2 http://my-bankruptcy-help.com/?b=United_States_Constitution
3http://my-bankruptcy
help.com/?b=Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States
Royal descent is now recognized as common among residents as in other countries. At one time, publications on this matter stressed royal connections for only a few families. One example included James Pierpont and other.
(Rev. James Pierpont, 1711. Born January 4, 1659, Roxbury, Massachusetts; died November 22, 1714, New Haven, Connecticut) was a Congregationalist minister who is credited with the founding of Yale University in the United States).
Africa royal descent Royal descent plays an important role in many African societies; authority and property tend to be lineally derived. Among tribes which recognize a single ruler, the hereditary blood line of the rulers (who early European travelers described as kings, queens, princes, etc., using the terminology of European monarchy) is akin to a dynasty. Among groups which have less centralized power structures, dominant clans are still recognized.Oral history would be the primary method of transmitting genealogies, and both nobles and commoners base their status on descent. The royal blood is among the centralized power of all blood groups.
Sovereign Claims
Are there means today of establishing new nobilities—with new hierarchies and modalities that correspond to new functions—so long as they aim to attain some degree of that plenitude of excellence linked to hereditary continuity, which characterizes the nobility still recognized as such today.
The claim to sovereignty comes from a questionable descent. If the somewhat unsound claims of lineal rights from the House of David are true, then there are at least 20,000,000 people today who can claim David to be their illustrious ancestor. This includes people in Ethiopia from the Queen of Sheba, the Royal House of Georgia, the Kings of all Europe and the Crown royal descendants of Great Britain, where it is estimated that about 80% of the upper middle class can rightfully claim descent from King Edward I.
Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman Emperor, crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 AD: he is today considered as the founder of Europe and also as the ancestor of all kings of Europe.
If the Carolingian dynasty was extinct in the male line with Herbert IV, Count of Soissons in 1080, the Carolingian emperors and kings fathered all the dynasties of the time in the female line, from the Capet of France to the Kings of England, from the Kings in Spain to the Kings of Hungary and the Russian Tsars. Considering that most people believe that royal genealogies are concerning only royal people, few people realize that the descendant of Charlemagne includes thousands of people in Belgium, England, France, Germany, etc and also in the USA.
It is estimated that 80% of the original stock of Europe are descended from Charlemagne and Mohammad. Being a descendant of a royal house does not confer royalty or sovereignty, or at least 100,000,000 Europeans could so claim. It would, of course, be absurd to believe that all these people are royals and sovereigns. Royalty is exclusive, not inclusive of almost every person who lives in Europe today.
Being a descendant of illustrious ancestors does not confer a right to title or royal rights. It only means one has royal or noble ancestors and nothing else.
HEREDITARY WESTERN EUROPEAN TITLES OF NOBILITY
ENGLISH
Masculine Feminine (Sources: European Dynasties: http://europeandynasties.com/ )
GERMAN FRENCH ITALIAN SPANISH Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
duke duchess
prince princess
marquess marchioness
earl / count countess viscount viscountess baron baroness Herzog Prinz
Fürst
Pfalzgraf Markgraf Landgraf Graf
—
Baron Freiherr Freier Herzogin Prinzessin Fürstin Pfalzgräfin Markgräfin Landgräfin Gräfin
—
Baronin Freiherrin Freierin
duc duchesse duca duchessa duque duquesa
prince princesse principe principessa príncipe princesa
marquis marquise marchese marchesa marqués marquesa comte comtesse conte contessa conde condesa vicomte vicomtesse visconte viscontessa vizconde vizcondesa baron baronne barone baronessa barón baronesa
NOBILIARY LAW
The defined nobiliary law as "national legislation”, or international or national customs, regulating nobiliary issues. In many cases this is not codified, but rather a set of rules and traditions having gained acceptance".
In principle, nobiliary law should govern matters such as inheritance of titles, but varying practices in different regions create difficulties. In the Two Sicilies, for example, succession through female lines was not unknown, but in the Kingdom of Italy, where it was not automatic, a decree or descript was necessary to permit it. Today, the heirs to the kings are reluctant to issue decrees in matters of this kind.
Examples of some of the more important issues regulated by nobiliary law are: Claims to nobility (surname, coat of arms, title) by non-noble persons. This could, but must not, include: children with one or two noble parents but born out of wedlock; stepchildren to noble parents; children to a noble lady in an agnatic family, etc.:
a. Claims to nobility by noble persons, where the claims cannot be automatically verified. This could be e.g. the inheritance of a noble title in a junior line of the family when the senior line becomes extinct.
b. Borderline cases, such as which among the ancient patrician families were, and were not, to be numbered among the nobility. Or the reactivation of a family's nobility after some time of voluntary or involuntary loss of nobility
c. The naturalization of foreign nobility, which is the assimilation of immigrant nobility into the domestic nobility, usually with the purpose of ensuring the foreign nobility the same privileges as the domestic.
d. Heraldry, and more specifically the use of certain symbols usually reserved for the nobility, such as coronets of nobiliary rank, the use of supporters, etc. Also marshaling of arms, that is the proper combination of two or more coats of arms due to marriage between two noble families, and similar issues may be regulated.
