4. Pagan motifs in fifth-century Christian architectural fragments: Laurent 1899: 207, 269–71. See Déroche 1992. Delphians trying to attract Christian worshipers, see Dyggve 1948.
5. Organic growth of Christian worship at Delphi: Spieser 1976: 317. No basilica before AD 450: Déroche 1986: 115.
6. Basilica to the west: Daux 1960: 752–55, Déroche 1986: 15–33. Basilica in the gymnasium: Déroche 1986: 34–57, Bommelaer 1991: 73–4. Basilica in the sanctuary: Déroche 1986: 58–91. For the basilica to the west (basilica “of the new village”): the ornate mosaic floor was discovered and excavated in 1959–60. Its foundations had been partly ruined when the new village of Castri was constructed in the nineteenth century. The structure seems to have originally employed reused blocks from the Apollo sanctuary, including parts of a monument dedicated by the Boeotians in the fourth century BC. The mosaic is now on display outside the museum at Delphi: Daux 1960: 752–55, Bommelaer 1991: 237–38.
7. Position of basilica inside Apollo sanctuary: Déroche 1986: 89. Rich and ornate style: Déroche 1986: 91. See Spieser 1976: 316–17, Taplin 1989: 16, Bommelaer 1991: 24. Basilica for the bishop is located on the spot of the later church of Saint-Nicholas (which survived in the modern village of Castri until the excavations in the later nineteenth century): Bommelaer 1991: 44. Mosaic underneath chapel of St George: Goffinet 1962, Bommelaer 1991: 237.
8. There are also a large number of tombs from this period in the area around Delphi: Déroche 1986: 145. For the Christianization of Olympia (the workshop of Pheidias became the Christian basilica rather than the temple of Zeus): Spieser 1976: 324. Nondestruction of temple of Apollo: Déroche 1986: 127, 146.
9. Déroche 1986: 135–37, 143, Bommelaer 1991: 101–102.
10. Lamp with Christ and snake: Dyggve 1948: 9–28, Goffinet 1962: 260. St. George mosaic: Goffinet 1962, Bommelaer 1991: 237.
11. Contraction of area covered by inhabitants: Déroche 1996: 186–88. Plague of Justinian and invasion: Déroche 1986: 147, Déroche 1996: 186.
12. Defensive wall across the gymnasium: Bommelaer 1991: 44. Final layer showing abandonment: Déroche 1986: 149–50, Déroche 1996: 187.
13. Colin 1981: 531, Hellmann 1992: 20. For this period of Delphic rediscovery, see also: Déroche 1986: 163–67, Maass 1997: 232–36.
14. Taplin argues the name Castri to have come from the Latin castra, echoing the village’s survival within the ancient “fortification” walls surviving from the old settlement and sanctuary of Delphi. From the time of the Fourth Crusade through to 1460, Castri belonged to the Dukes of Salona (old Amphissa): Taplin 1989: 16–17.
15. While the physical location of Delphi had been forgotten, the legend of Delphi’s oracle had not. In Shakespeare’s A Winter’s Tale the oracle of Delphos is an island—often thought to have been Delos: Taplin 1989: 18.
16. Humanist movement: Stonemann 2010: 25. Suspicion of Eastern Orthodox church: according to Pope Innocent III (AD 1160–1216), the Greeks were “worse than Saracens”: Etienne and Etienne 1992: 23.
17. Best sellers: Stonemann 2010: 22–23. For Cyriac’s goals, see the surviving fragments of Cyriac’s Commentary on Ancient Things; Etienne and Etienne 1992: 26. Cyriac’s task: as observed by Francesco Filelfo (AD 1398–1481); Stonemann 2010: 27.
18. Hellmann 1992: 15, 20, Mulliez 2007: 134–35.
19. Stonemann 2010: 36.
20. Important period for interest in ancient Greece, see Stonemann 2010: 38–80, Constantine 2011: 3–6. Use of the term “archaeology”: see the preface to Spon’s work on epigraphy Miscellanae eruditae antiquitatis; Etienne and Etienne 1992: 38, Constantine 2011: 7–33. Reflections on the gymnasium: volume II, 51, in J. Spon 1678 Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant, fait aux années 1675 et 1676 (three volumes), G. Wheler 1682 A Journey into Greece; Mulliez 2007: 135.
