24 Reflections, p. 144.
25 The Quiet American, p. 52.
26 Ibid., pp. 51–2.
27 Ibid., p. 53.
28 Reflections, p. 144.
29 Ibid., pp. 143–4.
30 The Quiet American, p. 54.
31 Security report, 22 January 1952, ‘Indo-China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
32 Wendell Blancke report to State Department, 17 December 1951, Ibid.
33 Quoted in secret telegram from Wendell Blancke to US Secretary of State, 26 June 1951, Ibid.
27 A Quiet American
1 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 129.
2 The Quiet American, Penguin edition, 1974, pp. 63–6.
3 Ibid., p. 35–6.
4 Interview with Seymour and Audrey Topping, 13 July 1992.
5 Howard R. Simpson, Tiger in the Barbed Wire, Brassey’s (US), Inc., 1992, p. 43.
6 The Quiet American, p. 34.
7 Ibid., p. 36.
8 New Republic, 9 May 1955.
9 Journal, 29 January 1951.
10 Interview at the School of African and Oriental Studies, 7 July 1974.
11 The Quiet American, pp. 37–8.
12 Interview with Seymour and Audrey Topping, 13 July 1992.
13 The Quiet American, p. 184.
14 Ibid., p. 185.
15 Ibid., p. 25.
16 Secret report from Donald Heath to US Secretary of State, 14 June 1951, ‘Indo-China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
17 Extract sent to State Department, 19 June 1951, ibid.
18 Undated secret enclosure to Washington from American legation in Saigon, ibid.
19 ‘Indo-China: France’s Crown of Thorns’, Paris Match, 12 July 1952, reprinted in Reflections, trans. Alan Adamson, Reinhardt Books, 1990, pp. 135–6.
20 Sunday Times, 21 March 1954, reprinted in Reflections, p. 163.
21 Confidential Security Information sent to Washington from Saigon legation, 19 November 1951, ‘Indo–China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
22 Telegram to Secretary of State, Washington, 22 June 1951, ibid.
23 See Donald Lancaster, The Emancipation of French Indo-China, Oxford University Press, 1961, pp. 233–4.
24 Ways of Escape, p. 129.
25 Undated letter from Stella Weaver.
26 Letter from Stella Weaver, copy sent to Catherine Walston, 16 January 1952.
27 The Quiet American, pp. 80–1.
28 Ibid., pp. 117–18.
29 Ibid., p. 118.
30 Ibid., p. 119.
31 Ibid.
32 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.
33 Journal, 4 February 1951.
34 Ibid., 27 January 1951.
35 The Quiet American, p. 42.
36 Ibid.
37 Letter to his mother, 8 November (?1951).
28 Innocence Abroad
1 The Quiet American, Penguin edition, 1974, p. 59.
2 Ibid., p. 78.
3 Ibid., p. 45.
4 Ibid., p. 58.
5 Ibid., p. 90.
6 Letter to Catherine Walston, 25 December 1950.
7 The Quiet American, p. 57.
8 Ibid., p. 112.
9 Howard R. Simpson, Tiger in the Barbed Wire, Brassey’s (US), Inc., 1992, p. 61.
10 Cecil Currey, Edward Lansdale, Houghton Mifflin, 1988, pp. 196–7.
11 Ibid., pp. 97–8.
12 Ibid., p. 198.
13 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 127.
14 The Quiet American, p. 124.
15 Letter from Tom Peck to author, 21 January 1993.
16 Letter from Paul Springer to author, 28 December 1992.
17 Letter from John Getz to author, 23 December 1992.
18 Interview with Mrs Hochstetter, 4 October 1993.
19 Letter home to the USA from Nancy Baker in Saigon, 3 August 1950.
20 Ibid., 17 November 1950.
29 Death in rue Catinat
1 Letter from Nancy Baker to home in USA, 26 February 1952.
2 The Pentagon Papers, vol. 1, Beacon Press, 1971, pp. 73–4.
3 Ibid.
4 Howard R. Simpson, Tiger in the Barbed Wire, Brassey’s (US), Inc., 1992, p. 148.
5 New Yorker, 7 April 1956.
6 New York Times, 25 January 1952.
7 The Quiet American, Penguin edition, 1974, pp. 140–1.
8 Ibid., p. 141.
9 Ibid., pp. 140–2.
10 Secret memo from Donald Heath to State Department, 14 February 1952, ‘Indo-China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
11 Secret memo from Donald Heath to Secretary of State, 4 February 1952, Ibid.
12 New York Times, 10 January 1952.
13 The Quiet American, p. 157.
14 Ibid., p. 160.
15 Ibid., pp. 162–3.
16 Ibid., p. 163.
17 Ibid., p. 161.
18 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 128.
