Rousseau and Revolution

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Rousseau and Revolution Page 180

by Will Durant

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent de (1741–1801), 869, 936, 955

  law: Burke’s early views on, 690

  Vico’s theory of, 252; see also legal reform

  Law, John (1671–1729), financier, 630

  Law, William (1686–1761), 796

  Laws (Plato), 177

  La-Yesharim Tehilla (Luzzatto), 637

  Lazienski Palace, 479

  League of Princes, German (1785), 362–63

  Lebel, valet of Louis XVI (1768), 86

  Lebèque, Agnès, 918

  Lebon, Philippe (1767–1804), 676

  Le Brun, Charles (1619–90), 913

  Lebrun, J.-B.-Pierre (1748–1813), 913

  Le Clerc, Jean (1657–1736), 253

  Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1692–1730), 102

  Lee, Arthur (1740–92), 869

  Leeds, 681

  legal reform: in Austria, 344

  in England, 736–38

  in Prussia, 500

  in Russia, 450–52

  in Sweden, 657

  Leghorn, 220, 228

  Légion d’ Honneur, Palais de la, 910

  Legislative Assembly, French, see National Assembly, French

  Legros (Le Gros), Joseph (1730–93), 370–71, 392

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), 13, 294, 531–32, 534, 536, 637

  Leibowicz, Jankiew (Jacob Frank; 1726–91), 636

  Leiden, 361

  University of, 647

  Leiden des jungen Werther, Die (Goethe), see Sorrows of Young Werther

  Leilan, battle of (1733), 419

  Leipzig;

  authors in, 506

  orchestra in, 525

  University of, 557

  Leipziger Liederbuch, Das, 557

  Leipziger Zeitung, Die, 506

  Leitmeritz, Frederick II at, 47

  Lekain (Cain), Henri-Louis (1728–78), 101–2, 136, 920

  Lemaître, Jules (1853–1914), 5*

  Le Maître, Nicoloz (fl. 1729), 10

  Lemberg, university at, 360

  Lemercier de la Rivière (1720–94), 74–75, 657

  Lemoyne, Jean-Baptiste (1704–78), 107

  Lengefeld, Caroline von, 594

  Lengefeld, Charlotte von (1766–1826), 594

  Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924), 891

  Lenngren, Anna Maria, nee Malmstedt (1754–1817), 662

  Lenngren, Karl Peter, 661

  Lennox, Caroline, Lady Holland, 693

  Lennox, John Stuart, 3d Earl of (d. 1526), 779

  “Lenore” (Bürger), 519–20

  Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (1751–92), 503, 521, 562, 581, 612

  Leo, Leonardo (1694–1744), 240, 254–55, 333

  Leo XIII (Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci), Pope (r. 1878–1903), 247

  Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790–92), Grand Duke of Tuscany as Leopold I (r. 1765–90): as Grand Duke, 76, 310, 313–14, 346, 354, 363, 846

  as Holy Roman Emperor, 314, 334, 365, 406, 407, 664

  Leopold, Carl Gustaf af (1756–1829), 661

  Leopold of Brunswick, Prince, 513

  Lepanto, battle of (1571), 229

  Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-Michel (1760–93), 913

  Le Roy, Julien-David (1724–1803), 110

  Lespinasse, Julie de (1732–76), 118, 120, 122–31, 656, 858, 894

  d’ Alembert and, 122–28, 130, 892

  death of, 130–31

  description of, 127

  Mme. du Deffand and, 122–23

  early life of, 122

  on Gluck’s Orfeo, 909

  illness of, 125–26

  letters to Guibert, 128–30, 131*;

