13 ‘Mining News’, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July 1872
14 ‘Sketches of the Braidwood district’, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1874
15 ‘Death and burial of a Chinese storekeeper’, reprinted from the Bathurst Times in the Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 8 August 1874
16 Fenby, China, p. 36
17 Mrs Archibald Little, Li Hung-chang, p. 5
18 Hibbard, p. 123; Fenby, China, p. 34
19 Mrs Archibald Little, Li Hung-chang, p. 121
20 Pearl, p. 98
21 Fearn, p. 129
22 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 4
23 Calling himself Julian Thomas, The Vagabond had arrived in Sydney from the United States in 1875 ‘sick in body and mind and broken in fortune’. He made his mark in journalism with well-written articles on the seamy side of Australian life in The Argus and Sydney Morning Herald which were collected in The Vagabond Papers (1876). It wasn’t until 1912 that his true identity was established. His real name was John Stanley James and he had been born on 15 November 1843 in Walsall, Staffordshire. (J. B. Cooper, ‘Who was The Vagabond?’ Life magazine, Melbourne, 1 January 1912; John Barnes, ‘James, John Stanley (1843–1896)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 4, Melbourne University Press, 1972, pp. 469–70)
24 The Vagabond, ‘Chinese Sketches’, The Argus, 8 October 1881; Occident and Orient, p. 86
25 Pearl, p. 85
26 Occident and Orient, p. 83
27 Ibid, p. 84
28 The Vagabond, ‘Chinese Sketches’, The Argus, 10 December 1881
29 Woodhead, p. 24
30 The Vagabond, ‘Chinese Sketches’, The Argus, 10 December 1881; Occident and Orient, p. 150
31 Ibid, p. 151
32 ‘Notes of a voyage from Queensland to China and Japan’, Brisbane Courier, 28 May 1894
33 Morrison, p. 2
34 ‘Notes on a voyage from Queensland to China and Japan’, Brisbane Courier, 24 May 1894
35 Ibid, 26 May 1894
36 Fenby, China, p. 48
37 Thompson and Macklin, p. 179
Chapter 3: Mission Massacre
1 Fenby, China, p. 49
2 Warner, p. 129
3 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, p. 95
4 Fenby, China, p. 51
5 ‘Tartar Dynasty Doomed’, New York Times, 2 December 1894
6 Fenby, China, p. 51
7 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, p. 96; Thompson, Pacific Fury, p. 17
8 Sergeant, p. 23
9 Andrews, p. 22
10 ‘Stewart mentions the Saunders sisters’, The Argus, Melbourne, 7 August 1895
11 ‘The Massacre in China: Australian ladies included’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 August 1895
12 Quoted in ‘Troubles in China: women missionaries to blame through lack of judgment’, New York Times, 25 June 1892; Andrews, p. 254 n
13 ‘The Letters of Miss Saunders’, The Argus, Melbourne, 8 August 1895
14 Williams, p. 428
15 ‘The Massacre at Kucheng: Statement by the survivors’, The Argus, Melbourne, 4 September 1895
16 ‘H. S. Phillips statement’, North China Herald, 9 August 1895
17 Ibid
18 ‘The Kucheng Massacre: How the missionaries were butchered’, Brooklyn Eagle, New York, 8 August 1895
19 ‘The Massacre of the Missionaries’, The Times, 6 August 1895
20 ‘The Massacre in China: Australian ladies included’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 August 1895
21 The Age, Melbourne, 7 August 1895
22 Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary, p. 23; Deane, p. 54
23 Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 44
24 Cantlie, p. 31
25 Hsu, p. 457
26 Hsu’eh, C, ‘Sun Yat-sen, Yang Ch’u-yu’n, and the Early Revolutionary Movement in China’, Journal of Asian Studies 19.3 (1960)
27 Tse, p. 8
28 Ibid
29 Ibid
30 Schiffrin, p. 70; Hsu’eh, C, ‘Sun Yat-sen, Yang Ch’u-yu’n, and the Early Revolutionary Movement in China’, Journal of Asian Studies 19.3 (1960)
31 W. Hutcheon, p. 40
32 Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, pp. 72–3
33 Ibid
34 ‘Lord Salisbury and the Chinese Legation’, The Times, 24 October 1896
35 Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, p. 60
36 Ibid, p. 82
37 Cantlie, p. 40
38 Kenneth Cantlie letter, The Times, 6 June 1975
39 Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 44
40 Ibid, p. 88
41 Ibid
42 Cantlie, pp. 42–3
43 Ibid
44 Letter, The Times, 26 October 1896
Chapter 4: Silk and Steel
1 Thompson and Macklin, p. 159
2 Thompson, Pacific Fury, p. 14
3 Fenby, China, p. 63
4 Tse, p. 12
5 Ibid, p. 11
6 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 134
7 Lo, p. 86
8 Hsu, p. 415
9 Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 52
10 Hart, p. 1
11 Irish-born John Otway Percy Bland joined the Imperial Customs Service in 1883 and had served as Sir Robert Hart’s private secretary for two years. In 1896, he became secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Council. He represented The Times in Shanghai from 1897 to 1907. He was later co-author with the forger Sir Edmund Backhouse of two sensational books on China.