19 Interview with Nancy and Charles Baker, 31 January 1994.
20 Life, 28 January 1952.
21 Secret telegram, 10 January 1952, ‘Indo-China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
22 Ways of Escape, p. 128.
23 Ibid.
24 Letter to Catherine Walston, 2 October 1956.
25 Security Information, Ambassador Heath, 14 February 1952, ‘Indo-China: Internal Affairs: 1950–4: Confidential US State Dept’, Central Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.
26 Interview with ex-consular official who served in Saigon during Greene’s visit to Saigon.
27 The Quiet American, p. 87.
28 Ibid., p. 161.
29 Interview with Nancy Baker, 1 February 1994.
30 Interview with Nancy and Charles Baker, 1 February 1994.
31 New York Times, 21 February 1952.
32 Interview with Ambassador Edmund Gullion, 1 November 1992.
30 Visa Not for Sale
1 Christopher Sykes, Evelyn Waugh, Little, Brown, 1975, pp. 357–8.
2 Called after Senator Patrick McCarran, who sponsored the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which severely restricted entry and immigration to the United States.
3 Time, 29 October 1951.
4 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 162.
5 Robert McClintock, letter to State Department, 31 October 1950.
6 London Diary, New Statesman and Nation, 22 November 1952.
7 Telegram from Harold Guinzburg, 4 February 1952.
8 Interview with Tom Peck, 1 February 1994.
9 Interview with Charles Stuart Kennedy, December 1992.
10 Postcard from Mrs Young to A. S. Frere, 6 February 1952.
11 Letter to Catherine Walston, 10 February 1952.
12 Journal, 9 February 1952.
13 Letter to Catherine Walston, 10 February 1952.
14 Cable from Harold Guinzburg, 13 February 1952.
15 Letter to Catherine Walston, 18 February 1952.
16 New York Times, 20 February 1952.
17 New York Herald Tribune, 15 February 1952.
18 New York Times, 6 February 1952.
19 Letter from Evelyn Waugh, 7 October 1952.
20 Letter from Captain Ginn, 29 September 1952.
21 Letter from Victor Lasky, 11 December 1952.
22 Letter to Victor Lasky, 17 December 1952.
23 Time, 13 September 1954.
24 Letter to Catherine Walston, 30 August 1954.
25 Ways of Escape, p. 163.
26 Letter to Catherine Walston, 11 October 1954.
27 Letter from Jacques Barzun to author, 5 May 1984.
31 Drama and
the Man
1 Boston Daily Globe, 24 February 1950.
2 The Living Room, Penguin edition, 1970, p. 73.
3 Svenska Dagbladet, 1 November 1952.
4 Ivar Havic, Expressen, 1 November 1952.
5 Artur Lundkvist, Morgon-Tidningen, 4 November 1952.
6 ‘My Characters Live Themselves: Greene’s Words on the First Night’, Stockholms-Tidningen, 1 November 1952.
7 Ibid.
8 Letter to Herbert Greene, 17 December 1952.
9 ‘A Stranger in the Theatre’, Picture Post, 18 April 1953.
10 Ibid.
11 Letter from Evelyn Waugh, 27 February 1953.
12 ‘A Stranger in the Theatre’.
13 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.
14 Interview with Mario Soldati, 18 May 1977.
15 Brighton and Hove Herald, 3 March 1953.
16 Ibid.
17 Letter from Margot Fonteyn, 15 April 1953.
18 Daily Express, 17 April 1953.
19 Letter from Evelyn Waugh, 7 October 1952.
20 Ibid., 21 April 1953.
21 The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh, ed. Michael Davie, Penguin edition, 1979, p. 718. Entry for 16 April 1953.
