26.Ismay to Connell, 13 September 1961, Lord Ismay Papers, ISMAY4/9/39, LHCMA.
27.Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 383.
28.‘Notes’, n.d., Chartwell Papers, CHUR4/196A–C, CAC.
29.‘Note on C-in-C Middle East’s Despatch on Operations in the Somaliland Protectorate, 1939/40’, 5 October 1940, WO106/2354B, TNA.
30.‘Somaliland Campaign’, The Times (London), 6 June 1946; Wavell, ‘Operations in the Somaliland Protectorate, 1939–1940’, p. 2719.
31.Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War, p. 211.
32.Morton to Thomson, 21 August 1961, Thomson Papers, Thomson 1/2, LHCMA.
33.‘Italian East Africa – A Swift Campaign’, The Times (London), 11 July 1946.
34.Wavell, ‘Operations in East Africa, November 1940–July 1941’, p. 3530; ‘East Africa – Vol. I, Kenya’, handwritten comment, n.d., Wavell Papers, AW.
35.Woollcombe, The Campaigns of Wavell 1939–1943, p. 42.
36.Ibid.
37.Kenneth Williams, ‘Cordon Closing in on East Africa’, Great Britain and the East, 13 February 1941, p. 126.
38.Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 83.
39.Cunningham to Barton and ‘Comments by General Cunningham – Chapter I’, 25 July 1950, CAB106/912, TNA.
40.Blewitt to family, 29 May 1941, Blewitt Papers, 08/88/3, IWM.
41.Harold Raugh, ‘General Wavell and the Italian East African Campaign’, Military Review (July 1998), p. 63.
42.Cunningham to Wavell, 6 June 1941, Alan Cunningham Papers, 8303–104-7, NAM.
43.Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 83; Andrew Stewart, A Very British Experience: Coalition, Defence and Strategy in the Second World War (Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2012), pp. 65–81.
44.‘Talk with Major-General Hobart’, 28 November 1942, Liddell Hart Papers, LH 11/1942/102, LHCMA; L.F. Turner to Liddell Hart, 20 August 1954, LH 4/39, LHCMA.
45.Secretary of State for the Colonies to Palestine (OAG), 8 November 1945, CO967/94, TNA.
46.Montgomery to Hall, 6 August 1945, CO967/100, TNA.
47.Platt, The Campaign against Italian East Africa 1940/41, Lecture III, p. 20.
48.Heath to Barton, 24 August 1946, CAB106/905, TNA.
49.‘Notes by General Cunningham’, n.d. (for Neil Orpen, 1967?), Alan Cunningham Papers, 8303–104–18, NAM.
50.‘Obituary: General Sir William Platt’, The Times (London), 29 September 1975.
51.Ibid.
52.J.S., ‘The Rise and Fall of the Italian African Empire’, 21 January 1943, CAB106/404, TNA.
53.Sbacchi, ‘Haile Selassie and the Italians 1941–1943’, p. 26.
54.Hyat, ‘The Battle of Ambar Alagi’, pp. 92–94.
55.‘The Role of British Forces in Africa’, Young, ODRP.
56.Barker, Eritrea 1941, p. 24.
57.Bragadin, The Italian Navy in World War II, p. 3.
58.Prasad, East African Campaign 1940–41, p. 9.
59.Terraine, The Right of the Line, p. 302.
60.Brown, The War of a Hundred Days, p. 181.
61.‘Starvation in Greece: Insults for Italians’, The Times (London), 15 July 1941.
62.‘East African Campaigns’, House of Lords Debate, 28 May 1941, Hansard, Vol. 119, cc 297–311.
63.Ibid.
64.Blewitt to family, 6 April 1941, Blewitt Papers, 08/88/3, IWM; ibid., Blewitt to family, 23 April 1941.
65.Ball, ‘The Mediterranean and North Africa, 1940–1944’, p. 383.
66.D.B.H. Grobbelaar, ‘Report on Interview with German Consul to Italian East Africa – Dr Strohm – at Hargeisha – British Somaliland on or about 15 Apr 41’, n.d., NAREP EA1, NARS.
67.Crosskill, The Two Thousand Mile War, pp. 13–14.
68.Weerd, Great Soldiers of the Second World War, p. 66.
69.‘East African Campaigns’, House of Lords Debate, 28 May 1941, Hansard, Vol. 119, cc 297–311.
