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NEWSPAPERS
Daily Telegraph
Daily Times
Daily Service
Lloyd’s
West African Pilot
INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR
(All interviews took place in Lagos, Nigeria, unless noted otherwise.)
Achilefu, Benneth: 7 February 2011
Adeleye, Adebowale: 16 December 2007
Ademola, Anthony: 15 December 2007
Adeyemo, Capt. Niyi: 24 and 25 January 2011
Adigun, Joseph Kehinde: 17 December 2007 and 21 January 2011
Agbaosi, Pa: 15 December 2007
Agbodobiri, Gold: 24 January 2011
Agoro, Ganui: 15 December 2007
Akinsoji, Olukayode: 25 January 2011
Akintade, Bolaji: 24 December 2007
Akintade, Festus Adekunle: 24 December 2007
Akpan, Catherine: 20 September 2011
alli-Balogun, Muritala Olayinka: 15 and 16 December 2007; 17 January 2011
Anomorisa, Rita: 20 January 2011
Ben-Efang, Essien: 20 January 2011
Bessan, Jimmy: 3 July 2011
Bezi, Isaac T. A.: 26 January 2011
Birch, Kenneth: Liverpool, England, 8 June 2009; and e-mail correspondence, 7 June 2013
Dediara, Alex: 18 and 20 January 2011
Emonaye, Victoria: 15 September 2011
Eros, Anthony Davies: 15 December 2007
Falola, Abiola: 20 September 2011
Festus, Ari: 24 December 2007 and 24 January 2011
George, Kojo: 27 December 2007
Johnson, Anomorisa: 22 January 2011
Kroseide, Chief Charles Oloma Kose: 17 January 2008
Larry, John: 17 and 20 January 2008
Lawal, Adeola: 21 December 2007, and 20 January 2011
Lazarus, Modupe: 17 January 2011
Lazarus, Reuben: 16 December 2007; 17 January 2011
Mensah, T. T.: 25 January 2007
Miekumo, Evelyn: 27 December 2007
Miekumo, Lawrence: 27 December 2007
Moore, Alhadja Bisi: 20 September 2011
Niagwan, Cosmos: 27 January 2011
Nwachukwu, Sunday: 17 and 24 December 2007
Obeze, Peter: 24 January 2011
Ofudje, Daniel: 14 January 2008
Ogundare, Stella Mojisola: 20 September 2011
Omoteso, Capt. S. A.: 20 January 2011
Pereira, Patric: 24 January 2011
Rafaal, John: 24 January 2011
Tajudeen, Capt. Alao: 23 January 2011
Zeinebro, France: 1 January 2011
Index
Abacha, Sani, 165
Abubakar, Dauda, 178
Action Group, 106
Adebayo, Akanmu, 106
Adejugbe, Michael, 110
African Defense Association, 90
African seamen: as cheap labor, 2, 3–4, 23, 24–25, 28, 32–33, 136–37, 194–95; diaspora and, 10; exploitation of slaves by, 24; mortality rate, 23; recruitment of, 2, 3–4; wives and families, 19, 33–35, 46; work hours, 32. See also Nigerian seamen and seafaring
Afrian Steamship Company, 27
agency, 48, 53–54, 57
Ahmadu Bekki, 150
Ahmadu Tijani, 150
Akinola, Bolaji, 129
Akinsoji, Olukayode, 162–63
Akintayo, Joseph, 38
Akinyemi, J. A., 130
Akpan (union officer), 42, 86
Alao, Tajudeen, 198–99
Albert, Isaac, 164
Allman, Jean, 11
Apapa strike. See MV Apapa strike (1959)
apartheid, 62–63
Asante National Labor Movement, 11
Awolowo, Obafemi, 105–6, 108
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 166
Bailey, Derek, 132, 148
Balewa, Tafawa, 90, 105
Balogun, Kolawole, 166–67, 169
“Battle for Cargo” (Balogun), 167, 169
Bayart, Jean-François, 15
Beckman, Björn, 97, 109–10
belonging, 55, 60–61, 148
Berg, Elliot, 7
Berman, Bruce, 178
Bezi, Isaac, 198
Birch, Kenneth, 162
Black Atlantic, use of term, 10, 70, 193
black diaspora, 10, 77; and Apapa strike, 90, 95; and identity, 193; and nationalism, 55, 78; and Nigerian seamen, 56, 79, 80–83, 98, 194–95; and protest movements, 79; social clubs, 56; and transnational trade, 64, 69
black markets, 68
Black Star Line, 111, 113, 117, 121, 122
Bob-Foues (officer), 152–53
Bolster, Jeffrey, 24, 80, 194
Bonner, Philip, 10
borders vs. regional solidarities, 10, 78, 105–7
Borha, L. L., 92
British National Archives, 17
Brown, Carolyn, 9
Brown, Jacqueline, 52
Buhlungu, Sakhela, 97
Burke, Timothy, 15
Burns, Alan, 28, 39
Bush, Barbara, 55
Butler, Jeffrey, 7
Calhoun, Craig, 136, 196–97
cargo share, 121–22, 169, 172, 218n62
cargo ships, 19, 27, 29–30, 32, 33, 66, 71, 74, 167, 174
catering crews, 24, 30, 32, 133, 138–39
Chabal, Patrick, 15, 164
Chidi, Gerald, 126–27, 129–30, 166, 169, 172
citizenship, 13, 53
Cohen, Robin, 8
colonialism: economic and political interests, 108–9, 163; exploitation of resources, 163–64; idealization of, 2; inequality of, 15; labor movements and, 6; racism of, 52–53. See also decolonization; postcolonialism
Coloured Alien Seamen Order (1925), 51
Commonwealth borders, 53
Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962), 53
Communist Party, 90
containerization, 29, 66, 172
Cooper, Fred, 12, 13–14, 26–27, 39, 77, 92, 93
cosmopolitanism, 5, 10; defined, 49, 195; imaginaries, 49–50, 135, 194; vs. nationalism, 134, 136; role of, 49, 50, 55
Daily Service (newspaper), 118, 119
Daily Times (newspaper), 118, 176
Daloz, Jean-Pascal, 15, 164
deckhands, 26, 29–30, 74
decolonization, 3, 10–11, 13, 77, 78, 109, 195. See also postcolonialism
Department of Commerce and Industries (Nigeria), 109
Diamond, Larry, 124
diaspora. See black diaspora
discipline: actions against seamen, 18, 45, 88, 145–47, 150, 152, 182, 186–87, 190–91; decline of, 150, 153, 159–60, 161, 176, 182, 186; due to race, 35–36, 82
Dosunnui, 150–51
drug trafficking, 16, 68–69, 165, 180–81, 186–87, 188–90
Eastern Region, 46, 106, 113, 114, 127
Ebani, 180
Ekarte, Daniels, 83
Ekeh, Peter, 107
Ekong, Bassey, 169, 173
Ekore, S. M., 44, 45, 84, 86
Elder Dempster Lines, 4, 16, 27–29, 37, 158; cargo regulation, 66; on Khayam, 95–96; as NNSL partner, 113–17, 118–19, 122, 123, 128–30; on unions, 39–41; in WALCON, 122. See also MV Apapa strike (1959); specific ships
Electricity Corporation, 130
ethnic chauvinism, 77, 78, 107
ethnicity, study of, 9–10
European crews, 42–43, 91, 133; officers and captains, 26, 36–38, 84–85, 133, 135–36, 139–41, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 152, 158, 175, 183; Nigerian officers and captains’ relationship to, 36–37, 133, 143, 144–45, 175; Nigerian seamen’s relationship to, 2, 3–4, 25–26, 28, 30, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 88–89, 137–41, 143–44, 147, 148–49, 151–52, 158, 175, 183
Ewald, Janet, 27
exclusion, 48, 50–54
Falola, Toyin, 106, 107–8
Fanon, Frantz, 78
Federal Ministry of Transport, 169
firemen, 24, 26, 29, 30–31, 32–33, 133
First Republic, demise of, 156
Fletcher, Muriel, 52
foreign investment, 110
Foucault, Michel, 194
Fox, Jon, 196
freedom, 1–2, 5, 48, 50, 180, 182
Freund, Bill, 6
Frost, Diane, 28, 29, 30, 32–33
Geiger, Susan, 11–12
General Strike (Nigeria, 1964), 7, 98
Ghanaian-Israeli shipping partnership, 113
Gilroy, Paul, 10, 70
Glasier, Malcolm, 43–44, 89–90, 176–77
globalization, 70
Gomez, Michael, 80–81
Goodluck, Wahab, 98
Guinea Gulf Line, 122
Hall, Stuart, 49, 195
Hansen, Randall, 53
Harneit-Sievers, Axel, 108, 109
Hawthorne, Walter, 24
Heaton, Matthew, 106, 107–8
Herbert Macauley, 172
heterotopias, use of term, 194
Hoegh Line, 122
Hoffman, Albert, 129
Holland West Africa Line, 133
holystoning, 30
housekeeping crews, 24, 29, 30
Hyslop, Jonathan, 10
identity, Nigerian, 13, 62
Igbo: anti-Igbo sentiment, 179; miners, study of, 9; NCNC, 106
Iheduru, Okechukwu, 102, 103, 104, 111, 169, 170, 174
Ikelegbe, Augustine, 156
Immigration Act (1971), 53
immigration policies, British, 49–50
Imoudu, Michael, 98
imperialism, 10, 81, 82, 109–10. See also colonialism
indigenization: and economic autonomy, 110; and nationalization, 134–35; of shipping, 5, 16, 111
International Bank, 112
International Institute of Social History, 18
International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF), 195–96
interracial relations, 51–52
Israeli shipping. See Ghanaian-Israeli shipping partnership
Iyer, Pico, 194
Jones, Alfred, 27
Joseph, Richard, 164
Khayam, Sidi Omar, 84–88; and Apapa strike, 88–91; Communist accusations against, 85–86; Dan Fodio investigation, 94, 140, 143; Elder Dempster on, 95–96; on Nigerianization, 97, 143; and NNU, 95–101; on race relations, 42–43, 86, 94–95, 143–44; recruitment/appointment of, 79, 84–85, 86–87; Salubi report on, 92–95; seaman’s criticism of, 98–99; on seamen’s working conditions, 84–85
Kilby, Peter, 7
Kru seamen, 4; as expert boatmen, 25–26; Krooboys, 30, 72–73; on labor organizing, 97; labor recruitment system, 26–29
labor history, African, 6–11
labor organizing, 38–44, 78–79, 98
Labour Department (Lagos), 40, 85
Leif Hoegh and Company, 121–22
Lindop, F. J., 35
Lindsay, Lisa, 9
Linebaugh, Peter, 24, 194
Liverpool: African seamen in, 28–29, 33, 52, 60–61, 83, 95–96; African seamen’s wages, 4, 32; and Apapa strike, 79–80, 89–90, 91–92, 95; archives, 17–18; mixed-race community in, 52; Pan-Africanism in, 83; social scene, 55–56, 69; wives and families of seamen, 57–59, 62. See also Elder Dempster Lines; Palm Line