by Dan Goldberg
6. Navy death notice, May 4, 1949, in Barnes, Phillip George, NPRC St. Louis.
7. “Attorney Drops Dead after Talk,” Chicago Defender, November 9, 1974, 1.
8. Maurice Possley, “Attorney Says He Paid Bribes to Judge,” Chicago Tribune, April 23, 1987, 7.
9. “Lt. Cmdr. Dalton L. Baugh Sr., 72; One of the First Black Naval Officers,” Boston Globe, January 5, 1985, 31.
10. “Naval Officer Pays Tribute to Work of Former Governor,” Atlanta Daily World, February 16, 1956, 2.
11. “First 2 Negro Naval Officers Form Firm,” Atlanta Daily World, January 5, 1964, A4.
12. “Howard Student, 19, Becomes 4th Negro Admitted to Naval Academy,” Chicago Defender, July 7, 1951, 3; “Family Tradition,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, August 15, 1953, 1.
13. “Ex-Navy Integration Advisor Will Head Relations Bureau,” Los Angeles Times, September 7, 1966, A1.
14. John Flink, “Jesse Arbor of ‘Golden Thirteen,’“ Chicago Tribune, January 14, 2000, 2c13.
15. Cooper, NIOHP, 63.
16. “Dr. Samuel Barnes Named Howard Athletic Director,” Atlanta Daily World, September 19, 1956, 5; “Sam Barnes Receives Fame Award,” Cleveland Call and Post, July 11, 1970, 9B
17. White, NIOHP, 116–18.
18. Reginald Stuart, “Indianapolis Black School Preserves 50-Year Identity,” New York Times, January 29, 1977, 9.
19. Sublett, NIOHP, 59.
20. Bert Mann, “Tide Turns: Black Navy Man Recall[s] Early Bias,” Los Angeles Times, August 7, 1977, SG1.
21. Reagan, NIOHP, 36, Stillwell, Golden Thirteen, 143.
22. Franklin, “8 of First Black Navy Officers Hold Reunion at Sea,” A18.
23. Conan, “Two of the Golden Thirteen Interviewed.”
24. Barnes, NIOHP, 125.
25. Adele Koehnen, “Centerville Manager, Library Honored for Diversity Leadership,” Dayton Daily News, July 28, 2005, Z2–1.
26. Brandon A. Perry, “Martin Honored for Making a Difference,” Indianapolis Recorder, August 26, 2011, A1.
27. Carol. E. Lee, “Obama Waves, Salutes,” Politico, December 23, 2008.
28. “U.S. Navy Demographic Data,” https://www.navy.mil/strategic/Navy_Demographics_Report.pdf.
29. “The Honorable William Sylvester White,” interview (video), History Makers (website), September 5, 2000,
30. James Hair Jr., interviewed by author, April 15, 2011.
31. Olga Welch, interview with author, May 20, 2019.
32. Reagan, NIOHP, 217.
33. Lorraine Baugh, interviewed by author, March 11, 2019.
34. Grossman, “Breaking a Naval Blockade,” 1.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A NOTE ON SOURCING: Much of the material in this book comes from oral histories taken roughly forty years after the war. In some cases, men remember the same event differently, reflecting their own perceptions and the passage of time. This is particularly true of their first and last days of officer training. In all instances, I endeavored to present what I believe to be the most accurate account, based on primary sources such as military personnel records and contemporaneous newspapers.
ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum, Hyde Park, NY: President’s secretary’s Files; Office Files; Trip File, OF 93, 200; Colored Matters 93C; Committee on Fair Container Employment Practices 4245-G.
General Records of the Department of the Navy, 1798–1947, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel College Park, MD.
National Museum of the American Sailor, US Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, IL: George Cooper Collection.
Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ: Adlai E. Stevenson Papers, MC124, Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and special collections.
ORAL HISTORIES
Columbia Center for Oral History, Columbia University, NY: Reminiscences of Lester B. Granger
US Naval Institute Oral History Program, Annapolis, MD: Reminiscences of Jesse W. Arbor, Samuel E. Barnes, George C. Cooper, John F. Dille Jr., James E. Hair, Graham E. Martin, Norman H. Meyer, John W. Reagan, Paul D. Richmond, Frank E. Sublett Jr., Donald O. Van Ness, William Sylvester White.
MILITARY PERSONNEL RECORDS
National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO: Jesse Arbor, Phil Barnes, Dalton Baugh, George Cooper, Reginald Goodwin, Charles Lear, Graham Martin, John Reagan, Frank Sublett, William White.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
US Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1942. “Music New Series,” vol. 37, pt. 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942, https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyri373lib/page/1536.
“Command of Negro Troops.” Found in President’s Secretary’s Files, Box 4245-G, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY.
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