  love for Guibert, 128–30

  love for Mora, 127–28

  popularity of, 123, 125

  salon of, 126–27, 906

  Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), 331, 507–8

  557, 567–68, 578, 628, 641, 691

  aesthetic theories of, 510–11

  appearance and personality of, 512

  conflicts with theologians, 513–16

  criticism of Goethe, 627

  death of, 640

  early life and education of, 508–9

  early literary activities of, 508–9

  Eva König and, 512–13

  as first German professional writer, 506

  as Freemason, 507

  friendship with Elise Reimarus, 512

  Goethe and, 563–64

  influence of, 517, 520

  influences on, 510

  in Italy, 513

  later years and death of, 517

  liberating influence on literature, 511

  as librarian of Prince of Brunswick, 512–13

  as literary critic, 506

  marriage and death of wife, 513

  Moses Mendelssohn and, 509, 515, 637–38, 640

  National Theater and, 511

  opposition to aristocratic privilege, 513

  philosophical views of, 516

  plays of, 509–11, 513–15

  on Prussian despotism, 530

  publishes Reimarus manuscript, 513

  on truth, 512

  views on religion, 515–16

  Voltaire and, 509, 512

  writes Laokoon, 510

  writes Nathan the Wise, 514–15

  Leszczinska, Marie, see Marie Leszczinska

  Leszczyński, Stanislas, see Stanislas I

  Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (Burke), 724

  Letter to Christophe Beaumont (Rousseau), 195, 197

  Letter to Dr. J.-J. Pansophe (Rousseau), 212

  Lettere filosofiche (Gentile), 219

  Letters from the Mountain (Rousseau), see Lettres écrites de la montagne

  Letters of an Anonymous Writer to the President of the Diet (Kollontaj), 486

  Letters on a Regicide Peace (Burke), 725

  Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Mankind (Schiller), 551

  Letters on the Antiquity of Herculaneum (Winckelmann), 328

  Letters to and from the Late Samuel Johnson (Thrale), 840

  “Letters to Eliza” (Sterne), 790

  Letters to His Son (Chesterfield), 283

  Lettre à M. d’ Alembert sur les spectacles (Rousseau), 162–64

  Lettre sur la musique française (Rousseau), 372

  “Lettre sur la Providence” (Rousseau), 154–55

  lettres de cachet, 850, 948, 950

  Lettres de cachet (Mirabeau fils), 953

  Lettres écrites de la campagne (Tronchin), 197

  Lettres écrites de la montagne (Rousseau), 184, 188, 197, 199, 205

  Lettres provinciales (Pascal), 139, 514

  Lettres sur la danse et les ballets (Noverre), 100

  Lettres sur La Nouvelle Héloïse (Voltaire), 170

  Leuthen, battle of (1757), 51–52

  Levasseur, Thérèse (b. 1722), 17–18, 152, 156–57, 161, 178

  Boswell and, 202–4, 783

  children sent to foundling asylum, 18, 24, 201

  in England, 210–11, 214

  Rousseau’s final years with in France, 881–83, 886–87

  in Switzerland, 192, 202–7 passim;

  Voltaire on, 200

  Levellers, 80

  Levett, Robert (1705–82), 823

  Levetzow, Amalie von, 614

  Levetzow, Ulrike von (1804–99), 614

  Leviathan (Hobbes), 172

  Levitsky, Dmitri (1735–1822), 466–67

  Lezioni di commercio (Genovesi), 250

  L’ Hôpital, Michel de (1507–73), 865

  Liaisons dangereuses, Les (Laclos), 903, 914

  liberum veto of Polish Diet, 473, 476–77, 480–81, 484, 488, 885

  libraries: in France, 914

  in Italy, 219–20

  in German states, 506

  Libya, 411

  Lichnowsky, Prince Karl von (fl. 1789), 405

  Lidner, Bengt (1758–93), 661–62

  Liechtenstein, Joseph Wenzel, Prince of (b. 1696–d. 1772), 38

  lieder
, 525

  Liège, 342

  Liegnitz, battle of (1760), 60

  Life and Letters of Gray (Mason), 841

  Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, The (Sterne), 787–89

  Life of Johnson (Hawkins), 282

  Life of Richard Savage, The (Johnson), 820

  Life of Samuel Johnson, The (Boswell), 753 840–41

  Life of Swift (Sheridan), 695

  Life of Voltaire (Goldsmith), 814

  Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph de (1735–1814), 101, 133, 342, 365, 459–60, 883

  on Catherine II, 11, 461

  description of Voltaire, 134

  of St. Petersburg, 469

  on Voltaire, 135

  Liguori, St. Alfonso de’ (1696–1787), 225

  Lillo, George (1693–1739), 509

  Lima, Ignez Elena de, 261

  Limburg, 342

  Limoges, Turgot’s reforms in, 79–80

  Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri (1736–94), 80, 82

  French Revolution and, 938, 940

  Linley, Thomas (1732–95), 695

  Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné; 1707–78, 206, 565, 658

  Linz, woolen mills in, 344

  Lionhard und Gertrude (Pestalozzi), 644

  Lippe, Count Wilhelm zu, 568

  Lisbon, 259, 260, 267, 270

  earthquake of, 261, 263, 533

  Lister, Thomas, 752

  lit de juseice, 946

  Literary Magazine, The, 786

  literature: in Austria, 345–46

  in Denmark, 649–52

  in England, 518, 786–840

  in France, 104–6, 914–26, (see also Rousseau; Voltaire);