21. Society of Dilettanti: Letter to Horace Mann, 14th April 1783; Stonemann 2010: 120–21. Use of inscriptions: Stonemann 2010: 108.
22. The call: J. Stuart and N. Revett 1762–1816 The Antiquities of Athens (four volumes); Stonemann 2010: 122. See Soros 2006. Stones of the temple terrace wall: Stuart and Revett The Antiquities of Athens (volume IV, 7); Hellmann 1992: 21.
23. For examples of the scornful reaction to the gusto Greco, see Sir William Chambers 1759 Treatise of Civil Architecture; Stonemann 2010: 116, 121. For the English translation of Winckelmann’s key text by H. Fusseli and published in 1765, see Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks: With Instructions for the Connoisseur, and an Essay on Grace in Works of Art. See Schnapp 1996: 260–64, Constantine 2011: 106–42. Richard Chandler 1776 Travels in Greece or an Account of a Tour Made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti (pp. 264–71); Hellmann 1992: 21.
24. Hellmann 1992: 20. See also Jacob Spon in the epigraph to this chapter.
25. See Edward Clarke 1818 Travels I–VIII; Otter 1825, Stonemann 2010: 154. Painting: see Tsigakou 1981: 29. Mapping Greece: W. M. Leake 1821 The Topography of Athens; 1824 Journals of a Tour in Asia Minor; 1830 Travels in the Morea I–III; 1835 Travels in Northern Greece; 1846 Peloponnesiaca.
26. See, “Antiquity is a garden that belongs by natural right to those who cultivate its fruits,” Captain de Verninac Saint Maur, commander of expedition to bring the Luxor obelisk to Paris; Stonemann 2010: 165.
27. William Gell 1827 The Itinerary of Greece, Containing One Hundred Routes in Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris and Thessaly (his drawings are in the British Museum). George Hamilton and Henry Raikes: Amandry 1981b, Hellmann 1992: 25–31. Sir William Hamilton and Lord Nelson: Dyson 2006: 160, Stonemann 2010: 169.
28. Argument between Elgin and the Dilettanti: Stonemann 2010: 177. See St. Claire 1984. Byron at Delphi: Hellmann 1992: 31.
29. Borst 1948, Eliot 1967, Hellmann 1992: 31–35.
30. Pierre Augustin Guys 1771 Voyage litteraire de la Grèce ou lettres sur les Grecs anciens et moderns, avec un parallèle de leurs moeurs; see Constantine 2011: 151–87. War of Independence: see Etienne and Etienne 1992: 85.
31. Sarcophagus of Meleager: Pentazos 1992b: 55. First complete description of site: Hellmann 1992: 16, 36. F. Thiersch 1840 Über die Topographie von Delphi in Abb. Der philo.-philolog. Classe der königl. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften III, I, 1–74. Visit of King Otto and Queen Amelie: Hellmann 1992: 36, Stonemann 2010: 244. See also L. Ross 1851 Wanderungen in Griechenland im Gefolge des Königs Otto und der Königin Amalie, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Topographie und Geschichte. Petition for small museum: Pentazos 1992b: 55. Illegal to give as a dowry: Mulliez 2007: 138.
32. Andréas Moustoxydis: Pentazos 1992b: 55. See also A. Moustoxydis 1834 Ionios Anthologia I, 151–78. Prince Hermann: Mulliez 2007: 136. See also Prince de Pukler Muskau 1840 Entre l’Europe et l’Asie. Voyage dans l’Archipel, traduit de l’Allemand par Jean Cohen I, 50–64.
33. Stoll 1979: 229–33, Hellmann 1992: 16, 40, Mulliez 2007: 137.
34. The call to repair the village: Pentazos 1992b: 56–58. Dimos Frangos: Mulliez 2007: 138.
35. Curtius 1843, Hellmann 1992: 16.
36. Interest in Olympia: see Kyrieleis 2007. Lecture by Curtius: Stonemann 2010: 253–64.
37. Kyriakos Pittakos: Pentazos 1992b: 60. French school in Athens: its aims, at its foundation, was to provide an opportunity for scholars to read ancient texts in situ, but also to provide a broader base for humanist, philhellenic, artistic, archaeological, philological, and political interaction between France and Greece: Stonemann 2010: 251. Committee of Antiquaries: Skorda 1992a: 61–64.
