Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State

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Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State Page 77

by Mark Lawrence


  32. Lilia Shevtsova, Russia—Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007), 158.

  33. Vladimir Putin, “Poslaniye Prezidenta Federal’nomu Sobraniyu,” Kremlin.ru, Dec. 12, 2012, http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/17118 (accessed Dec. 12, 2012).

  34. Martha Wexler, “Young Russian Politician Fights from the Bottom Up,” NPR, March 19, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/03/19/148924951/young-russian-politician-fights-from-the-bottom-up (accessed March 19, 2012).

  35. Andrei K. Demin and Irina A. Demina, “Opyt grazhdanskogo obshchestva v reshenii problem zloupotrebleniya alkogolem v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Deyatel’nost’ Rossiiskoi Assotsiatsii Obshchestvennogo Zdorov’ya,” in Alkogol’naya katastrofa i vozmozhnosti gosudarstvennoi politiki v preodolenii alkogol’noi sverkosmertnosti v Rossii, ed. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev (Moscow: Lenand, 2010), 368.

  36. Will Rogers, There’s Not a Bathing Suit in Russia & Other Bare Facts (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927), 25–31. In a similar vein see Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976), 120.

  37. Rogers, There’s Not a Bathing Suit in Russia, 31.

  INDEX

  Abalkin, Leonid, 362

  Abkhazia, 363

  abolitionism, 111, 115, 120, 122

  abortion, 245, 251, 265, 276, 285, 333–334

  Absolut, 314

  “administrative resources,” 317, 343

  See also corruption

  Aeroflot, 301–302

  Afghan War Veterans’ Union, 315

  Afghanistan, 14, 239, 264, 382

  Africa, xii–xiii, 13, 57, 71, 92, 163, 327, 352, 381

  Aganbegyan, Abel, 276, 282–284

  agriculture, 80, 133, 188–189, 193–196, 206, 210, 225–230, 240, 260, 279, 314, 319–320, 361, 385–388

  AIDS, 13, 327, 329, 352, 380–381

  Alapaevsk, 184

  alchemists, 28, 37, 70–74, 91

  alcohol, 10, 16, 23, 63, 71, 185, 194, 230, 259, 263–267, 314–315, 332, 344, 348

  and climate, 75, 267, 284

  consumption per capita, 13–14, 232, 244–246, 250–253, 265, 275–276, 312, 316, 329–330, 367, 369, 385, 387

  used to quell dissent, 16–19, 23, 113–122, 176, 241–242, 268, 283

  Alcohol in the USSR, 252–253

  alcohol-control measures, 15, 276–278, 282, 346, 353–357, 366, 368, 373, 382, 386

  education/propaganda, 263, 268, 278, 281, 353, 366–369, 386

  legal drinking age, 263, 346, 353, 368–369

  restriction on hours of sale, 263, 270, 276–278, 282, 353, 368, 386

  restriction on locations of sale, 263, 270–271, 276–278, 282

  alcohol poisoning, 88, 114–115, 134, 160, 190, 200, 211, 213, 219, 226, 238–241, 252, 261, 277, 282, 309, 314–319, 330–331, 352, 356, 369–370, 382, 387, 463n57

  Alcoholics Anonymous, 385

  alcoholism, 17, 82, 87–91, 113–115, 131, 147–148, 170–172, 213, 242, 244, 248, 254–255, 257, 260, 263, 267–268, 276, 294, 301, 316, 331–336, 348, 369–370, 374, 386, 389

  as top social challenge, xii, 11, 75, 267, 276, 367, 389

  and children, 86–87, 137, 275–276, 334–336, 352, 366, 370, 373

  and demographics, xii, 11, 83, 213, 267–271, 275–276, 282, 285, 287, 295, 310, 331–337, 352–354, 381

  and developmental disabilities, 38, 213, 275–276, 335–336, 388

  and divorce, 276–277, 334, 389

  and women, 86, 131, 136, 275–276, 332, 370

  ale. See beer

  Aleksandr, Prince of Oldenberg, 177, 196

  Alexander I, Tsar, 58, 111, 150

  and Napoleonic Wars, 111, 151–154

  Alexander II, Tsar, 109, 143–144, 427n9

  and abolition of serfdom, 108, 121–122, 143, 159

  and abolition of vodka tax farm, 108, 111, 122, 124, 159

  Alexander III, Tsar, 108, 144, 170–171, 176

  Alexander Lyceum, 182

  Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina, 171–172

  Alexei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 172–174

  Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich, 178

  Aleksandrov, Grigory, 20

  Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, 33, 41

  Alexander Nevsky (film), 20, 26, 232

  Alexei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 163

  Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar, 36, 86

  Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich, 47–48

  Alix of Hesse. See Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina

  Aliyev, Heydar, 272–273, 447n62

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 8

  All Russia party, 349–350

  See also United Russia

  All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), xi

  All-Russian Congress on the Struggle against Drunkenness, 177

  All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage (Cheka), 202–205

  See also People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) and Committee for State Security (KGB)