22 Catholic World, September 1953.
23 Interview with Graham Greene, 11 August 1977.
24 Interview with John Sutro, 10 May 1977.
25 Interview with Graham Greene, 11 August 1977.
26 Interview with John Sutro, 10 May 1977.
27 New York Times, 11 October 1953.
28 Daily Telegraph, 22 November 1974.
29 Letter from British consul-general in Houston, 24 June 1954.
30 Letter to British consul-general in Houston, 16 July 1954.
31 Letter from A. O. Dyer, 23 August 1953.
32 Among the Mau Mau
1 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
2 Letter to Catherine Walston, 28 August 1953.
3 Ibid., 24 August 1953.
4 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 158.
5 Diary, 26 and 27 August 1953.
6 Ibid., 28 August 1953.
7 Letter to Catherine Walston, 28 August 1953.
8 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
9 Sunday Times, 27 September and 4 October 1953.
10 Ibid., 4 October 1953.
11 Ibid., 27 September 1953.
12 The Times, 28 March 1953.
13 Sunday Times, 27 September 1953.
14 Ibid., 4 October 1953.
15 Ibid., 27 September 1953.
16 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.
17 Sunday Times, 4 October 1953.
18 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.
19 Letter to Graham Greene, 23 January 1955.
20 Diary, 2 September 1953.
21 Interview with Graham Greene, 26 April 1981.
22 Diary, 7 September 1953.
23 Ibid., 1 and 2 September 1953.
24 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
25 Interview with Graham Greene, 26 April 1953.
26 Letter to Catherine Walston, 2 September 1953.
27 Sunday Times, 27 September 1953.
28 Ibid., 4 October 1953.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
33 No Man Is Neutral
1 Letter to Catherine Walston, 9 August 1954.
2 Le Figaro littéraire, 7 August 1954; reprinted in The Portable Graham Greene, trans. and ed. Philip Stratford, Penguin, 1984, pp. 595–6.
3 Letter from Evelyn Waugh to Nancy Mitford, 15 September 1954, The Letters of Evelyn Waugh, ed. Mark Amory, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980, p. 429.
4 Ibid.
5 Letter from Nancy Baker to her family in the United States, 17 November 1950.
6 Newsweek, 1 October 1956.
7 Ibid.
8 ‘Congo Journal’, In Search of a Character: Two African Journals, Penguin, 1971, p. 27.
9 Interview with Graham Greene, 16 August 1982.
10 Malcolm Muggeridge, Like It Was: A Selection from the Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge, ed. John Bright-Holmes, Collins, 1981, p. 297. Entry for 13 September 1948.
11 Quoted by Robert Clurman, New York Times book review, August 1956.
12 Interview with Graham Greene, 16 August 1982.
13 Howard R. Simpson, Tiger in the Barbed Wire, Brassey’s (US), Inc., 1992, p. 32.
14 Lucien Bodard, The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam, trans. Patrick O’Brian, Little, Brown, 1967, p. 222.
15 Ibid., p. 223.
16 Ibid., p. 226.
17 Ibid., pp. 226–7.
18 Ibid., pp. 227–8.
19 The Quiet American, pp. 86–7.
20 Ibid., pp. 94–5.
21 Ibid., pp. 95–7.
22 The Portable Graham Greene, ed. Stratford, p. 609.
23 Reflections, trans. Alan Adamson, Reinhardt Books, 1990, p. 146.
24 The Quiet American, p. 163.
34 The Honourable Correspondent and the Dishonourable Friend
1 Lucien Bodard, ‘L’Appel aux Américains’, L’Express, 1967.
2 Ways of Escape, Penguin edition, 1987, p. 123.
3 Bodard, ‘L’Appel aux Américains’.
4 Interview with former CIA senior officer.
5 Ways of Escape, p. 125.
6 Ibid., p. 126.
7 Ibid., pp. 126–7.
8 Journal, 18 November 1951.
9 Interview with former CIA senior officer.
10 Bodard, ‘L’Appel aux Américains’.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Interview with former CIA senior officer.
15 Ibid.
16 Michael Korda, Charmed Lives, Avon, 1981, p. 147.
17 Journal, 17 November 1951.
18 Letter to Catherine Walston, 18 November 1951.
19 Interview with Graham Greene, 16 August 1982.
20 Nicholas Elliott, Never Judge a Man By His Umbrella, Michael Russell, 1991, p. 183.
21 John Le Carré, introduction to Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, The Philby Conspiracy, Doubleday, 1968, p. 31.
