pravda, Jan. 26, 1986, 2. On forecasts to 2000 see Ryzhkov, “Ob osnovnykh napravleniyakh,” 2–5.
39. White, Russia Goes Dry, 38.
40. Ibid. Tat’yana Prot’ko, V bor’be za trezvost’: Stranitsy istorii (Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika, 1988), 132.
41. David Powell, “Soviet Union: Social Trends and Social Problems,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 38, no. 9 (1982): 24; Aleksandr Nemtsov, “Tendentsii potrebleniya alkogolya i obuslovlennye alkogolem poteri zdorov’ya i zhizni v Rossii v 1946–1996 gg.,” in Alkogol‘ i zdorov’e naseleniya Rossii: 1900–2000, ed. Andrei K. Demin (Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya, 1998), 98–99.
42. Marshall I. Goldman, “Gorbachev’s Risk in Reforming the Soviet Economy,” Technology Review (1986): 19. See also Basile Kerblay, Gorbachev’s Russia (New York: Pantheon, 1989), 13; David Joel Fishbein, “Do Dna: Alcoholism & the Soviet Union,” Journal of the American Medical Association 266, no.9 (Sept.4, 1991): 1211; Igor’ Urakov, Alkogol’: Lichnost’i zdorov’e (Moscow: Meditsina, 1986), 18–21; Padma Desai, Perestroika in Perspective: The Design and Dilemmas of Soviet Reform (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 28.
43. Mikhail Gorbachev, “O zadachakh partii po korennoi perestroike upravleniya ekonomikoi: Doklad na Plenume TsK KPSS 25 iyunya 1987 goda,” in Izbrannye rechi i stat’i, tom 5 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1988), 158; Tarschys, “Success of a Failure,” 10.
44. Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 33. On his expulsion from Russia and subsequent return months later see Angus Roxburgh, “From the Archive: Exiled by the KGB Just as Russia Dares to Be Free (June 4, 1989),” Sunday Times, Aug. 30, 2009, http://www.time-sonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6815093.ece (accessed Sept. 10, 2011.) In perhaps the crowning irony, Roxburgh would return to Russia as a Kremlin public relations advisor under Vladimir Putin. Angus Roxburgh, Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), xi–xii.
45. See, for instance, Archie Brown, “Gorbachev: New Man in the Kremlin,” Problems of Communism 34, no. 3 (1985): 1–23; Marshall I. Goldman, “What to Expect from Gorbachev,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41, no. 4 (1985): 8–9; Serge Schmemann, “The Emergence of Gorbachev,” New York Times Magazine, March 3, 1985, 40–46.
46. See Raisa Gorbacheva, Ya nadeyus’ (Moscow: Kniga, 1991), 38; Nikishin, Vodka i Gorbachev, 402. On Stavropol influence see Viktor Erofeev, Russkii apokalipsis: Opyt khudozhestvennoi eskhatologii (Moscow: Zebra E, 2008), 14. For other speculation centered on Gorbachev see Nikishin, Vodka i Gorbachev, 199.
47. “Tak dal’she zhit’ nel’zya”; quoted in Gorbacheva, Ya nadeyus’, 13.
48. Erofeev, Russkii apokalipsis, 12–13; for an English version see Victor Erofeyev, “The Russian God,” New Yorker, Dec. 16, 2002. See also Aleksandr Nemtsov, Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii: Noveishii period (Moscow: URSS, 2009), 73; Gorbachev, Memoirs, 220; Lev Ovrutsky, “Impasses of Sobering Up,” in Gorbachev & Glasnost’: Viewpoints from the Soviet Press, ed. Isaac J. Tarasulo (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1989), 195; originally published in Sovetskaya kultura, July 16, 1988.
49. Nikolai Ryzhkov, Perestroika: Istoriya predatel’stv (Moscow: Novosti, 1992), 361.
50. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 220.
51. Mikhail S. Solomentsev, “O praktike raboty i zadachakh organov partiinogo kontrolya: Doklad na soveshchanii predsedatelei Partiinykh Komissii pri TsK kompartii soyuznykh respublik, kraikomakh i obkomakh KPSS 19 noyabrya 1984 goda,” in Vremya reshenii i deistvii: Izbrannye rechi i stat’i (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1985), 533–34. On earlier policy suggestions see Mikhail S. Solomentsev, “Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossiiskoi Federatsii na sovremennom etape: Iz stat’i opublikovannoi v zhurnale ‘Istoriya SSSR’ No. 6, 1981 God,” in Vremya reshenii i deistvii: Izbrannye rechi i stat’i (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1985), 370–71. On “cognac” funds see also Konstantin Simis, USSR: The Corrupt Society; The Secret World of Soviet Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 130.