  All-Russian Labor Union of Christian Teetotalers, 181–182

  All-Union Voluntary Society for the Struggle for Temperance, 263

  Alma River, Battle of, 155–157

  Almaty, 289, 292, 323

  Altai Republic, 319

  AK-47 (Kalashnikov), xi, 339, 341

  American Relief Administration (ARA), 208–211

  American Temperance Society (ATS), 117–118

  Amish, 105

  ammonia, 208

  Amnesty International, 343

  anarchism, 139, 205, 378

  Anastasia Romanova, 30

  Andreyevsky Hall, 340, 362–363

  Andropov, Yury, 256–263, 268, 270, 285

  Andropovka, 258

  Anglican church, 118

  Anisimov, Vasily, 358–359, 373

  Anisimova, Anna, 358

  Anna Ivanovna, 45, 54–55

  Anna Karenina, 137

  Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 24

  antifreeze, 282, 331, 356

  Apraksin, Fyodor, 40, 47

  aqua vitae, 28, 34, 71–73, 94

  Arab Spring, 275

  Arabia, 70–71

  Arctic Ocean, 26

  Arkhangelsk, 99, 195, 205

  Armenia, 3, 70, 280, 284, 292, 321

  arson, 135, 153, 186, 234, 276

  Artemiev, Anton, 374

  Artsikhovsky, Artemy, 67

  Åslund, Anders, 263, 321–323

  Asmus, Ronald, 363

  Associated Press, 161

  Astrakhan, 205, 410n5

  Atlantic Monthly, 249

  Atlas Metal Works, 210

  August coup (1991), 59, 288–291, 294–295

  Aurora (warship), 164

  Austria, 53, 151, 178–179, 191, 195

  autocracy, xiii, 9, 13–21, 25, 34, 54, 91, 95, 99, 103, 106, 109, 113, 116, 126, 129, 134–140, 146–147, 155, 176–177, 181, 189–190, 207–209, 246–248, 261, 263, 267, 273, 275, 278, 285, 287, 292, 299, 304, 307, 318, 320–321, 325, 347, 351, 354, 372–377, 384, 386–391

  Azerbaijan, 272, 285, 323

  Baird, Robert, 118

  Baitalsky, Mikhail, 10, 11, 244–249, 252, 265, 268, 312, 442n26

  Baku, 323

  balalaikas, xi

  Balashov, 119–120

  Balfour, Arthur, 165

  Baltic Fleet, 163, 174

  Baltic Sea, 27, 73, 77, 111, 163, 167, 195, 231, 261, 292, 321–323

  Baltic states, 45, 49, 76, 119, 205, 231, 283, 288, 321–322, 330

  Baltika brewery, 374

  Baranov, Aleksandr, 336, 352

  Barbaro, Iosaphat, 84

  Bark, Pyotr, 178, 180, 186, 188, 192–194, 280

  Barnum, P.T., 133

  Bashkiria, 187, 208

  Basmanov, Alexei, 32–33

  Battleship Potemkin (film), 20, 26

  Bear Stearns, 363

  bears, xi, 29, 47, 361

  Beatty, Bessie
, 200

  beer, xiii, 19, 27, 37–40, 42, 47, 57–58, 70, 75–85, 91, 94, 114, 118, 136–138, 145, 149, 155, 162, 172, 217, 245, 247, 254, 272, 322–323, 330, 344, 373–375, 383–384

  beer-drinking regions. See geoalcoholics, beer-drinking regions

  Beijing, 92, 363

  Belarus, 76, 205, 231, 291, 312, 318, 321–324

  Belgium, 358, 378

  Bellyustin, Ivan, 105–106

  Belorussky station, 335

  Belovezh Accords, 291

  Benediktov, Viktor, 348

  Berezovsky, Boris, 341

  Bergholz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 46

  Beria, Lavrenty, 2–9, 21–24, 31, 33, 46, 234, 408n26

  Berlin, 76, 233, 239, 287, 297–299, 329

  Berlusconi, Silvio, 378

  Berra, Yogi, 348

  Beslan school hostage crisis, 346

  Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexei, 55

  Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health, 335

  Bible, 42

  Big Show in Bololand, 208

  Big Soviet Encyclopedia, 61, 121, 242

  Billington, James, 72

  binge drinking (zapoi), 12, 87–88, 134, 252, 330–331

  birchbark documents. See Novgorod birchbark documents

  birth rate, 277, 285, 327–328, 332–334, 348, 352, 360, 376, 380

  Blair House, 301

  Black Hundreds, 204

  Black Sea, 49, 72, 77, 111, 121, 155, 195, 231, 284

  Black Sea Fleet, 155, 157

  blackmail, 29, 345

  blat, 93–96, 109, 214

  See also corruption

  blitzkrieg, 4, 231

  “Bloody Sunday,” 174

  Bogart, Humphrey, 212

  Bolshakov, Anton, 210

  Bolshakov, Ivan, 22

  Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917), 15, 60, 130, 147, 164, 170, 189, 193, 200–201, 260, 279