70.Ibid.
71.David Fraser, And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1983), p. 130.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVES/SELECTED PAPERS
Bodleian Library, Oxford Development Records Project – ODRP
Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York (York) – BIA
Lord Halifax Diary
British Library (London) – BL
Andrew Cunningham Papers
Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College (Cambridge) – CAC
Chartwell Papers
Leo Amery Papers
Imperial War Museum (London) – IWM
James Blewitt Papers
L.F. Field Papers
John Pitt Papers
Joint Services Command and Staff College Library (Shrivenham) – JSCSC
Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service (Nairobi) – KNADS
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College London (London) – LHCMA
Robert Brooke-Popham Papers
Harold Charrington Papers
Richard Dewing Papers
Reade Godwin-Austin Papers
Lord Ismay Papers
Basil Liddell Hart Papers
R.W. Thomson Papers
National Archives of Australia (Canberra) – NAA
National Army Museum (London) – NAM
J.E.B. Barton Papers
Alan Cunningham Papers
Reginald Savory Papers
Nuffield College (Oxford) – NC
Lord Nuffield Papers
South African National Records and Archives Service (Pretoria) – NARS
Sudan Archive, Durham University (Durham) – DSA
John Orlebar Papers
The National Archives, Kew (London) – TNA
The Royal Fusiliers Archives, Tower of London (London) – RFA
Field Marshal Lord Wavell Papers (privately held) – AW
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
Air Historical Branch, R.A.F. Narrative: Middle East, Vol. V (First Draft): The East African Campaigns 1940–1941 (London: Air Historical Branch, Air Ministry, n.d.)
British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa during the Years 1941–43 (London: HMSO, 1945)
Butler, J.R.M., Grand Strategy: Vol. II, September 1939–June 1941 [History of the Second World War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1957)
Butler, J.R.M., Grand Strategy: Vol. III, Part II, June 1941–August 1942 [History of the Second World War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1964)
Gibbs, N.H., Grand Strategy: Vol. I, Rearmament Policy [History of the Second World War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1976)
La Guerra in Africa Orientale: Giugno 1940 – Novembre 1941 (Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell’esercito, Ufficio storico, 1952)
Hansard
Hingston, W.G., The Tiger Strikes (Calcutta: J.F. Parr, 1942)
Hinsley, F.H., et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War: Vol. I (London: HMSO, 1979)
Hordern, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles [from a draft by Major Henry FitzMaurice Stacke], History of the Great War, Military Operations: East Africa, Vol. 1, August 1914–September 1916 (London: Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1941)
Kenya Colony and Protectorate, 1936 (London: HMSO, 1937)
Platt, Lieutenant-General Sir William, ‘Operations of East Africa Command, 12 July 1941 to 8 January 1943’, The London Gazette (1946)
Platt, General Sir William, The Campaign against Italian East Africa 1940/41: Lees Knowles Lectures 1951 (Camberley: Army Staff College, 1962)
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O., et al., The Mediterranean and Middle East: Vol. I, The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941) [History of the Second World War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1954)
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O., et al., The Mediterranean and Middle East: Vol. II, The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941) [History of the Second World
War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1956)
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O., et al., The Mediterranean and Middle East: Vol. III, British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) [History of the Second World War – United Kingdom Military Series] (London: HMSO, 1960)
Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.), Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War 1939–1945: East African Campaign 1940–41 (Bombay: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section [India and Pakistan], 1963)
Richards, Denise, Royal Air Force 1939–1945: Vol. I (London: HMSO, 1974)
Roskill, S.W., The Navy at War 1939–1945 (London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1960)
Roskill, S.W., The War at Sea: Vol. I, The Defensive (London: HMSO, 1954)
The Abyssinian Campaigns: The Official Story of the Conquest of Italian East Africa (London: HMSO, 1942)
The First to Be Freed: The Record of British Military Administration in Eritrea and Somalia, 1941–1943 (London: HMSO, 1944)
The Tiger Strikes (HMSO, Government of India, 1942)