12 ‘The situation in China’, The Times, 26 September 1898
13 Ibid
14 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 137
15 Ibid
16 Waley, p. 10
17 The Model Settlement, p. 5
18 Morrison, p. 4
19 H. H. Lowry, ‘The Chinese resentment’, Harper’s Magazine, October 1900
20 Dent & Company had already imploded with bad debts in 1867.
21 Hart, p. 2
22 ‘The murder of the Rev Sydney Brooks’, The Times, 16 January 1900
23 Seagrave, p. 300
24 ‘China’, The Times, 6 January 1900
25 ‘The Siege of the Legations’, The Times, 13 October 1900
26 Seagrove, pp. 202–3
27 ‘Before the fighting: an Australian’s experience’, Brisbane Courier, 16 July 1900
28 Preston, p. 80
29 Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 7 July 1900. French (p. 72) claims Morrison ‘was caught napping by the Boxers, as he was out of town on a snipe-hunting expedition’. He also says (p. 74) Morrison ‘had smuggled himself into the British Legation and then been promptly immobilised by a gunshot wound in the thigh’.
30 Cornelia Spencer, p. 49
31 Spurling, p. 35
Chapter 5: China force
1 ‘The last stand: Europeans shoot their women and children’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 July 1900
2 Thompson and Macklin, pp. 237–8
3 ‘China: The Peking Massacre’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 July 1900
4 Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 27 July 1900
5 ‘The Siege of the Peking Legations’, The Times, 15 October 1900
6 Hart, p. 4. Sir Robert Hart’s essays were published in a book, These from the Land of Sinim (Chapman & Hall, London, 1901). Hart, who saw himself as a lay missionary preaching the gospel of peace and progress, took his title from the Bible: ‘Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim.’ – Isaia
h 49.12
7 Hart, p. 53
8 Ibid, p. 5
9 Ibid, pp. 54–5
10 Thompson and Macklin, pp. 248–9
11 Pearl, p. 127. Arthur Henry Adams, poet, playwright and novelist, was born at Lawrence, New Zealand, on 6 June 1872. On leaving China, he spent three years as a freelance journalist in England, where he published his first novel, Tussock Land. In 1906, he joined The Bulletin as editor of the ‘Red Page’; in 1909 he succeeded Frank Fox as editor of Lone Hand, and in 1911 he became editor of the Sydney Sun.
12 Andrews, p. 30
13 ‘Back from China’, Brisbane Courier, 12 April 1901
14 Ibid
15 Ibid
16 Ibid
17 ‘Rebel ringleaders beheaded’, The Advertiser, Adelaide, 22 January 1901
18 Nicholls, p. 91
19 Morrison Papers, Mitchell Library
20 ‘The Germans in Chi-li’, The Times, 31 December 1900
21 Pearl, p. 129
22 Waldersee, Count Alfred von, A Field Marshal’s Memoirs, Hutchinson, London 1924
23 ‘Loot and indemnity in China’, New York Times, 26 January 1901
24 ‘Australians in Peking’, Daily Telegraph, 10 January 1901. Although Wynne was officially the Daily Telegraph representative in China, his dispatches were also published in other newspapers. Sometimes his reports and those of Arthur Adams appeared under the same byline of ‘Our Special Correspondent’.