  Bolsheviks, 10, 15, 177, 184, 186, 200, 208, 216, 293, 391

  ideological opposition to alcohol, 10, 19, 189, 218

  vanguard party, 140, 144, 208, 223

  Bolshoi obman (Grand Deception: Truth and Lies about Russian Vodka), 66

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 111, 150–154, 320

  Bonner, Elena, 264, 296

  bootlegging. See vodka, home-brewed (samogon)

  Bordeaux, 65

  Borisovna, Anastasia, 134

  Borodino, Battle of, 152–153

  bourgeoisie, 17, 127, 138, 202, 208

  Boxer Rebellion, 160

  boyars, 21, 27–30, 33, 36, 47, 84

  See also oprichniki

  Brandeis, Louis, 346

  brandy, 3, 70, 320, 401n7

  See also vodka

  brännvin, 385

  See also vodka

  Brazil, 329

  bread, 27, 185, 199, 282

  bread wine, 79

  See also vodka

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 205

  Bretuil, Baron de, 53

  breweries, 79, 193, 272

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 1, 24–25, 61, 239–242, 245, 254–256, 291, 300, 306–307, 312

  and corruption, 93, 239–240, 256–257, 262, 272–273

  Brezhneva, Galina, 257

  bribery, 92–109, 119, 123, 147, 202, 213, 226, 238, 269, 313–316, 328, 348, 360, 365–366, 371–372

  See also corruption

  British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 319

  Brokaw, Tom, 230

  Brooklyn, 326

  Bronshtein, Lev Davidovich (Trotsky). See Trotsky, Leon

  Bronze Horseman, 49, 60

  Brotherhood of Sobriety, 118

  Buchanan, Meriel, 201

  buffalo, 173

  Bukharin, Nikolai, 217, 223–225, 230, 263

  Bukhov, Pyotr Pavlovich, 185, 194

  Bulgaria, 231

  Bulgars, 77

  bureaucracy, 49, 58, 94–95, 107, 278–279, 313, 347, 351, 366, 373

  Burlakov, Matvei, 298

  burnt wine, 79, 410n50

  See also vodka

  Buryatia, 319

  Bush, George H. W., 280, 300

  Butovo, 228

  Buturlin, Ivan, 42

  Byzantium, 27, 67, 71–72, 77

  Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 5

  Caffa, 72–73

  Camp Alexis, 173

  Canada, 388

  cancer, 13, 238, 251, 329, 336, 352

  Cancer Ward, 238–239

  cannibalism, 154, 206

  capitalism, 65, 90–93, 123, 127–128, 210, 214, 220–221, 236, 248, 292–295, 306, 312–313, 321–328, 339, 343, 351, 378

  alcohol and oppressive characteristics of, 10, 15–16, 19, 90–91, 127–128, 138, 140, 145, 147, 204, 210, 220–221, 244, 247

  Capone, Al, 194

  cardiovascular disease, 13, 251, 258–259, 275, 306, 309, 329, 331

  Carlsberg, 374

  Caspian Sea, 205, 233, 410n5

  Cathedral of the Archangel, 35, 153

  Catherine I, Tsarina, 47–48, 54

  Catherine II (the Great), Tsarina, 18, 26, 49–59, 98–99, 260

  bureaucratic reforms of, 49, 58, 99

  overthrows Peter III, 53, 55–56, 291

  marriage to Peter III, 50–51

  Catholic church, 71, 77, 117–119

  Caucasus, 5, 141, 205, 272, 283–284, 303, 314, 316, 321–323

  caviar, 37

  CBS, 326, 332

  censorship, 20, 61, 119–121, 125, 129, 131, 135, 138, 176, 202, 237, 240, 248, 262, 265

  census, 230, 249, 336

  Central Asia, 205, 321, 323

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 285–286

  cerebral palsy, 336

  Ceylon, 163

  Chad, 92

  Chamberlin, William Henry, 219, 226

  champagne, 3, 57, 65, 156, 159, 162, 169, 173, 201, 233, 272, 294, 300

  charka, 155–157, 160, 167, 175, 232, 425n31

  Charles II, English king, 78

  Charles XII, Swedish king, 50, 403n43

  Chechnya, 133, 283, 300–304, 306, 328, 339, 342–343, 346, 348, 350

  Cheesefare, 85

  Cheka. See All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage (Cheka)