The legal basis of titles and honors In the UK, titles and honors are not merely matters of social convention. There is, for example, a defined procedure for determining whether somebody is a baronet, and a correct answer to whether a member of one Order of Chivalry takes social precedence over a member of another. These issues are determined by what is known as nobiliary law. Questions of nobiliary law may be difficult to answer, particularly because some rulings are of great antiquity and not easy to follow. However, they are, for the most part, questions which do have definite answers which can be researched, rather than matters of social preference.
On the whole, nobiliary law is not to be found in statute. Although there is a small body of statute law which applies to titles and honors, the creation, recognition, and grant of titles of honor is technically one of the prerogative powers of the Crown. Prerogative powers are the vestiges of the archaic powers of the monarch to rule by proclamation, rather by the procedures of Parliament. In practice, the exercise of prerogative powers is now by `the Crown', which is that uniquely English constitutional phenomenon in which the monarch acts on the "instructions" of the Government of the day. So, in practice, new titles are conferred by the Queen or by the Prime Minister of the day. In theory, it lies in the power of the Crown to create not just new title-holders, but whole new titles. This has happened in the past, of course -- in the immediate post-Conquest era there was only the rank of baron; all the other classes of peerage are more recent creations.
Regulations governing titles and honors are usually formally instituted by letters patent or royal warrant, signed by the monarch, and in many cases countersigned by a minister to indicate that ministerial advice has been given.
This Act makes it a criminal offence to offer, or to accept, money or other reward to obtain the grant of a dignity
or title of honor. In the medieval past, however, there is no doubt that noble status was attendant on wealth, particularly in the form of land. A person who hadacquired a sufficiently large estate could petition the monarch for a peerage. Inpractice, Prime Ministers do reward their long-term supporters with honors and peerages, and this support may take the form of money.
Although peerages cannot be bought or sold in the UK, titles of nobility may have been salable in other jurisdictions. You may sometimes come across people offering to sell French and German titles. Apart from pointing out that these titles would confer no particular status in English law. Of course, since the reform of the House of Lords a hereditary English peerage probably carries no more extensive legal rights in the UK than does a hereditary French one.
In some countries the nobility is a subject of public law (Belgium, Finland, Netherlands, and in Spain only regarding the titled nobility). In other countries this is not the case, and then the nobility may have organized itself in one or more associations in order to have an institution to handle nobiliary issues. It is therefore of the utmost importance for every noble family to define and clarify under which legislation, or under which set of rules or regulations whether codified or not, they are a subject.
Nobiliary law is a complex and multi-faceted subject. It is often necessary to do extensive research in order to establish which rules apply to a specific noble family. A starting place can be to collect relevant literature from (or about) the country where the family is known (or believed) to have been ennobled (or first recognized as noble).
The most important thing to remember about nobiliary law is that it is not the same as public law. It may well be possible, according to national legislation, for a non-noble person to assume a noble surname, but this does not make him member of the nobility. A person can only be a member of the nobility if they are so according to nobiliary law, whether this is in harmony with public law or not.
TODAY MONARCHY
By the 18th century, absolute monarchy changed into the enlightened despotism of rulers such as Frederick II of Prussia (reigned 1740–86) and Catherine II the Great of Russia (reigned 1762–96), but rule by one person failed to meet the needs of the modern world. The French Revolution destroyed absolute monarchy in France, and World War I led to the collapse of the royal families of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The Manchu dynasty fell in China in 1912, and the emperors of Japan abandoned divine rule after World War II.
There are twelve monarchies in Europe today; ten of these are states whose head of state (a monarch) inherits his or her office, and usually keeps it for life or until they abdicate. The head of state in the State of the Vatican City, the pope, is elected at the papal conclave. The joint heads of state of Andorra are the elected President of France and the appointed Bishop of Urgell. At the dawn of the 20thcentury, France, Switzerland and San Marino were the only European nations to have a republican form of government. The ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream started only at the beginning of the 20thcentury, facilitated by the toppling of various European monarchies through war or revolution; as at the beginning of the 21stcentury, most of the states in Europe are republics with either a directly or indirectly elected head of state.
Europe's monarchies are: the Principality of Andorra (technically a semielective diarchy), the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Principality of Monaco, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the State of the Vatican City (elective monarchy, styled a theocracy).
