12.In a public relations move, the SOA renamed itself the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) on January 17, 2001. See Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins: Guns, Greed, and Globalization, 2nd ed. (New York: Orbis Books, 2001); Michael Gormley, “Army School Faces Critics Who Call It Training Ground for Assassins,” Associated Press, May 2, 1998; and School of the Americas Watch, www.soaw.org.
13.On these interventions, see, among other sources, Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins, 2nd ed. (New York: New Press, 2002); Noam Chomsky, At War with Asia (New York: Vintage Books, 1970); and Howard Zinn, Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2002).
14.See Samih K. Farsoun and Christina E. Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997), 10.
15.The Balfour Declaration is included in ibid., appendix 2, 320.
16.Quoted in Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2000), 90.
17.Quoted in “Scurrying towards Bethlehem,” editorial, New Left Review 10 (July/August 2001), 9n5.
18.Quoted in Farsoun and Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians, 10, 243.
19.Ibid., 111, 123.
20.Ibid., 116.
21.See Chomsky, Fateful Triangle, 103–07, 118–32, 156–60.
22.From 1987 to 2002 alone, more than two thousand Palestinians were killed. See statistics from B’Tselem (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) at www.btselem.org/statistics.
23.See Naseer H. Aruri, Dishonest Broker: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Cambridge MA: South End, 2003); Noam Chomsky, World Orders Old and New, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
24.In addition to more than $3 billion annually in official Foreign Military Financing, the US government supplies Israel with economic assistance, loans, technology transfers, and arms sales. See Nick Anderson, “House Panel Increases Aid for Israel, Palestinians,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2002, A1; Aruri, Dishonest Broker; and Anthony Arnove and Ahmed Shawki, foreword to The Struggle for Palestine, ed. Lance Selfa (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2002), xxv.
25.Article 27 of the Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), quoted in Farsoun and Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians, appendix 13, 339.
26.George H. W. Bush, “Text of Bush’s Speech: ‘It Is Iraq against the World,’” Los Angeles Times, September 12, 1990, A7.
27.See Glenn Frankel, “Iraq Long Avoided Censure on Rights,” Washington Post, September 22, 1990, A1.
28.See Christopher Dickey and Evan Thomas, “How Saddam Happened,” Newsweek, September 23, 2002, 35–37.
29.See Anthony Arnove, introduction to Iraq under Siege, 20.
30.Arnove, Iraq under Siege, 221–22.
31.Ibid., 17, 205.
32.See Thomas J. Nagy, “The Secret behind the Sanctions: How the U.S. Intentionally Destroyed Iraq’s Water Supply,” Progressive 65, no. 9 (September 2001).
33.See Arnove, Iraq under Siege, 121, 185–203. See also Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Stones of Baghdad,” New York Times, October 4, 2002, A27.
34.Leslie Stahl, “Punishing Saddam,” produced by Catherine Olian, 60 Minutes, CBS, May 12, 1996.
35.Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Aides Set Strategy to Sell Policy on Iraq,” New York Times, September 7, 2002, A1.
36.Richard Perle, “Why the West Must Strike First against Saddam Hussein,” Daily Telegraph (London), August 9, 2002, 22.
37.See Alan Simpson and Glen Rangwala, “The Dishonest Case for a War on Iraq,” September 27, 2002, www.grassrootspeace.org/counter-dossier.html; Glen Rangwala, “Notes Further to the Counter-Dossier,” September 29, 2002, grassrootspeace.org/archivecounter-dossierII.html.
38.George Bush, “Bush’s Remarks on U.S. Military Strikes in Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, B6.
39.See Paul Watson, “Afghanistan Aims to Revive Pipeline Plans,” Los Angeles Times, May 30, 2002, A1; Ilene R. Prusher, Scott Baldauf, and Edward Girardet, “Afghan Power Brokers,” Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 2002, 1.
40.See Lisa Fingeret et al., “Markets Worry That Conflict Could Spread in Area That Holds Two-Thirds of World Reserves,” Financial Times (London), April 2, 2002, 1.
41.Thomas L. Friedman, “Craziness Pays,” New York Times, February 24, 1998, A21.
42.Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1999), 373.
43.Statistics from Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 5; Noam Chomsky, Rogue States: The Rule of Law in World Affairs (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2000), 214; and Noreena Hertz, “Why Consumer Power Is Not Enough,” New Statesman, April 30, 2001.