25 Ibid
26 Andrews, p. 35
27 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, pp. 139–40
28 A. B. ‘Banjo’ Paterson, ‘Dr Morrison: a notable Australian’, Evening News, Sydney, 21 January 1903; reprinted in Paterson
29 Fairbank (editor), The I. G. in Peking, p. 76
30 Kevin Rudd, George Morrison Lecture, Canberra 2010
Chapter 6: Lithgow Express
1 Winston G. Lewis, ‘Donald, William Henry (1875–1946)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, pp 317–8.
2 ‘Macquarie’s acting architect’, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 June 1935
3 ‘“Chinese” Donald – mystery man’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 1945
4 ‘Lithgow’, Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 7 May 1881
5 ‘Chinese doctors’, The Argus, 22 June 1875
6 ‘The Medical Society and the Chinese doctor’, The Argus, 17 June 1875; Brisbane Courier, 14 July 1875
7 French (p. 72) claims Morrison ‘had canoed across Australia’, a physical impossibility.
8 L. Petocz, Lithgow District Historical Society, National Library of Australia; ‘George Donald obituary’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 July 1930
9 David McNicoll, ‘Life in China: Australian’s gift’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 1937; ‘“Chinese” Donald – mystery man’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 1945
10 ‘Personal’, Brisbane Courier, 21 January 1901
11 C. F. Yong, ‘The Chinese Revolution of 1911: Reactions of Chinese in New South Wales and Victoria’, Australian Historical Studies, 12:46, 1966
12 ‘The Chinese reform association’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 1900
13 ‘Presentation’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 May 1901
14 Petrie Watson, The Future of Japan, p. xii
15 Ibid, p. vi
16 Selle, p. 5
17 Tse, p. 15
18 Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, pp. 60–1; Rodney Noonan, ‘Grafton to Guangzhou: The revolutionary journey of Tse Tsan Tai’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, Volume 27, Issue 1 & 2, February 2006
19 John Fitzgerald, Big White Lie, p. 87
20 Tse, p. 21
21 John Fitzgerald, ‘Chinese Masons in Australian history’, Trans-National History Symposium, ANU, Canberra, 2004
22 Tse, p. 21
23 L. E. Armentrout, ‘The Canton Rising of 1902–1903: Reformers, Revolutionaries and the Second Taiping’, Modern Asian Studies 10.1 (1976)
24 Tse, pp. 22–3
25 L. E. Armentrout, ‘The Canton Rising of 1902–1903: Reformers, Revolutionaries and the Second Taiping’, Modern Asian Studies 10.1 (1976)
26 Tse, p. 22
27 ‘Arrival of Dr G. E. Morrison’, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 January 1903
28 L. E. Armentrout, ‘The Canton Rising of 1902–1903: Reformers, Revolutionaries and the Second Taiping’, Modern Asian Studies 10.1 (1976)
29 ‘The governorship of Queensland’, The Argus, 9 November 1888. Sir Henry Blake’s rejection had more to do with the issue of non-consultation between the Colonial Office and the Queensland Government than with his fitness for office.
30 Margaret Klam, Lithgow District Historical Society, National Library of Australia. Federal Parliament met in the Victorian Parliament House, Spring Street, from 1901 until 1927 when it moved to its new home in Canberra. During those years the Victorian Parliament deliberated in the Royal Exhibition Building.
31 Lo, p. 3; Selle, p. 6; Wright, Arnold (editor), Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai etc, p. 349
32 French, p. 94. Many inaccuracies have been written about Donald. Here, French seems to have relied on Ilona Ralf Sues, who wrote in Shark’s Fin and Millet (Little, Brown, New York, 1944) that Donald ‘was so poor that he could not pay his passage but worked his way across as the cook’s helper. He was lucky in Shanghai (sic). One of the big dailies was looking for a thing unheard-of in Shanghai – a reporter who neither drank nor smoked.’ While there is no doubt that Sues met Donald in China, it is clear he didn’t illuminate her on how he got there.