22 Ibid., p. 28.
23 Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, Pan, 1968, p. 33.
24 ‘Security in Room 51’, Sunday Times, 14 July 1963.
25 Letter from Kim Philby to author, 8 April 1987.
26 Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, Bodley Head, 1983, pp. 183–4.
27 A World of My Own: A Dream Diary, Reinhardt Books, 1992, p. 23.
28 A. N. Wilson, ‘Companion of Dishonour’, Daily Mail, 1987.
29 Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1988.
30 Letter to Ann Fleming, 5 September 1960, The Letters of Evelyn Waugh, ed. Mark Amory, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980, p. 548.
31 Anne-Elizabeth Moutet, quoted in Anthony Cave Brown, ‘C’: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Macmillan, 1987, p. 747.
32 Interview with Graham Greene, 16 August 1982.
33 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story, HarperCollins, 1990, p. 5.
34 Interview of Yuri Modin by Anthony Cave Brown, 1992. Philby only knew his controller by his cover name, ‘Peter’.
35 I have since learnt that the letter was sent to the head of the SIS by Rodney Dennys, Greene’s brother-in-law.
35 White Night in Albany
1 Interview with John Cairncross, 14 May 1977.
2 Letter to Catherine Walston, 18 February 1952.
3 Undated letter of February 1952. Greene was on his way to Boston by plane.
4 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
5 Letter to Catherine Walston, February 1952.
6 Interview with Trevor Wilson, 11 March 1977.
7 Interview with Graham Greene, 27 April 1981.
8 Letter from Margot Fonteyn, undated, Sunday.
9 Interview with John Cairncross, 14 May 1977.
10 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.<
br />
11 Letter to Catherine Walston, 30 January 1953.
12 Undated letter to Catherine Walston, probably August 1954.
13 Letter to Catherine Walston, 30 August 1954.
14 Undated letter to Catherine Walston, probably July 1954.
15 Letter to Catherine Walston, 15 August 1952.
16 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
17 Ibid., probably July 1952.
18 Letter to Catherine Walston, 29 February 1952.
19 Ibid., 27 June 1955.
20 Ibid., 24 June 1955.
21 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
22 Letter to Catherine Walston, 7 July 1955.
23 Undated letter to Catherine Walston, 1952.
24 Letter to Catherine Walston, 7 July 1955.
25 Ibid., 9 February 1956.
26 Ibid., 7 March 1956.
27 Ibid., 31 August 1956.
28 Ibid., 12 December 1956.
29 Undated letter to Catherine Walston.
30 ‘Last Cards in Indo-China’, Sunday Times, 28 March 1955.
31 Graham Greene, ‘Opium in Albany’, unpublished manuscript.
32 Journal, 4 January 1953.
33 Interview with Graham Greene, 25 April 1981.
34 Ibid., 13 December 1983.
35 Michael Korda, Charmed Lives, Avon, 1981, p. 464.
36 The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh, ed. Michael Davie, Penguin, p. 721. Entry for 5 June 1953.
Acknowledgments
I MUST THANK Graham Greene (who helped me right up to the day before he died) and his family: his wife Vivien, who in these trying days when she is almost blind made strong efforts to be helpful; likewise his daughter Caroline, who was always friendly and helpful, and his son Francis, now his father’s literary executor, whose comments on my text revealed that Greene’s penetrating mind had been passed on to his son. Greene’s sister Elisabeth Dennys, to whom I dedicated Volume One, assisted me (as did her husband Rodney Dennys) with the many difficult problems which are inevitable in so complicated a life lived by so subtle a mind as her brother’s. Her children, Amanda, Louise and Nicholas, have all been helpful, in particular Amanda, who took on the complications of looking after her uncle’s correspondence and literary affairs when Greene was alive and still continues with that task. I must also thank Yvonne Cloetta, who lovingly lived with Greene during his last thirty years. Other friends of Greene’s from his Capri days, Countess Cerio, Shirley Hazzard and Francis Steegmuller, also assisted me.
The Life of Graham Greene (1939-1955) Page 69