  in Germany, 507, 509–22, 552–628

  in Holland, 647

  in Italy, 220, 239–44, 335–40

  of Jews, 636–37

  in Persia, 421

  in Poland, 485–86

  in Portugal, 260, 269–70

  Rousseau’s influence on, 3–4, 889

  in Russia, 889

  in Scotland, 767–68, 772–85, 841–42

  in Spain, 295–96

  in Sweden, 659–62

  in United States, 889

  Lithuania, 492

  Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1754), 527

  Little Dorrit (Dickens), 738

  Little Theatre, 740

  Liverpool: growth of, 681

  as port city, 669

  slave market in, 732

  theater in, 740

  Lives of Eminent Persons (Johnson), 819

  Lives of the Poets, The (Johnson), 820, 830, 836–37

  Livonia, 39, 422, 653, 663

  Lloyd’s Evening News, 212

  Lobkowitz, Prince Ferdinand von, 367

  Lobositz, battle of (1756), 45

  Lobstein, Dr. (fl. 1770), 568

  Locandera, La (Goldoni), 242

  Locatelli, Pietro (1695–1764), 228

  Locke, John (1632–1704), 171–72, 177, 179–80, 250, 280, 294–95, 427, 485, 487, 531, 637, 725, 891

  Loménie de Brienne, Étienne-Charles (1724–94), 126, 901, 945–48

  Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich (1711–65), 427

  London: administration of city, 744

  appearance of, 743–44

  brothels in, 744

  commerce in, 745

  complexity of, 745

  Gordon Riots in (1780), 735–36

  Jews in, 635

  music in, 368

  population of, 745

  as port city, 669

  prostitution in, 744–45

  revolutionary spirit of, 705

  Rousseau’s flight to, 209–10

  slums in, 745

  theater in, 740

  voting population in, 685

  London (Johnson), 819

  London Chronicle, The (periodical), 783

  London Journal (Boswell), 778*, 780

  London Merchant, The (Lillo), 509

  London Packet, 817

  London Symphonies Nos. 93–104 (Haydn), 378, 381

  Longhi, Alessandro (1733–1813), 331

  Longhi, Pietro (1702–85), 236, 331

  looms, power, 673

  Lords, House of, see House of Lords

  Lorrain, Claude (Claude Gellée; 1600–82), 327, 751.

  Lorraine, 928

  Losenko, Anton Pavlovich (1737–73), 466–67

  Lotti, Antonio (1667?–1740), 232–33

  Louis, Dauphin of France, see Louis de France, Dauphin

  Louis, Victor (1731–1800), 101

  Louis I King of Spain, see Luis I

  Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 95, 273, 331

  bourgeoisie and, 934

  Spain and, 293

  Louis XV, King of France (r. 1715–74), 84–96, 116, 235, 278, 664, 911

  abolishes tolls, 76

  assassination attempt against, 67, 91

  Austrian alliance and, 40–42, 45, 347, 846

  Beaumarchais and, 920–22

  Choiseul and, 53, 56, 88–89, 94, 656

  conflict with Paris Parlement, 90–95

  death of, 95–96, 352, 454, 848, 904

  defense of d’ Aiguillon, 93

  on execution of Malagrida, 267

  extravagance of, 84

  Frederick II and, 40–41

  grief for Mme. de Pompadour’s death, 69

  household expenditures of, 84

  immorality of, 85–86, 344, 429

  invites Rousseau for audience, 25

  Jansenists and, 85

  Louis XVI and, 845–47

  Mozart programs for, 384

  personality of, 85

  popular hatred of, 84–85, 96

  Protestants and, 901

  reign of, 67–96

  religiosity of, 67

  Seven Years’

