(29 March 2002).
74. Ibid., 227.
75. Ibid., 228.
76. Ibid., 233, 238.
77. Alun Anderson, “The Mathematics of Mayhem,” in The World in 2001,
78. Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965):114117.
79. “Moore’s Law,” Intel Corporation,
80. Scott Kirsner, “The Legend of Bob Metcalfe,” Wired 6.11, November 1998,
81. David P. Reed, “That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe’s Law to the Power of Community Building,” originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999)
82. David P. Reed, interview by author, Cambridge, Mass., November 2001.
83. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).
84. Reed, interview by author, 2001.
85. Reed, “That Sneaky Exponential,” 1999.
Chapter 3
Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, “My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose,” Mindjack, 15 October 2000.http://www.mindjack.com/feature/p2p.html. (25 January 2002).
1. Charlene Anderson, “SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future,” May 2000,
2. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).
3. David P. Reed, “That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe’s Law to the Power of Community Building,” Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999)
4. David Anderson, interview by author, summer 2000.
5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, “Notes on the ‘Worm’ Programs—Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation,” Xerox PARC, September 1980.
6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Brunner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249252.
7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, “Distributed Computation Via Active Messages,” IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 11851190.
8. Richard Crandall, telephone interview by author, June 2000.
9. “Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer,” Technical NewRe-lease, s 29 September 1999,
10. “GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award,” 30 June 1999,
11. “Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,”
12. Ibid.
13. United Devices,
14. “The United Devices Cancer Research Program,”
15. Henry Norr, “Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer,” San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, B1.
16. Paul Marks, “Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs,” NewSci-entist. com, 19 February 2002,
17. Google Compute,
18. Harry McCracken, “The Digital Century,” PC World, December 1999,
19. Matt Richtel, “With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out,” New York Times, 20 July 2001,
87730,00.html > (5 February 2002).
20. Dan Bricklin, “The Cornucopia of the Commons,” in Peer-to-Peer: Har-nessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly and Associates, 2001).
21. Ashlee Vance, “Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit,” Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001,
CC256AD2006D2BA9?Open-Document> (5 February 2002).
22. “Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit,” CNN.com, 21 February 2001,
23. Gene Kan, “Gnutella,” in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly and Associates, 2001);
“What Is Gnutella?” Gnutella News,
24. Nullsoft, Inc.,
25. David E. Weekly, “Client as Server: The New Model,” Freshmeat.net, 16 April 2000,
26. Ibid.
27. Gnutella News.
28. Ibid.
29. Kelly Truelove, “Gnutella and the Transient Web,” OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001,
30. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, “Free Riding on Gnutella,” First Monday 5, 10 (2000),
31. Mojo Nation,
32. Cory Doctorow, email correspondence with author, 19 February 2002.
33. Steven Johnson, “The Taste Test,” Feed, 8 May 2001,
34. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000,
35. Michelle Delio, “The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines,” Wired News, 20 February 2002,
36. Ian Foster, “Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid,” Nature, 7 December 2000,
37. Ibid.
38. John Markoff, “The Soul of the Ultimate Machine,” New York Times, 12 December 2000,
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Steve Lohr, “IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet,” New York Times, 2 August 2001,
42. Ann Harrison, “The Crime of Distributed Computing,” Register, 12 December 2001,
43. Steven Bonisteel, “Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Computing Case,” Newbytes, 17 January 2002,
44. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).
Chapter 4
Epigraph: Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94—104. http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/Sci-AmDraft3.html . 2 February 2002.
1. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).
2. Joel Garreau, “You Are So Here,” Washington Post, 19 August 2001: C01,
3. “Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense,”
2002).
4. Saikat Chatterjee, “Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years,” Busi-ness Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.
5. Patrick Gelsinger, Keynote Speech at Intel Developer Forum, Spring 2002, 28 February 2002,
6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, “The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s,” IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693696,
7. Mark Weiser, “Ubiquitous Computing,”
8. Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century.”
9. Ibid.
10. “The Trojan Room Coffee Machine,”
11. Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century.”
12. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).
13. Myron Krueger, Artificial Reality (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983).
14. Myron Krueger, “Responsive Environments,” NCC Proceedings, 1977, 422433.
15. Warren Robinett, “Electronic Expansion of Human Perception,” Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991, 1621.
16. Alex Pentland, “The Dance of Bits and Atoms,”
17. Ivan E. Sutherland, “The Ultimate Display,” Proceedings of IFIPS Congress 2 May 1965, 506508.
18. Alex P. Pentland, “Smart Rooms,” Scientific American 274 (April 1996): 6876,
19. Elisa Batista, “Big Blue’s Big Brother Lab,” Wired News, 24 April 2001,
20. Jim Spohrer, interview by author, November 2001.
21. J. C. Spohrer, “Information in Places,” IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1996),
22. Ivan E. Sutherland, “Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System,” Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Detroit, Michigan, May 1963, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report #296, January 1963.
