by Will Durant
aid from nobles, 161, 898
aid to Swiss middle class, 643
d’Alembert and, 163, 191
American Revolution and, 867
appearance of, 26, 202
Armenian costume of, 192, 209
attitude toward reason, 169, 888
attitude toward women, 8
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and, 883–84, 886, 916–17
Boswell and, 133, 152, 782
Catherine II and, 173
Casanova and, 324
Confessions of, see Confessions
constitutions for Poland and Corsica, 178, 202, 482
critique of celibacy, 168–69
descriptions of, 207–8, 209–10, 211
Émile of, see Émile
Encyclopédie and, 3, 25, 33
exhortations on nursing, 97, 180
Frederick II and, 173, 191–92, 202, 207–8, 212–13, 497
French Revolution and, 84, 899, 940
on friendship, 153
Geneva and, 163–64, 177, 197
Gluck and, 368, 370–71, 372
Grimm and, 3–4, 5*, 18, 23, 153, 159–62, 170, 201, 207–8, 212
hatred of injustice, 6, 12
hatred of Paris, 153, 168
d’Holbach and, 153
Houdon’s bust of, 912
Hume and, 207, 209, 211–14
influence of, 3–4, 230, 508, 518, 520–21, 880, 887–92, 898
on Index Expurgatorius, 316
on Jews, 629–30
Samuel Johnson’s dislike of, 834–35
La Tour’s painting of, 26
literary style of, 169–70
Louis XVI and, 867
love of nature, 7, 11, 30, 169
Mme. d’Épinay and, 4, 5*, 18, 26, 36–37, 153, 156–61, 178, 884
Mme. de Warens and, 7, 9–15
Mme. d’Houdetot and, 152, 156–58, 162, 164
Malesherbes and, 189
on marriage, 152
morality of, 21, 180, 880
musical theories of, 100, 154, 232
music-copying work of, 17–18, 192, 201
needlework of, 192
Nouvelle Héloïse, La, of, see Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse
in Panthéon, 110
personality of, 6, 26, 152, 208–9
philosophes and, 161–65, 182–83, 195, 214 (see also below Rousseau, DIDEROT AND; Rousseau, VOLTAIRE AND);
Plato’s influence on, 177, 188
popularity of, 890–91
primacy of feeling in, 169
on reception of Julie, 170, Romantic movement and, 3, 157, 887
Saint-Lambert and, 164
sensitivity of, 152, 208–9
sexual problems of, 6, 8, 14–15, 16
Social Contract of, see Social Contract
status as a musical composer, 25
support for French opera, 372
theories of theater, 163
timidity of, 6, 26
views on marriage, 186–87
visit by Joseph II, 897
vows never to write again, 205
Walpole’s hoax on, 208–9, 212–14
EARLY LIFE AND WANDERINGS OF (1712–40): birth, 5
education and readings, 6–7
early loves, 6–7, 9–11, 13
apprenticeship, 7
relations with Mme. de Warens, 7, 9–10, 12–14
conversion to Catholicism, 7
as footman, 8–9
studies for priesthood, 9
love of nature, 11
teaches music, 11
passion for walking, 11–12
exposure to Enlightenment, 13–14
pantheistic beliefs, 14
IN LYONS, PARIS, AND VENICE (1740–44): tutors Mably children, 14, 178
offers marriage to Suzanne Serre, 14
dismissed by Mably, 15
Narcisse read by Marivaux, 15
meets Diderot in Paris, 15–16
visits Parisian salons, 16
secretary to French Embassy in Venice, 16
dismissal and appeals, 16–17
IN PARIS AND GENEVA (1744–56): copies musi inc in Paris, 17–18
lives with Thérèse Levasseur, 17–18
sends children to foundling asylum, 18, 24, 178
revises Les Muses galantes, 18–19
corresponds with Voltaire, 18–19, 31–32
writes Discours sur les arts et les sciences, 20–23, 171
controversy over Discours, 23–24
success of Le Devin du village, 24–25
refuses King’s invitation, 25
writes for Encyclopédie, 25
writes Dictionnaire de la musique, 25–26
writes Lettre sur la musique française, 25–26
Narcisse performed, 27
quarrels with philosophes, 27
visits Geneva (1754), 27
resumes friendship with philosophes, 27–28
writes Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de inégalité parmi les hommes, 28–30
controversy over Discours, 31–32
“Discours sur l’économie politique” published, 32–33, 171
friendship with Grimm, 33–36
meets Mme. d’Épinay, 36
leaves Paris for Hermitage, 36–37
IN HERMITAGE (1756–57): Rousseau’s arrival, 36–37
family problems, 152
writings, 154–55