38. Skorda 1992a: 64–67.
39. The 1870s, see Hellmann 1992: 50. Dealing with Dimos Frangos: Amandry 1992a: 106, Skorda 1992a: 68. In essence, they paid for one house one-tenth of the money raised by the Greek Archaeological Society for the expropriation of the whole site in 1872. The property’s real value was more like one hundred drachmas.
40. Request at the Congress of Berlin: Skorda 1992a: 68. 1880 excavation: Amandry 1992a: 78. 1881 agreement
: Amandry 1992a: 81, Mulliez 2007: 138.
41. American and British Schools: see Thomas 1988: 174. Greek Archaeological Society: Amandry 1992a: 141, Dassios 1992: 129.
42. Amandry 1992a: 82–93, 112.
43. Greek enthusiasm for the deal: see Hellmann 1992: 52. French, German, and American enthusiasm for Delphi: Amandry 1992a: 95–102, Hellmann 1992: 53, see also Constantine 2011: 133.
44. Amandry 1992a: 104–109.
45. Ibid., 1992a: 110–16, Kolonia 1992: 194.
46. Etienne and Etienne 1992: 105.
47. Homolle 1893: 185; Amandry 1992: 118–22; Jacquemin 1992: 178; Mulliez 2007: 141.
48. Amandry 1992a: 122.
EPILOGUE
1. Delphi as important part of wider investigation into ancient world, see Mulliez 2007. Among many other claims to fame, the site has been particularly important for our understanding of the development of archaic sculpture: Croissant 2000: 338–41.See For the journal of the big dig, see Jacquemin 1992a. To see the original journals online: http://www.efa.gr/Documentation/Arch_man/doc_arch_man_ligne.htm.
2. Construction and destruction: see Bommelaer 1991: 24, Amandry 1992a: 140. Use of church as school: Kolonia 1992: 195, Mulliez 2007: 141.
3. Jacquemin 1992a: 163, Radet 1992: 144–46.
4. Pre-excavation finds: Hellmann 1992: 42, 49. Initial inscriptions: now Rhodes and Osborne 2003: No. 1. Sculptural finds: Jacquemin 1992; Kolonia 1992: 196; Mulliez 2007: 145–47.
5. Radet 1992.
6. Bommelaer, Pentazos and Picard 1992: 205–207, Jacquemin 1999: 281.
7. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 205. In reality, the excavations reports have continued unabated right into the twenty-first century: The archaeological excavation of Delphi has been published in the Fouilles de Delphes series (still in separate tomes: I. History of the City of Delphi (nothing has yet appeared in this one); II. Topography and Architecture; III. Epigraphy; IV. Sculpture; V. Small objects), with inscriptions republished in the Corpus d’inscriptions de Delphes (4 volumes), alongside countless journal articles and several edited volumes (including BCH Supplement volumes), combined with a larger number of monographs focusing on different aspects of the sanctuary, its architecture, inscriptions, and art. For a general (but now out-of-date) overview, see: Bommelaer 1991: 9–11.The original Olympia publication series (Olympia) has also been greatly expanded by two new series of excavation reports Olympia Bericht and Olympia Forschungen, alongside an equal number of articles, edited volumes, and monographs.
8. See Croissant 2000: 333.
9. Kolonia 1992: 201. The excavators grumbled “that not even the little finger of any fourth century BC temple sculpture had been found”: Radet 1992: 147, Croissant 2000: 334.
10. Archives of the Ephoria of Delphi; Kolonia 1992: 201.
11. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 210–11.
12. Keramopoullos 1912.
13. See also Emilie Bourguet’s magisterial early synthesis of the sanctuary: Bourguet 1914. See also Bommelaer, Pentazos and Picard 1992: 205–10, 213, 219. For Pomtow’s continuing publications, see, for example: Pomtow 1909, Pomtow 1918.
14. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 219, 226–27. Perhaps the most crucial of de La Coste-Messelière’s publications are: de La Coste-Messelière and Picard 1928; de La Coste-Messelière 1931; de La Coste-Messelière 1936; de La Coste-Messelière 1957. He was also responsible for one of the first attempts to create maps for different chronological periods of the sanctuary’s life: de La Coste-Messelière 1969.
15. See Replat 1920, Amandry 1986.
16. Precious moments of the performance of Aeschylus’s Prometheus Unbound from the festival survive on film: Taplin 1989: 18. This festival led in turn to the foundation of the Greek National Theatre and to the first performances at the ancient theater of Epidaurus.
17. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 222, 227, 229.
18. Ibid., 227, 231, Jacquemin 1999: 294.
19. Amandry 1939b, Amandry 1945, Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 233–41.
20. For a wonderful sense of the site and its local inhabitants in the 1930s, see the picture book of Delphi created by Pierre de la Coste Messelière and George de Miré published in 1943: de Miré and de la Coste-Messelière 1943.
21. Jacquemin 1999: 293 note 75.
22. Demangel 1944–45, Bommelaer, Pentazos and Picard 1992: 244.
23. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 245–46.
24. P. Amandry in ibid., 1992: 244–47.
25. See accounts of Lucien Lerat, George Roux, and Jean Pouilloux in Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 249–51.
26. Personal account of Eric Hansen, in Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 253.
27. Hellmann 1992: 18–19.
28. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 264.
29. See Mulliez 2007: 153.
30. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 256, 264.
31. Amandry 1981b, Jacquemin 1984a, Picard 1991: 241–61.
32. Luce 1992: 693.
33. As noted by Bommelaer in the 2008 edition of the French journal BCH, in relation to the inscriptions of the fourth century BC temple rebuilding, very little of our understanding of these accounts is fixed. Instead, our understanding of them is changing all the time: Bommelaer 2008: 223.
34. In the 1996 showcase volume of the work of the French School in Athens, it is indicative of the developing interest in the town’s Christian era that a section was dedicated to Delphi at the end of antiquity: Déroche 1996. There is still no published volume in the excavation reports on this time in Delphi’s history, although the first Fouilles de Delphes volume is expected soon: Déroche, Pétridis, and Badie (forthcoming).
35. Equally indicative is that in the same showcase volume (Etienne 1996), Delphi was not mentioned as an example in the section “The Space of the City.” This is soon to be in part rectified with the anticipated publication of N. Kyriakidis Delphon politeia: Etude d’une communauté politique (VI–I. siècle avant J.C.).
36. This area has been the focus of recent work, particularly by Rousset 2002a. But we still only have a basic understanding of how the landscape around Delphi was used, perceived, and experienced. See the recent work on different aspects of this experience in Kyriakidis 2011, McInerney 2011, McInerney (forthcoming).
37. For a recent consideration of the issues regarding display at the museum of Delphi: Partida 2009. For recent publications utilizing new digital technologies to produce three-dimensional computer graphics of the site: Bommelaer 1997. For a recent consideration of what a Christian and Byzantine tour of Delphi might look like: Dimou and Pétridis 2011.
CONCLUSION
1. “Delphi became a bank of social capital,” McInerney 2011: 96.
2. E.g., for modern politics: Tsoukalis and Emmanoulidis 2009.
3. See Delphi’s confirmation (quoted in the introduction to this book) as a World Heritage Site thanks to its “enduring mission to bring together men and women who otherwise remain divided by material interests.” Full text can be viewed online: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/393/documents/ (1987 Advisory Body Evaluation)—last accessed 17.6.13. The literature on comparisons between Delphi, its Amphictyony, and modern-day international organizations like the European Union and United Nations continues to increase, despite a number of calls (including in this book) for caution over such comparisons: Tenekides 1931; Daux 1957; Tenekides 1958; Amandry 1979; Zepos 1979. “Delphi was also the centre of meetings of the Amphictyonic league (the nearest equivalent to the UN for the isolated ancient Greek city-state)”: Toubis 2007: 58–59.
4. http://www.eccd.gr/: last accessed 17.6.13
5. http://www.era-ewv-ferp.com/index.php?page_id=29: last accessed 17.6.13.
6. See also Taplin 1989: 33.
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