44.Among the many treaties and international agreements the United States has not signed, ignores, violates, or has broken are the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966); the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); agreements setting the jurisdiction for the International Criminal Court (ICC); the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia; the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT); and the Kyoto Protocol regulating greenhouse gas emissions.
45.See David Cole and James X. Dempsey, Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security (New York: New Press, 2002).
46.Luke Harding, “Elusive Mullah Omar ‘Back in Afghanistan,’” Guardian (London), August 30, 2002, 12.
47.See Human Rights Watch, “Opportunism in the Face of Tragedy: Repression in the Name of Anti-terrorism,” http://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/september11/opportunismwatch.htm.
48.See “Power Politics,” 76–105, above, and related notes.
THE LONELINESS OF NOAM CHOMSKY
1.R. W. Apple, Jr., “Bush Appears in Trouble despite Two Big Advantages,” New York Times, August 4, 1988, A1. Bush made this remark in refusing to apologize for the shooting down of an Iranian passenger plane, killing 290 passengers. See Lewis Lapham, Theater of War (New York: New Press, 2002), 126.
2.Chomsky would be the first to point out that other pioneering media analysts include his frequent coauthor Edward Herman, Ben Bagdikian (whose 1983 classic The Media Monopoly recounts the suppression of Chomsky and Herman’s Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact and Propaganda), and Herbert Schiller.
3.Paul Betts,“Ciampi Calls for Review of Media Laws,” Financial Times (London), July 24, 2002, 8. For an overview of Berlusconi’s holdings, see Ketupa.net Media Profiles: www.ketupa.net/berlusconi1.htm.
4.See Sabin Russell, “U.S. Push for Cheap Cipro Haunts AIDS Drug Dispute,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 8, 2001, A13; Frank Swoboda and Martha McNeil Hamilton, “Congress Passes $15 Billion Airline Bailout,” Washington Post, September 22, 2001, A1.
5.President George W. Bush Jr., “President Bush’s Address on Terrorism before a Joint Meeting of Congress,” New York Times, September 21, 2001, B4.
6.Dan Eggen,“Ashcroft Invokes Religion in U.S. War on Terrorism,” Washington Post, February 20, 2002, A2.
7.President George W. Bush Jr., “Bush’s Remarks on U.S. Military Strikes in Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, B6.
8.President George W. Bush Jr., remarks at FBI Headquarters, Washington, DC, October 10, 2001, Federal Document Clearinghouse.
9.See Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: 1492–Present, 20th anniv. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 2001).
10.Bob Marley and N. G. Williams (aka King Sporty), “Buffalo Soldier.”
11.Noam Chomsky, “The Manufacture of Consent,” in The Chomsky Reader, ed. James Peck (New York: Pantheon, 1987), 121–22.
12.See Jim Miller, “Report from the Inferno,” Newsweek, September 7, 1981, 72; review of Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the A
tomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings (New York: Basic, 1981).
13.David E. Sanger, “Bush to Formalize a Defense Policy of Hitting First,” New York Times, June 17, 2002, A1; David E. Sanger, “Bush Renews Pledge to Strike First to Counter Terror Threats,” New York Times, July 20, 2002, A3.
14.See Terence O’Malley, “The Afghan Memory Holds Little Room for Trust in U.S.,” Irish Times, October 15, 2001, 16.
15.Arnove, Iraq under Siege.
16.See Noam Chomsky, “Memories,” review of In Retrospect by Robert McNamara (New York: Times Books, 1995), Z Magazine (July–August 1995), www.zmag.org/.
17.“Myth and Reality in Bloody Battle for the Skies,” Guardian (London), October 13, 1998, 15.
18.Bill Keller, “Moscow Says Afghan Role Was Illegal and Immoral,” New York Times, October 24, 1989, A1.
19.Noam Chomsky, “Afghanistan and South Vietnam,” in Chomsky Reader, ed. Peck, 225.
20.Samuel P. Huntington, “The Bases of Accommodation,” Foreign Affairs 46, no. 4 (1968): 642–56. Quoted in Noam Chomsky, At War with Asia (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 87.
21.Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 22–49.
22.Huntington, “The Bases of Accommodation,” quoted in Chomsky, At War with Asia, 87.
23.T. D. Allman, “The Blind Bombers,” Far Eastern Economic Review 75, no. 5 (January 29, 1972): 18–20, quoted in Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 72.
24.Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 72; Chomsky, At War with Asia, 87; and Lapham, Theater of War, 145.