love affairs, 156–59
conflicts with friends, 153–55, 158–61
aid from philosophes, 153
leaves Hermitage, 161
IN MÔTIERS-TRAVERS (1757–62): poverty, 161–62
relation with Maréchal de Luxembourg, 161–62
break with friends, 162–65
conflict with philosophes, 164–65, 170
PERSECUTION OF (1762–67): clerical attacks on books, 185, 189, 192–99
philosophes attack Émile, 189
arrest ordered by Paris Parlement, 189
flees to Switzerland, 189
Émile and Social Contract banned, 190
arrest ordered by Geneva Council of Twenty-five, 190
Voltaire’s sympathy for Rousseau, 190–91, 199–200
expelled from Bern, 191, 206–7
appeal to Frederick the Great, 191–92
residence near Neuchâtel, 191–92
conflict with Archbishop of Paris, 193–97
conflict with Genevan Calvinista, 197–99
conflict with Voltaire, 200–1
meetings with Boswell, 201–4
writes constitution for Corsica, 204–5
leaves Môtiers-Travers for Île de St.-Pierre, 206
leaves Île de St.-Pierre for Paris, 207–9
leaves Paris for England, 209
meets Hume, 207
Boswell brings Thérèse to London, 210
IN ENGLAND (1766–67): stay in London, 209–10
residence in Chiswick and Wootton, 210–212
dislike for England, 214
return to France, 214
LATER YEARS OF (1767–78): returns to France, 881
wanderings in France, 882
in Paris, 883–86
readings from Confessions, 883–84
works on constitution for Poland, 884–85
writes Dialogues, 885–86
writes Rêveries d’un promeneur solitaire, 886
death of, 886
rumors and attacks against, 887
aftermath of death, 887
conflicts with philosophes, 882–83, 885
Voltaire and, 882, 884, 886
fears and suspicions of, 882–84
mourns loss of children, 882, 886
restraints placed on readings, 884
political conservatism of, 884
DIDEROT AND, 22, 24, 27, 153, 201, 212
confllcts between them, 3, 4, 5*, 25, 153, 158, 159–60
Diderot encourages Rousseau to write first Discours, 20
Diderot
reproves Rousseau, 25, 892–93
final rupture in relations, 162–63
financial aid to Rousseau, 153
first meeting between, 15–16
repudiation by Rousseau, 3
Rousseau on Diderot, 15
suspicions of Rousseau against, 4, 5*
EDUCATIONAL THEORIES OF, 3, 644
in Émile, see Émile
emphasis on freedom, 179–80
instruction of Mably children, 14
moral instruction, 180
physical training, 180–81
rearing of girls, 180
religious instruction, 182–85
role of instincts, 181
role of nature, 180–81
sex education, 185–86
RELIGION AND, 3, 162–63
accepted by clergy, 890
advice to women on religion, 193
belief in afterlife, 184
on Biblical miracles, 198
calls for “civil religion,” 175
Calvinism and, 5–6, 19, 26, 177, 184–85
Catholicism and, 7
denounces atheism, 26
denunciation of atheism, 183
early pantheism, 13–14
Genevan creed of, 184–85
religious tolerance, 175–76
SOCIAL VIEWS OF: agriculture, 205
attacks nobility, 17
attacks social inequality, 17, 28–30
attitude toward “enlightened despots,” 173
concept of general will, 32–33; 172
in constitution for Corsica, 205
criticism of civilization, 19–24
democracy, 173–74, 205
equalitarianism, 141
family life, 205
Geneva as model, 27
ideal type of government, 173, 205
justifies revolution, 30
justifies social inequality, 32
for limitations on democracy, 28, 32
private property, 29–30, 32, 174, 205
radicalism of, 176, 205
republican ideals, 898
socialism, 174
taxation, 174
views on law, 172–73
VOLTAIRE AND, 108, 149, 151, 203–4, 212, 882, 884, 886
attitude toward Julie and Émile, 149, 182
both men compared, 172, 175, 201, 518
conflicts between them, 163–65, 200–1, 214
correspondence between them, 154–55
Rousseau on Voltaire’s poetry, 154
Voltaire on Rousseau’s Julie, 170
—on Social Contract, 177
Rousseau, Pierre (1750–c. 1792), 910
Rousseau, Suzanne, nee Bernard (d. 1712), mother of jean-Jacques, 5
Rousseau juge de Jean-Jaques, see Dialogues
Rovigo, 229
Rowlandson, Thomas (1756–1827), 750
Rowley, Thomas, “myth” of, 809
Royal Academy of Arts, London, 645, 750, 751, 756