52. Gromyko, Memoirs, 343.
53. “V politbyuro TsK KPSS,” Pravda, April 5, 1985, 1.
54. Anatoly S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym (Moscow: Kul’tura, 1993), 39. On Solomentsev and the work of the commission see Anatoly S. Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, trans. Robert D. English and Elizabeth Tucker (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 17; Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 28; White, Russia Goes Dry, 68, 210 n. 66; Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, 336.
55. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 220. See also Trelford, “Walk in the Woods with Gromyko,” 23.
56. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, 39.
57. Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, 336. On shutting down liquor stores in Tomsk see Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 28; White, Russia Goes Dry, 67–68.
58. Yegor Ligachev, “Aprel’skii Plenum TsK KPSS—Glavnoe soderzhanie vsei nashei raboty: Doklad na partiinom sobranii otdela organizatsionno-partiinoi raboty TsK KPSS 5 maya 1985 goda,” in Izbrannye rechi i stat’i (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1989), 86.
59. Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, 335–36; Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221; Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, 39.
60. Ryzhkov, Perestroika, 94–95. Also see Leon Aron, “Everything You Think You Know about the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2011, 66–67.
61. Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 28.
62. Ryzhkov, Perestroika, 95; Chernyaev, Shest’ lets Gorbachevym, 39. In terms of Ryzhkov’s supporters we may add Vladimir Dolgikh, Vitaly Vorotnikov, Haydar Aliyev, Ivan Kapitonov, Viktor Nikonov, Vasily Garbuzov, and presumably Grigory Romanov. Nemtsov, Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii, 73.
63. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, 39.
64. White, Russia Goes Dry, 68; Medvedev, “Kremlin and the Bottle,” 20. Garbuzov reportedly died shortly after his dismissal in 1985. Brown, Gorbachev Factor, 141.
65. Shevardnadze, Future Belongs to Freedom, 3.
66. Steve LeVine, The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea (New York: Random House, 2007), 177–78; Arkady Vaksberg, The Soviet Mafia (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 178, 82; Nikishin, Vodka i Gorbachev, 75.
67. Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 28–29. Also see White, Russia Goes Dry, 68. Nikishin, Vodka i Gorbachev, 214.
68. LeVine, Oil and the Glory, 178. On Gorbachev’s position see Gorbachev, Memoirs, 144.
Chapter 18
1. Ben Lewis, Hammer and Tickle (New York: Pegasus Books, 2009), 260.
2. See “Hammer and Tickle” (video), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEgRit8dxDY (accessed Aug. 8, 2011).
3. Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (New York: Penguin, 2000), xv.
4. See the Reagan documentary In the Face of Evil: Reagan’s War in Word and Deed, http://www.inthefaceofevil.com/inthefaceofevil/story.html (accessed Aug. 8, 2011). On moral resolve and defense spending see Jeffrey W. Knopf, “Did Reagan Win the Cold War?” Strategic Insights 3, no. 8 (2004), http://www.nps.edu/Academics/centers/ccc/publications/OnlineJournal/2004/aug/knopfAUG04.html (accessed Aug. 17, 2011).
5. This has become a standard example of “how not to do” historical research. Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001), 79.
6. Stephen White, Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 43. On “counter-modernization” see Victor Zaslavsky, “The Soviet Union,” in After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building, ed. Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997), 73.
7. Aleksandr Nemtsov, “Mnogo pit’, vse-taki vredno,” EKO, no. 281 (1997): 179–81. I conducted a similar analysis in “A Lesson in Drinking,” Moscow Times, March 5, 2011.
8. Igor’ Lanovenko, Aleksandr Svetlov, and Vasilii Skibitskii, P’yanstvo i prestupnost’: Istoriya, problemy (Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1989), 6–7; White, Russia Goes Dry, 44.
9. “80 millionov alkogolikov k 2000 godu?” Russkaya mysl’, Dec. 27, 1984. See also chapter 16; Vladimir V. Dunaevskii and Vladimir D. Styazhkin, Narkomanii i toksikomanii (Leningrad: Meditsina, 1988), 24; White, Russia Goes Dry, 40–45.