  Chelyshev, Mikhail, 177

  chemistry, 70, 73

  Cherkasov, Nikolai, 22–23

  Chernaya River, 159

  Chernenko, Konstantin, 258–261, 269, 307

  Chernigov, 269

  Chernobyl, 280–281, 283

  Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 348, 351

  Chernyaev, Anatoly, 239–240

  Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 129–136, 140, 143–149, 386

  Chevalier d’Éon, 52

  Chicago, 194

  Child Health Census, 336

  China, 70, 92, 160–167, 196, 236, 239, 287, 327, 329, 374

  Chodasiewicz, Robert Adolf, 155–157

  cholera, 109, 206

  Christian, David, xiv, xvi, 64–65, 78, 91, 114, 122, 196

  Christmas, 43–44, 84–88, 116, 214

  Chudov Monastery, 73, 174

  Church of the Savor on the Spilt Blood, 143–144

  Churchill, Winston, 4–5, 28, 78, 215, 221, 227, 233, 434n9

  circling dances, 86–87

  civil liberties, 175, 345, 349

  civil society, xiii, 9–11, 17, 124, 139, 176–177, 207, 209, 248, 346, 360, 365, 379, 385–390

  Clinton, Bill, 300–301, 306, 348, 358, 452n41

  coal, 163, 166, 222

  Coca-Cola, 67

  Codrington, General, 159

  Cody, Buffalo Bill, 173

  Cohen, Stephen F., 310

  cognac, 65, 78, 166–167, 170, 269, 272, 294, 344

  Colbert, Stephen, 145, 363

  Cold War, 93, 236, 251, 274, 285, 287, 292

  collectivization, 2, 15, 16, 24, 216, 225–230, 235, 240, 259

  Collins, Samuel, 36, 85–86, 94

  Colorado, 173

  Colton, Timothy, 307

  Columbus, Christopher, 26, 71


  Comecon, 66

  commanding heights, 210, 306

  Commissariat of State Control, 213

  Committee for State Security (KGB), 2, 6, 33, 202, 228, 240, 256–257, 264, 266, 288, 289, 344, 363

  See also People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)

  Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 292

  communism, 9, 14, 16, 127, 148, 198, 208, 236, 248, 254, 284–287, 306, 328, 387

  See also socialism

  Communist Manifesto, 127, 129

  Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1, 3, 17, 22, 210, 212, 223, 237, 244, 291, 293, 351, 387

  Central Committee of, 22–23, 214–219, 254, 258, 266

  Party Congress of, 206, 210, 214, 237, 262

  Party Control Committee of, 268–269

  Politburo of, 1–4, 8, 19, 25, 215–219, 224–225, 237, 249, 254–261, 266–272, 277–282, 293

  purges of, 17, 24, 220–224, 231, 237, 244, 264, 268–270, 279

  Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 300, 305–306, 349–350

  Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, 128

  Congress of People’s Deputies (CPD), 289, 294–297

  conscription, 16, 93, 112, 138, 150–151, 159–163, 206, 240, 336, 383

  See also war mobilization

  Constantinople, 27

  Constitutional Democrats, 201

  Contarini, Ambrogio, 84

  Contemporary History of Alcohol in Russia, xiv, 367

  contraceptives, 251, 333

  corporate raiding, 339, 343, 345, 355

  corruption, 18, 92–110, 112, 138, 146, 205, 213, 240, 272, 309, 315, 318, 343, 347, 360, 362, 379, 383

  and education, 93, 107, 319, 346

  and healthcare, 93, 107, 309, 328–329, 345, 365–366

  in imperial Russia, 93–110, 117–129, 140, 146–147, 388

  and judiciary, 93–98, 103, 109, 121, 147, 309, 341, 343, 366

  and military, 93, 121, 155–157, 162, 166

  and police, 93–98, 119–120, 147, 213, 309

  roots in tax farm, 93–99, 107–112, 119–120, 129–130, 135, 213, 383, 386

  in the Russian Federation, 92–93, 96, 107, 309, 315–316, 341, 343, 347, 356, 360–362, 371–372, 379, 383, 389

  in the Soviet Union, 93, 205, 213–215, 218, 226, 238–240, 256–257, 261–262, 272

  and vodka administration, 93–110, 117–126, 133, 146, 315–319, 347, 356, 371–373, 386–388

  See also sistema

  Cossacks, 55, 143, 153–154, 159, 162, 166, 169, 205, 304

  Council of Ministers, 177, 182

 

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