  War and, 45, 53, 56–57

  Voltaire and, 88, 137

  Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste), King of France (r. 1774–92), 353, 802, 845–72

  aids parish priests, 901

  American Revolution and, 870

  appeals to people (1788), 948

  appearance of, 845, 856

  authority of, 850

  Beaumarchais’ services for, 922

  becomes father, 855

  bondholders and, 937

  Brienne ministry and, 945–48

  Calonne ministry and, 943–45

  charity of, 904–5

  conflicts with parlements (1787–88), 946–48

  conflicts with States-General (1789), 958–61

  democratic attitudes of, 905

  Diamond Necklace Affair and, 942

  difficulty in consummating marriage, 847–48, 853–54

  diplomatic considerations in marriage, 846

  early liberalism of, 867

  execution of, 469, 725, 726, 857, 895

  extravagance of, 944

  flight to Varennes, 896

  frees royal serfs, 928

  French Revolution and, 896, 900–63

  passim

  Gustavus III’s aid to, 664

  issues edict of religious toleration (1787), 902

  Joseph II and, 353–54, 854, 856

  kindness of, 851–52, 856–57

  Louis XV and, 845, 847

  love for crafts, 857

  love of masses for, 899

  Marie Antoinette and, 436, 847, 851–52

  Maurepas’ ministry and, 858

  Necker’s first ministry and, 867

  Necker’s second ministry and, 948

  personality of, 845–46, 856

  popularity of, 857

  Protestants and, 902

  refuses to have priest teach Dauphin, 901

  religiosity of, 857

  second dismissal of Necker, 961

  simplicity of, 904

  summons States-General (1788), 948

  trial before Convention, 895

  Turgot’s ministry and, 859–60, 863–65

  Voltaire and, 873, 875, 879

  weaknesses of wi
ll, 856

  wedding of, 244

  Louis XVII (Louis-Charles de France; b. 1785), titular King of France (1793–95), 941

  Louis XVIII (Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence), King of France (r. 1814–15, 1815–1824), 845

  Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry, see Louis XVI

  Louis-Charles de France (b. 1785), Dauphin, see Louis XVII

  Louis de France (1661–1711), “Le Grand Dauphin,” son of Louis XIV, 276

  Louis de France (1729–65), Dauphin, son of Louis XV, 68, 109, 845, 898–99

  Louis-Joseph, Duc de Bourgogne, see Bourgogne, Duc de

  Louis-Joseph-Xavier de France (1781–89), Dauphin, son of Louis XVI, 855, 961

  Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence, see Louis XVIII

  Louisa Ulrika (1720–82), Queen of Adolphus Frederick of Sweden, 34, 655, 658

  Louisbourg, British siege of, 57

  Louise, Queen of Prussia, see Luise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

  Louise-Élisabeth de France, Duchess of Felipe of Parma, 311

  Louise-Marie de France (1737–87), 95

  Louisiana, Spain acquires, 62

  Louvain, 342, 361, 364

  Louvain, University of, 360, 362

  Louveciennes, Château of, 87

  Louviers, factories in, 932

  Love of the Three Oranges, The (Prokofiev), 243*

  Löwenwolde (lover of Anna Ivanovna), 429

  Lowther, Sir James (1736–1802), 697

  Loyola, St. Ignatius of (1491–1556), 267, 283

  Lubomirska, Elizabeth, 479

  Lucca, 220, 310

  Lucio Silla (Mozart), 388

  Lucretius (96?-55 B.C.), 251, 486, 532, 691

  Ludwig, of Württemberg, Prince (fl. 1762), 489

  Ludwig Ernst of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Regent of Holland (r. 1759–66), 648

  Ludwigsburg, 523

  Luis I, King of Spain (r. 1724), 283

  Luise (Voss), 519, 601

  Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess of Karl August of Saxe-Weimar, 552

  Luise (Louise) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776–1810), Queen of Frederick William III of Prussia, 523

  Lully, Jean-Baptiste (1632–87), 372

  Lumley, Elizabeth, see Sterne, Elizabeth

  Lunar Society, 734

  Lund, University of, 659

  Lutf ‘Ali Beg Adar (1711–80, 421

  Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 360, 561, 620, 628, 881

  Luttrell, Henry (1743–1821), 704

  Luxembourg, 342

  Luxembourg, Charles-François de Montmorency, Maréchal Duc de (1702–64), 97, 125, 201

  Rousseau and, 161–62, 189, 898

  Luxembourg, Madeleine-Angélique, Maréchale Duchesse de, earlier Duchesse de Boufflers (1707–87), 118, 161–62, 907, 929

  Luxeuil, Abbey of, 928

  Luzán y Martínez, José (1710–85), 300

  Luze, Jean-Jacques de (fl. 1765), 209–10

  Luzzatto, Moses Chayim (1707–47), 636–37

  Lycurgus (7th cent. B.C.), 253

  Lyons: industry in, 933

  poverty in, 933

  proletariat in, 933

 

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