Royal Academy of Belles-Lettres, Swedish, 658–59
Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Swedish, 658
Royal Academy of History, Portuguese, 260
Royal Academy of Sciences, Swedish, 658
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 763
Rozier, Pilâtre, de, see Pilâtre de Rozier, Jean-François
Rudbeck, Governor-General (fl. 1782), 656
Ruffey, Sophie de, see Monnier, Marquise de
Ruggiero (Hasse), 387
Ruines, ou Méditations sur les révolutions des empires (Volney), 917
Rukh, Shah, see Shah Rukh
rum, American trade in, 57
Rumiantsev, Piotr Alexandrovich (1725–96), 458, 460
Russia, 89, 353, 422–71
architecture in, 426, 432, 467–69
army in, 432, 438, 441–42, 459, 686
art in, 426, 432, 466–69
Austria and, 349, 362–63, 432
bureaucratic corruption in, 424
clergy and religion in, 424–25, 438, 451–52
clothing and dress in, 425
commerce and industry in, 423, 455–56
conflicts with Turkey, 140, 411, 414–15, 430, 457–61, 470, 483, 663
Denmark and, 456
Diderot in, 892
education in, 432, 453
England and, 432, 458, 460–61, 700
Enlightenment in, 426–27, 432, 446–50
expansion of empire, 429–30, 457–61, 470, 653
feudalism in, 424, 451, 454–55
Finland and, 456, 654–55
France and, 430, 432, 457–58, 469–70
Freemasons in, 465
French cultural influence in, 450, 467
government in, 424, 431, 459–60
influence of Germans in, 429
Italian opera in, 224
Jews in, 452, 632–33, 641
legal reforms in, 431, 450–52, 470
literature in, 426–28, 463–66, 889
minorities in, 422, 452
music in, 224, 425–26, 466
palace coups in, 431, 439–40
philosophes and, 140
Poland and, 430, 456, 470, 474, 479–84, 487–92
Prussia and, 456, 460–61, 484
public health and medicine in, 453–54
reign of Anna Ivanovna (1730–40), 429–30
reign of Catherine I (1725–27), 429
reign of Catherine II, see Catherine II the Great; reign of Elizabeth Petrovna (1741–62), 431–437
reign of Peter II (1727–30), 429
reign of Peter III (1762), 432–40
religious toleration in, 438, 451–52
size and geography of, 422, 470
social classes in, 142, 422–25, 429–30, 438, 443, 451, 454–56, 469–70
Sweden and, 456, 458, 460, 653–54
taxation in, 424, 470
torture abolished in, 321
war with Persia (1722–23), 419
Westernization of, 470–71
IN SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756–63): 432, 438, 456
Brandenburg ravaged by, 54
coalition against Frederick II, 60
difficulties in East Prussia, 49
diplomacy leading to, 39–44
invasions of East Prussia, 48, 53, 55
occupation of Berlin, 60
results of war, 63
withdraws from war, 61
FOREIGN ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS OF, 457–58
Conventions of St. Petersburg (1757), 45
in Declaration of Armed Neutrality (1780), 713
Peace of Jassy (1792), 488
treaty with England (1755), 39
Russian Orthodox Church, 422, 424–25, 452
Sabbatai Zevi (1626–76), 635–36
Sacchetti, Giovanni Battista (fl. 1737–64), 297
Sacchini, Antonio (1730–86), 333–34
Sacharissa (Lady Dorothy Sidney; 1617–84), 790
Sade, Comte Donatien-Alphonse-François de (1740–1814), 904
Safavid dynasty, 417
St. Andrews University, 763
St.-Antoine, Faubourg, 962
Saint-Aubin, Gabriel de (1724–80), 116*
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 93
St.-Cloud, Abbey of, 928
St.-Cyr (school), 453
St.-Domingue, 58, 89, 935
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804–69), 5*, 34, 127, 648, 793, 805
Ste.-Geneviève, Church of, 880
Ste.-Marguerite district in Paris, 956
Saint-Évremond, Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis, Seigneur de (d. 1703), 125
St. Gallen, 643
Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis de (1707–78), 858
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, see Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne
St. James Chronicle, 212
St. James’s Palace, 745
Saint-Lambert, Marquis Jean-François de (1716–1803), 26, 27, 104, 156–57, 163, 168, 908
in Mlle. Lespinasse’s salon, 126
at Mme.