10. Barimbek S. Beisenov, Alkogolizm: Ugolovno-pravovye i kriminologicheskie problemy (Moscow: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1981), 36; quoted, along with statistics, in White, Russia Goes Dry, 45–48.
11. White, Russia Goes Dry, 50–52; Boris Segal, The Drunken Society: Alcohol Use and Abuse in the Soviet Union (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 368–69.
12. This is broadly resonant with Leon Aron’s argument about the collapse of the Soviet Union as resulting from attempts to reform its “moral decay.” Leon Aron, “Everything You Think You Know about the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2011, 66.
13. Aleksandr Nemtsov, Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii: Noveishii period (Moscow: URSS, 2009), 80–81; White, Russia Goes Dry, 102.
14. Nemtsov, “Mnogo pit’, vse-taki vredno,” 179; Thomas H. Naylor, The Gorbachev Strategy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988), 194.
15. Alain Blum, “Mortality Patterns in the USSR and Causes of Death: Political Unity and Regional Differentials,” in Social Change and Social Issues in the Former USSR, ed. Walter Joyce (New York: St. Martin’s, 1992), 92; Vladimir Treml, “Drinking and Alcohol Abuse in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s,” in Soviet Social Problems, ed. Anthony Jones (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991), 124; White, Russia Goes Dry, 103–4.
16. Aleksandr Nemtsov, “Tendentsii potrebleniya alkogolya i obuslovlennye alkogolem poteri zdorov’ya i zhizni v Rossii v 1946–1996 gg.,” in Alkogol‘ i zdorov’e naseleniya Rossii: 1900–2000, ed. Andrei K. Demin (Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya, 1998), 102, and “Smertnost’ naseleniya i potreblemiye alkogolya v Rossii,” Zdravookhranenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii (1997): 33. Others estimate a 24 percent decline in the crude death rate or about 1.61 million fewer deaths in the late 1980s. Jay Bhattacharya, Christina Gathmann, and Grant Miller, The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia’s Mortality Crisis, NBER Working Paper No. 18589 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012), 23.
17. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 222.
18. Viktor Erofeev, Russkii apokalipsis: Opyt khudozhestvennoi eskhatologii (Moscow: Zebra E, 2008), 14. See also “Hammer and Tickle” (video); Joy Neumeyer, “Exhibits Grapple with Gorbachev, Yeltsin’s Legacies,” Moscow Times, Jan. 28, 2011.
19. Leonid Ionin, “Chetyre bedy Rossii,” Novoe vremya No. 23 (1995): 16–17; translated in Leon Aron, Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), 180–81.
20. Angus Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution: The Struggle for Power in the Kremlin (New York: Pharos Books, 1992), 28; “Veni, Vidi, Vodka,” Economist, Dec. 23, 1989, 52; Fred Coleman, The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire (New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), 234.
21. Many articles to this effect followed major holidays. See E. Sorokin, “8 marta bez shampanskogo?” Pravda, March 5, 1990, 2; Yu. Petrov, “Bezalkogolnyi pososhok,” Trud, Nov. 8, 1990, 2. On queues see White, Russia Goes Dry, 140.
22. Celestine Bohlen, “Drunkenness Crackdown Gets Off to Early Start,” Washington Post, June 1, 1985, A17.
23. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221–22; Aron, Yeltsin, 180.
24. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221. I explore this more fully in The Political Power of Bad Ideas: Networks, Institutions, and the Global Prohibition Wave (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 135–43. See also White, Russia Goes Dry, 100–104, and more generally Karl W. Ryavec, Russian Bureaucracy: Power and Pathology (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).
25. White, Russia Goes Dry, 107.
26. Vitalii Vorotnikov interview transcript, May 26, 1990; in ibid. See also Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221.
27. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221–22.
28. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (New York: Pantheon, 1993), 337.
29. Dale Pesmen, Russia and Soul: An Exploration (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000), 182.
30. See Gorbachev, Memoirs, 221; Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, 336–38.
31. Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 268.
32. Mikhail Korchemkin, “Russia’s Oil and Gas Exports to the Former Soviet Union,” in Economic Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, ed. Bartłomiej Kamiński (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), 123; Anders Åslund, How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 20; Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin (New York: Harcourt, 2000), 48–50.
33. Treml, “Drinking and Alcohol Abuse in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s,” 131; Gus Ofer, “Budget Deficit and Market Disequilibrium,” in Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka, vol. 1: The Economy, ed. Ed A. Hewett and Victor H. Winston (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1991), 292; Stephen White, Gorbachev and After (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 132.
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