Wavell, General Sir Archibald P., ‘Operations in East Africa, November 1940 to July 1941’, The London Gazette (1946)
Wavell, General Sir Archibald P., ‘Operations in the Somaliland Protectorate, 1939–1940’, The London Gazette (1946)
UNIT HISTORIES
Barker, A.J., The West Yorkshire Regiment (London: Leo Cooper, 1974)
Betham, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Geoffrey and Geary, Major H.V.R., The Golden Galley: The Story of the Second Punjab Regiment, 1761–1947 (Oxford: The University Press, 1956)
Birdwood, Lieutenant-Colonel Lord, The Worcestershire Regiment 1922–1950 (Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1952)
Brelsford, W.V. (ed.), The Story of the Northern Rhodesia Regiment (Bromley: Galago [Second Edition], 1994)
Brett-James, Antony, Ball of Fire: The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1951)
Cochrane, Peter, Charlie Company: In Service with C Company 2nd Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders 1940–1944 (Stroud: Spellmount [Second Edition], 2007)
Collins, D.J.E., The Royal Indian Navy, 1935–45: Vol. I (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1964)
Condon, W.E.H. (ed.), The Frontier Force Regiment (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1962)
Davis, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B., The Surrey and Sussex Yeomanry in the Second World War (Hassocks: Ditchling Press, 1980)
Draffan, W.D. and Lewin, T.C.C., A War Journal of the Fifth (Kenya) Battalion (Uckfield: The Naval and Military Press, 2007)
Fendall, Brigadier-General C.P., The East African Field Force 1915–1919 (London: H.F. and G. Witherby, 1921)
Gale, Richard, The Worcestershire Regiment (London: Leo Cooper, 1970)
Haywood, Colonel A. and Clarke, Brigadier F.A.S., The History of the Royal West African Frontier Force (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1964)
Lawford, Lieutenant-Colonel J.P. and Catto, Major W.E. (eds), Solah Punjab: The History of the 16th Punjab Regiment (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1967)
Liddell Hart, Captain B.H., The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment, 1914–1945: Vol. II, 1939–1945 (London: Cassell & Co., 1959)
Macdonald, J.F., Lion with Tusk Guardant (Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: The Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Co., 1945)
Mangilli-Climpson, Massimo, Larkhill’s Wartime Locators: The History of Twelve Artillery Survey Regiments (RA and IA) in the Second World War (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2007)
Martin, Lieutenant-Colonel A.C., The Durban Light Infantry: Vol. II, 1935 to 1960 (Durban: The Headquarter Board of the Durban Light Infantry in co-operation with the Regimental Association, 1969)
Martin, T.A., The Essex Regiment, 1929–1950 (Brentwood: The Essex Regiment Association, 1952)
Martineau, G.D., A History of the Royal Sussex Regiment (Chichester: Moore and Tillyer, 1955)
Moyse-Bartlett, Lieutenant-Colonel H., The King’s African Rifles: A Study in the Military History of East and Central Africa, 1890–1945 (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1956)
Qureshi, Mohammed Ibrahim, History of the First Punjab Regiment, 1759–1956 (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1958)
Regimental History of the 6th Royal Battalion (Scinde), 13th Frontier Force Rifles 1934–1947 (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1951)
Sandes, Lieutenant-Colonel E.W.C., From Pyramid to Pagoda: The Story of the West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales’s Own) in The War 1939–45 and afterwards (London: F.J. Parsons, 1951)
Schoeman, Michael, Springbok Fighter Victory: SAAF Fighter Operations 1939–1945: East Africa, Vol. I, 1940–1941 (Nelspruit: Freeworld Publications, 2002)
Stevens, G.R., Fourth Indian Division (Toronto: McLaren and Son, 1948)
Vincent, Jean-Noël, Les Forces françaises dans la lutte contre L’Axe en Afrique: Les Forces françaises libres en Afrique 1940–1943 (Paris: Ministère de la Défense, 1983)
GENERAL SECONDARY SOURCES
Abbink, J., Brujin, M.D. and Walraven, K. (eds), Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History (Netherlands: Koninklije, 2003)
Abulafia, David, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
Addison, Paul and Crang, Jeremy A. (eds), Listening to Britain: Home Intelligence Reports on Britain’s Finest Hour, May to September 1940 (London: The Bodley Head, 2010)
Alfieri, Dino, Dictators Face to Face (London: Elek Books, 1954)
Allen, W.E.D., Guerrilla War in Abyssinia (London: Penguin Books, 1943)
Anglim, Simon, Orde Wingate and the British Army, 1933–1944 (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2010)