23. Ivan E. Sutherland, “A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display,” AFIPS Conference Proceedings 33, Part I, 1968, 757764.
24. S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann, “Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality,” Communications of the ACM 36 (July 1993): 5262.
25. Spohrer, “Information in Places.”
26. Ibid.
27. Per Persson and Fredrik Espinoza, “GeoNotes: Social Enhancement of Physical Space,” ERCIM News 47, October 2001,
28. Jun Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatsuka, and Kazuteru Hayashi, “Augment-able Reality: Situated Communication through Physical and Digital Spaces,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computing, 1998, < http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/papers/iswc98.pdf> (22 December 2001).
29. Ismail Haritaoglu, “InfoScope: Link from Real World to Digital Information Space,” in Ubicomp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing. Third International Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 30October 2, 2001: Proceedings, ed. Gregory C. Abowd, Barry Bromitt, and Steven A. Shafer, 247255. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2201, Springer 2001,
30. Salil Pradhan et al., “Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical Locations to the Web,” IEEE Computer 34 (August 2001): 4246.
31. Steven Feiner et al., “A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment,” Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1997): 7481,
32. Scott Fisher, “Environmental Media: Linking Virtual Environments to the Physical World,” Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mixed Reality, Yokohama, Japan, March 2001,
33. David S. Bennahum, “Be Here Now,” Wired 9.11, November 2001,
34. Garreau, “You Are So Here.”
35. “Direction Finding CDMA Handset from KDDI,” 27 February 2002,
36. Universal Design of Digital City Project Overview, < http://www.digitalcity.jst.go.jp/about-e.html> (3 February 2002).
37. Risto Linturi, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, and Jari Sulkanen, “Helsinki Arena 2000—Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One,” Digital Cities 2000, 8396,
38. The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS),
39. Wade Roush, “Networking the Infrastructure,” Technology Review, December 2001,
40. Russ Adams, “Bar Code History Page,” BarCode 1, 16 (March 2001),
41. Charlie Schmidt, “Beyond the Bar Code,” Technology Review, March 2001,
42. Barpoint,
43. “Organic Transistors and the Death of the Bar Code,” Berkeley Engineering Lab Notes 2 (FebruaryMarch 2002),
44. Auto-ID Center,
45. Junko Yoshida, “Euro Bank Notes to Embed RFID Chips by 2005,” EE Times, 19 December 2001,
46. Wes Vernon, “Latest Privacy Nightmare: Money That Tracks You,” News- Max.com, 28 July 2001, < http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/7/27/212324.shtml > (3 February 2002).
47. Will Knight, “Tiny Radio Chip Gives Paper an ID,” New Scientist, 4 July 2001,
48. Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, “Smart Dust: Autonomous Sensing and Communication in a Cubic Millimeter,” Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center,
49. Duncan Graham-Rowe, “Dust Bugs,” New Scientist, 28 August 1999,
50. Jack Smith, “Computer in a Speck of Dust,” ABCNEWS.com, 22 November 1999,
51. Jun Rekimoto, “NaviCam: A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality Systems,” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4 (1997): 339412.
52. Jun Rekimoto,
53. Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).
54. William Butera, “Programming a Paintable Computer,” (Ph.D. diss., MIT, 2002),
55. Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think, 10.
56. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Po-sibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleda
y Canada, 2001), 30.
57. “A Brief History of Wearable Computing,”
58. J. Peter Bade, G. Q. Maguire Jr., and David F. Bantz, The IBM/Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, 29 June 1990.
59. “A Brief History of Wearable Computing.”
60. The Wearable Group at Carnegie Mellon,
61. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 42.
62. Ibid., 4849.
63. Cyberman, directed by Peter Lynch,
64. Thad Starner’s Home Page,
65. Thad Starner, “Wearable Computing and Context Awareness” (Ph.D. diss., MIT, 1999), 64.
66. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 71.
67. Steve Mann, “Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing,” Proceedings of CACM 39 (August 1996): 2324.
68. “The MIThril Vision,”
De-veloperWorks,
69. Scott Stemberger, “New Body Art: Wearable Wireless Devices,” IBM January 2002,
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Wearable Internet Appliance,
73. “Timex Watch to Incorporate Speedpass Technology,” Associated Press, 28 February 2002,
Chapter 5
Epigraph: Bruce Sterling, Distraction, ANovel (New York: Bantam, 1998).
1. Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes, “Social Information Filtering: Algorithms for Automating Word of Mouth,” Proceedings of ACM CHI’95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sytems, 1995,
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