Geoffrin’s salon, 120
Rousseau and, 164, 207
St. Lawrence River, French control of, 57
St.-Lazare, Monastery of, 962
Saint-Mauris, M. de (fl. 1775), 952
St. Petersburg, 423–24, 469
St. Petersburg, Convention of (1757), 45
Saint-Pierre, Abbé de (Charles-Irénée Castel; 1658–1743), 153, 547, 643
St.-Rémy de Valois, Comtesse Jeanne de, 942
Saisons, Les (Saint-Lambert), 104
Salamanca, University of, 294
Saldanha, Cardinal de (fl. 1758), patriarch of Lisbon, 264
Salieri, Antonio (1750–1825), 334–35, 466
Salle des Menus Plaisirs, 956–57, 959–60
Salm, Hôtel, 190
Salomon, Johann Peter (1745–1815), 377
salons: in England, 729
in France, 103, 118–31, 906–8
in Italy, 219
Saltykov, Count Piotr Semionovich (1698?–1772), 54–55, 59, 435
Saltykov, Sergei (fl. 1751), 436
Salvi, Niccolò (1697–1751), 247
Salzburg, 382
Samarra, battle of (1733), 418–19
Sammartini, Giovanni Battista (1701–75), 221, 226–27, 380–81, 386
Sancho Pança (Philidor), 100
Sanctis, Francesco de, 247
Sand, George (Aurore Dupin; 1803–76), 889
Sandby, Paul (1725–1809), 750
Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of (1625–1672), 730
Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of (1718–1792), 703, 729
San Fernando, 288
San Ildefonso, 288
San Ildefonso, Palace of, 297
San Marino, 217
Sansedoni, Porzia (fl. 1765), 782
Santa Maria del Rosario, 238
Santa Maria Maggiore, 247
Santiago de Compostela, cathedral of, 297
Santissima Trinità dei Monti, 247
Saragossa, 275
Saratoga, battle of (1777), 713, 869
Saratov, 455
Sardinia, 246, 273, 277, 644
Sartine, Gabriel de (1729–1801), 858, 868
Satires (Naruszewicz), 485
saturnalia, 232
Saudi Arabia, 412
Saul (Alfieri), 340
Saul (Voltaire), 136
Saurau, Count Franz von (1760–c. 1830), 379
Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de (1740–99), 645
Savage, Richard (1697?–1743), 820
Savery, Thomas (1650?–1715), 674
Savile, Sir George (1726–84), 735
Savoy, 217, 277
Genoa and, 227
territorial acquisition from War of the Spanish Succession, 273
Savoy, house of, 226
Saxe, Maréchal Comte Hermann Maurice de (1696–1750), 99, 107
Saxe-Gotha, Duke of, 893
Saxe-Hildburghausen, Duke of, 49–50
Saxe-Meiningen, Duke of, 594
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 503
in League of Princes (1785), 362; see also Weimar
Saxony, 356, 476, 502–3