Anderson, Ross, The Forgotten War 1914–18: The East African Campaign (Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2007)
Armellini, Quirino, Diario di Guerra (Milan: Garzanti, 1946)
Asprey, Robert, War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History (London: Little, Brown, 1994)
Badoglio, Pietro, Italy in the Second World War: Memories and Documents (London: Oxford University Press, 1948)
Barker, A.J., Eritrea 1941 (London: Faber and Faber, 1957)
Barker, A.J., The Civilizing Mission (London: Cassell & Co., 1968)
Barnett, Correlli, The Collapse of British Power (London: Eyre Methuen, 1972)
Barnett, Correlli, The Desert Generals (London: Cassell, 2001)
Best, Geoffrey, Churchill and War (London: Hambledon and London, 2005)
Bierman, John and Smith, Colin, Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion (New York: Random House, 1999)
Birkby, Carel, It’s a Long Way to Addis (London: Frederick Muller, 1942)
Birkby, Carel, Springbok Victory (Johannesburg: Libertas Publications, 1941)
Blinkhorn, Martin, Mussolini and Fascist Italy (London: Routledge, 2006)
Boca, Angelo Del [trans. P. D. Cummins], The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969)
Boca, Angelo Del [trans. Antony Shugaar], The Negus: The Life and Death of the Last King of Kings (Addis Ababa: Arada Books, 2012)
Boustead, Hugh, The Winds of Morning (London: Chatto and Windus, 1971)
Bragadin, Marc’ Antonio, The Italian Navy in World War II (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1957)
Brown, James Ambrose, The War of a Hundred Days: Springboks in Somalia and Abyssinia 1940–41 (Johannesburg: Ashanti Publishing, 1990)
Brown, Judith and Louis, William Roger (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Vol. IV, The Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)
Bullock, Alan, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Penguin Books, 1962)
Burchett, W.G., Wingate’s Phantom Army (Bombay: Thacker & Co., 1944)
Burley, Kevin, British Shipping and Australia 1920–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968)
Cervi, Mario, The Hollow Legions: Mussolini’s Blunder in Greece 1940–41 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1972)
Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War: Vol. I, The Gathering Storm (London: Cassell & Co., 1948)<
br />
Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War: Vol. II, Their Finest Hour (London: Cassell & Co., 1949)
Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War: Vol. III, The Grand Alliance (London: Cassell & Co., 1950)
Clark, Martin, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2005)
Coffey, Thomas M., Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian–Ethiopian War (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1974)
Collins, R.J., Lord Wavell 1883–1941 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1947)
Colville, John, Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle (New York: Wyndham, 1981)
Connell, John, Wavell: Scholar and Soldier (London: Collins, 1964)
Corvaja, Santi, Hitler and Mussolini: The Secret Meetings (New York: Enigma Books, 2001)
Costi, Robinio, Mussolini: L’ultima illusione (Roma: Datanews, 2011)
Coutts, Ben, A Scotsman’s War (Edinburgh: The Mercat Press, 1995)
Cowie, Donald, The Campaigns of Wavell: The Inner Story of the Empire in Action; Second Part, September 1940 to September 1941 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1942)
Cowie, Donald, War for Britain: The Inner Story of the Empire in Action: First Part, September 1939 to September 1940 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1941)
Crosskill, W.E., The Two Thousand Mile War (London: Robert Hale, 1980)
Curle, Sandy [ed. Christian Curle], Letters from the Horn of Africa, 1923–1942: Soldier and Diplomat Extraordinary (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2008)
Danchev, Alex and Todman, Daniel (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001)
Deakin, F., The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of Italian Fascism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962)
D’Este, Carlo, Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874–1945 (New York: Harper Collins, 2008)
Dilks, David (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (London: Cassell & Co., 1971)
Dodds-Parker, Douglas, Setting Europe Ablaze: Some Account of Ungentlemanly Warfare (London: Springwood Books, 1984)
Eliot, Sir Charles, The East Africa Protectorate (London: Edward Arnold, 1905)
Evans, Lieutenant-General Sir Geoffrey, The Desert and the Jungle (London: William Kimber, 1959)
Ferris, John and Mawdsley, Evan (eds), The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Vol. I, Fighting the War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)
The First Victory Page 36