33 Henry James Lethbridge, ‘Adventurers in Hong Kong’, University of Hong Kong website.
34 Wright, Arnold, Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai etc, p. 349
35 H. B. Elliston, ‘China’s No. 1 White Boy’, Saturday Evening Post, 19 March 1938
36 W. H. Donald, ‘The Press’, in Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai etc (Arnold Wright, senior editor), p. 347
37 Lo, p. 215
38 Ibid, p. 406
39 Ibid, p. 406; The Times, 15 June 1903
40 Robin Hutcheon, p. 1
41 Tse, p. 24
42 Robin Hutcheon, p. 15
43 Lynch, The Path of Empire, p. xv
44 Witte, p. 127
45 Ibid; Figes, p. 169
46 David S. Crist, ‘Russia’s Far Eastern Policy in the Making’, Journal of Modern History, Volume 14, No. 3 (September, 1942)
47 Morrison to Bland, 19 July 1903, Bland Papers
48 Chirol to Morrison, 25 August 1903, Morrison Papers
49 Witte, p. 126
50 Woodhead, p. 21
51 Neville, p. 161
52 Kagan and Higham (editors), p. 185
53 ‘War begun: Russian warships torpedoed’, The Times, 10 February 1904
54 Pearl, p. 146
55 ‘America and the Far East: Australian war correspondents’, Adelaide Advertiser, 2 April 1904.
56 Martin Donohoe was born in Galway in 1869 but had been raised in Sydney and was often referred to as Australian.
57 ‘America and the Far East: Australian war correspondents’, Adelaide Advertiser, 2 April 1904.
58 Charles Belmont Davis (editor), p. 299
59 Fox, p. 50
60 Charles Belmont Davis (editor), p. 301
61 Sakuye Takahashi, International Law applied to the Russo-Japanese War, Stevens, London, 1908, pp. 387–8
62 Morrison to Moberly Bell, 9 June 1904, Morrison Papers
63 Ibid; Sir Claude MacDonald to Morrison, 20 May 1904, Morrison Papers
64 John Fox Jr, p. 182
Chapter 7: War and Marriage
1 Sel
le, p. 23
2 ‘Japan in Wartime’, Adelaide Advertiser, 6 July 1904
3 Selle, p. 23
4 ‘Japan in Wartime’, Adelaide Advertiser, 6 July 1904
5 Smiler Hales linked up with George Kingswell, New Zealand-born representative of the Daily Mail in China, but they got nowhere near the front. Instead, they crossed the Gobi Desert into Russia and made their way to Moscow. Hales wrote a series of forceful articles, ‘The Far East as I saw it’, for the Daily News in which he predicted that Russia would win the war (‘London personal notes’, Adelaide Advertiser, 10 October 1904).
6 Kagan and Higham (editors), p. 196
7 Fox, p. 177
8 Ibid, p. 183
9 ‘War correspondents quit’, New York Times, 3 September 1904
10 ‘Mikado honors Americans’, New York Times, 4 July 1907
11 ‘General Stoessel’s last proclamation’, The Times, 25 January 1905
12 ‘Port Arthur from Within’, The Times, 25 January 1905
13 Marder, p. 5
14 ‘Grave breaches of neutrality’, The Times, 8 May 1905
15 ‘The Russian Armada’, Brisbane Courier, 25 April 1905
16 Donald’s report in the China Mail, 10 May 1905; Winston G. Lewis, ‘The quest for William Henry Donald (1875–1946), that other Australian in China’, Asian Studies Review, 12:1, 23–29
17 W. H. Donald, ‘Battle of Tsushima: How the Russians met their doom’, Brisbane Courier, 22 June 1905
18 Ibid
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 Pearl, p. 150
22 Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, p. 628.
23 ‘Tsushima and its lessons’, Brisbane Courier, 1 June 1905
Chapter 8: Mixed Emotions
1 Fearn, p. 135
2 The Chinese Exclusion Act, originally passed in 1882, excluded all Chinese skilled and unskilled labourers and Chinese employed in mining from entering the United States for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. The 1904 re-enactment enforced the earlier suspensions of Chinese immigration without a time limit.
3 ‘Chinese boycott is beyond control’, New York Times, 14 September 1905
4 Ibid
5 Mary Backus Rankin, ‘Nationalistic Contestation and Mobilisation Politics: Practice and Rhetoric of Railway Rights Recovery at the end of the Ching’, Modern China, Volume 28, no. 3 (July 2002)
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