Revolution filled the air at the end of the 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, destroying many ancient monarchies. The majority of the revolting nations replaced their thrones with communist governments. You may be surprised to know that while democracy plods on from day to day, the heads of the Royal families deposed, continue to use their titles, claim their thrones, and interact with other ex-royals on a regular basis. In the case of a regnant head of state, such questions may be referring to the realm of assumption. Where a monarchy, whose last sovereign is deceased, has been replaced by a republican state, and where traditional cultural and dynastic institutions, such orders of knighthood, etc., are concerned.
The general opinion is to consider as authentic nobles only those who are effectively registered. But that is not exact, as these registers were partial and incomplete in the past as they are today and, no doubt, will be tomorrow. We must remember that each ruling Sovereign House obliged its subjects of noble status to submit to certain regulations regarding the recognition of their noble titles, and were only confirmed if they fulfilled certain conditions, which were usually not very economically or ideologically favorable for the person concerned. This meant, that the payment or otherwise of the tax became the discriminating factor to recognize a title, despite the full right to it, and therefore it was frequent that persons were excluded from the lists, which are still published by private associations.
The reigning European royal families are all related in some way or another. As a great great granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is related to the heads of most other reigning and non-reigning European royal houses.
Back in the days, monarchs would only marry off their royal offspring to other monarchs to form alliances and treaties between two nations. As a result, every royal member from different royal houses across Europe is all distant relative through birth or marriage.
Over the past centuries, monarchies have had an unwritten rule that required the monarch and those in the line of succession to marry a spouse from a royal or at least noble family. In most cases, royal families arranged marriages to strengthen the power or influence of the royal house by making strategic alliances, and they did not take an individual's personal feelings or preferences into consideration. This attitude started to changea few decades ago, with more and more monarchs deciding to marry for love regardless of the status of their spouse, and allowing their heirs to do the same.
As a result, commoners joined the royal circle and had to become familiar with the arcane rites and mystique that have always surrounded kings and queens, as well as the stress of living their lives in public and being the subject of relentless attention from the media.
While many of the current kings and queens fell in love with a royal or noble spouse, some decided to marry a commoner despite the prevailing royal preference for equal marriages. Some of the commoners who married into the current generation of rulers - Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, Queen Sonja of Norway, and Empress Michiko of Japan. Other commoners Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen Rania of Jordan, and Lalla Salma of Morocco.
To look at the example of women who married into royal houses as commoners, we can see clearly that, regardless of their origins, the right person must be at the right place at the right time. Success or failure depends very much on the present circumstances of the monarchy, the monarchy's background and history, the attitude of the royal house and the public, and the traits of the future spouse.
But most of the royal families usually associate within the "inner aristocrat circle" and the very "elite and privilege class" these groups of people would only include other royal families (both reigning and non-reigning). A non-reigning monarch or heir to a pretender throne is still an “aristocrat” and still consider a royal member.
A royal house or royal dynasty consists of usually more than one monarch who is related to one another, as well as their non-reigning descendants and spouses. Monarchs of the same realm who are not related to one another are usually deemed to belong to different houses, and each house is designated by a name which distinguishes it from other houses. Strictly, a "royal house" is a dynasty whose members reign while bearing the title of king or queen, although it has become common to refer to any family which legally exercises sovereignty by hereditary right as a r
oyal family, and its members as "royalty" or "royals".
Ruling families often consist of a senior and several junior branches, which are akin, but may have deviate, in descent from a common ancestor many generations ago. The name used to refer to a royal house may or may not also be used by its members as a surname. Rather, members of dynasties are usually referred to by their titles, which may or may not also be hereditary.
Historically royal intermarriage has often brought multiple thrones to a sovereign's family. Sometimes the grant of an estate, titles, offices, or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture. It was common in much of Europe that appanages granted to cadet branches, cadet have become the nucleus of an independent monarchy—or an incentive to acquire one. Younger sons – cadets – inherited lesswealth and authority to pass to future generations of descendants.
Members of the same patrilineage (or agnatic kinship is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well) may therefore come to rule entirely different countries and espouse national loyalties or cultural ties to nations other than the one ruled by the first monarch in the family—yet they may still acknowledge bonds based on membership in the same dynasty (e.g. Bourbon Family Compact ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille)
and may still inherit thrones or bequeath assets based upon that kinship, sometimes centuries later. In families and cultures in which this was not the custom or law, as in feudal Germany, equal distribution of the family's holdings among descendants was eventually apt to so fragment the inheritance as to render it too small to sustain the descendants at the socio-economic level of their forefather. Moreover, brothers and their descendants sometimes quarreled over their allocations, or even became estranged. While masculine primogeniture became a common way of keeping the family's wealth intact and reducing familial disputes, it did so at the expense of younger sons and their descendants. Both before and after adoption of inheritance by primogeniture, younger brothers sometimes vied with older brothers to be chosen their father's heir or, after the choice was made, sought to usurp the elder's birthright.
The Legitimacy of Non Reigning Royal Families Page 8