25.T. D. Allman, “The War in Laos: Plain Facts,” Far Eastern Economic Review 75, no. 2 (January 8, 1972): 16ff.
26.Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 18. See also Noam Chomsky, “The Pentagon Papers as Propaganda and as History,” in The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam; The Senator Gravel Edition—Critical Essays, ed. Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn (Boston: Beacon, 1971–72), 5:79–201
27.Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 67, 70.
28.William Pfaff, Condemned to Freedom: The Breakdown of Liberal Society (New York: Random House, 1971), 75–77, quoted in Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 94.
29.Pfaff, Condemned to Freedom, 75–77, quoted in Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 94–95.
30.Pentagon Papers, 4:43, quoted in Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 67.
31.Philip Jones Griffiths, Vietnam Inc., 2nd ed. (New York: Phaidon, 2001), 210. First edition quoted in Chomsky, For Reasons of State, 3–4.
32.Noam Chomsky, interview with James Peck, in Chomsky Reader, ed. Peck, 14.
CONFRONTING EMPIRE
1.See Ranjit Devraj, “Asia’s ‘Outcast’ Hurt by Globalization,” Inter Press Service, January 6, 2003; Statesman News Service, “Farm Suicide Heat on Jaya,” Statesman (India), January 9, 2003; and “‘Govt. Policies Driving Farmers to Suicide,’” Times of India, February 4, 2002.
2.See “Govt.’s Food Policy Gets a Reality Check from States,” Indian Express, January 11, 2003; Parul Chandra, “Victims Speak of Hunger, Starvation across Country,” Times of India, January 11, 2003.
3.See “Democracy: Who Is She When She’s at Home?” 160–76, above; see also Pankaj Mishra, “The Other Face of Fanaticism,” New York Times, February 2, 2003, 42–46; Concerned Citizens Tribunal, Crime against Humanity: An Inquiry into the Carnage in Gujarat, 2 vols. (Mumbai: Citizens for Justice and Peace, 2002).
4.See Edward Luce, “Gujarat Win Likely to Embolden Hindu Right,” Financial Times (London), December 16, 2002, 8.
5.Oscar Olivera, “The War over Water in Cochabamba, Bolivia,” trans. Florencia Belvedere, presented at “Services for All?” Municipal Services Project Conference, South Africa, May 15–18, 2002.
6.Tom Lewis, “Contagion in Latin America,” International Socialist Review 24 (July–August 2002).
7.Julian Borger and Alex Bellos, “U.S. ‘Gave the Nod’ to Venezuelan Coup,” Guardian (London), April 17, 2002, 13.
8.David Sharrock, “Thousands Protest in Buenos Aires as Economic Woes Persist,” Times (London), December 21, 2002, 18.
9.See Mary McGrory, “‘A River of Peaceful People,’” Washington Post, January 23, 2003, A21.
PEACE IS WAR: THE COLLATERAL DAMAGE OF BREAKING NEWS
1.Mohammed Shehzad, “‘Killing Hindus’ Better than Dialogue with India: Lashkar-e-Taiba Chief,” Agence France-Presse, April 3, 2003.
2.Ben H. Bagdikian, The New Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon, 2004).
3.Edward Helmore, “Who Sets the TV Control? Battle Is Raging over a Decision to Allow US Media Giants to Own Even More,” Observer (London), June 8, 2003, 6.
4.Howard Rheingold, “From the Screen to the Streets,” In These Times, November 17, 2003, 34; Stephen Labaton, “Debate/Monopoly on Information: It’s a World of Media Plenty; Why Limit Ownership?” New York Times, October 12, 2003, 4.
5.See Connie Koch, 2/15: The Day the World Said No to War (New York: Hello NYC; Oakland: AK Press, 2004).
6.See Edward Luce, “Battle over Ayodhya Temple Looms,” Financial Times (London), February 2, 2002, 7.
7.Pankaj Mishra, “A Mediocre Goddess,” New Statesman, April 9, 2001; John Ward Anderson, “The Flame That Lit An Inferno: Hindu Leader Creates Anti-Muslim Frenzy,” Washington Post, August 11, 1993, A14. See also “Democracy: Who Is She When She’s at Home?” 160–76, above.
8.See “In Memory of Shankar Guha Niyogi,” 280–83.
9.Raja Bose, “A River Runs Through It,” Times of India, February 25, 2001.
10.C. Rammanohar Reddy, “At Loggerheads over Resources,” Hindu, May 27, 2001; Kata Lee (Project Coordinator of Hotline Asia), “India: Unarmed Tribals Killed by Jharkhand Police,” Asian Center for the Progress of Peoples, Asian Human Rights Commission, March 3, 2003.
11.Gurbir Singh, “Guj[arat] Police Cane Protesters of NATELCO-UNOCAL Port,” Economic Times, April 12, 2000; “Human Rights Defenders Persecuted in India: Amnesty [International],” Press Trust of India, April 26, 2000. See also Rosa Basanti, “Villagers Take On Giant Port Project,” Inter Press Service, June 7, 2000.
12.Sanjay Kumar, “The Adivasis of Orissa,” Hindu, November 6, 2001; Anu Kumar, “Orissa: A Continuing Denial of Adivasi Rights,” InfoChange News and Features, Centre for Communication and Development Studies, November 2003. See also “When Freedom Is Trampled Upon,” Hindu, January 24, 1999.
13.Danielle Knight, “The Destructive Impact of Fish Farming,” Inter Press Service, October 13, 1999.
14.“Eviction of Tribals by Force in Kerala to Be Taken Up with NHRC,” Hindu, February 26, 2003.
15.On the Nagarnar attacks, see Kuldip Nayar, “Pushing the POTO,” Hindu, November 28, 2001.
16.People’s War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC), Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
17.“Mr. [Vakkom] Purushothaman said he was of the view that the Adivasis who had ‘tried to establish a parallel government should have been suppressed or shot.’” Quoted in “Opposition Boycotts Assembly,” Hindu, February 22, 2003.
18.Mari Marcel Thekaekara, “What Really Happened,” Frontline, March 15–28, 2003.
19.Sanjay Nigam, Mangat Verma, and Chittaroopa Palit, “Fifteen Thousand Farmers Gather in Mandleshwar to Protest against Electricity Tariff Hikes in Madhya Pradesh,” Nimad Malwa Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan press release, February 27, 2003, www.narmada.org/nba-press-releases/february-2003/antitariff.html.
20.WCD Report, box 4.3, 104.
21.“The Greater Common Good” and “Power Politics,” above.
22.L. S. Aravinda, “Supreme Court Majority Judgment: Mockery of Modern India,” Association for India’s Development.
23.World Bank Water Resources Management Group, Water Resources Sector Strategy: Strategic Directions for World Bank Engagement (Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstructi
on and Development/World Bank, 2004), documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/01/3030614/water-resources-sector-strategy-strategic-directions-world-bank-engagement; Peter Bosshard et al., “Gambling with People‘s Lives: What the World Bank’s New ‘High-Risk/High-Reward’ Strategy Means for the Poor and the Environment,” Environmental Defense, Friends of the Earth and International Rivers Network, September 19, 2003. See also Carrieann Davies, “From the Editor: Back to the Future,” Water Power and Dam Construction, April 30, 2003, 3.
24.“Major Rivers to Be Linked by 2016,” Press Trust of India, December 17, 2002. See also Medha Patkar, ed., River Linking: A Millennium Folly? (Pune, India: National Alliance of People’s Movements/Initiative, 2004).
25.See “Tribals’ Promised Land Is Kerala Sanctuary,” Indian Express, February 6, 2003.
26.“Call to Prosecute Grasim Management for Pollution,” Business Line, February 1, 1999.
27.R. Krishnakumar, “Closure of Grasim Industries,” Frontline, July 21–August 3, 2001.
AN ORDINARY PERSON’S GUIDE TO EMPIRE
1.CNN International, March 21, 2003.
2.Ibid.
3.Ibid. See also Dexter Filkins, “In the Field Marines: Either Take a Shot or Take a Chance,” New York Times, March 29, 2003, A1. Filkins interviewed Sergeant Eric Schrumpf, aged twenty-eight, of the Fifth Marine Regiment. “‘We had a great day,’ Sergeant Schrumpf said. ‘We killed a lot of people.’ … ‘We dropped a few civilians, … but what do you do?’ … He recalled watching one of the women standing near the Iraqi soldier go down. ‘I’m sorry,’ the sergeant said. ‘But the chick was in the way.’”
4.Patrick E. Tyler and Janet Elder, “Threats and Responses—The Poll: Poll Finds Most in U.S. Support Delaying a War,” New York Times, February 14, 2003, A1.
My Seditious Heart Page 94