Rousseau and Revolution

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Rousseau and Revolution Page 189

by Will Durant


  Theresianische Halsgerichts-ordnung, 344

  Thetis och Pelée (Gustavus III and Willander), 659

  Thicknesse, Philip (1720?–92), 755

  Thierry, Dr. (fl. 1765), 200

  Third Estate: cahiers of, 950

  composition of, 956

  declares itself National Assembly, 958

  growth of, 948

  leads Day of Tiles (1787), 947–48

  representation in States-General, 949

  Sieyès’ pamphlet on, 954–55

  size in population, 955

  in States-General, 956–61

  tennis court oath of (1789), 958–59

  Third Partition Treaty (1797), 492

  Thirty Years’ War, 38, 342

  Thomas, Ambroise (1811–96), 600

  Thomas, Antoine-Léonard (1732–85), 908

  Thomas a Kempis (1380–1471), 886

  Thomasius, Christian (1655–1728), 528

  Thomson, James (1700–48), 104, 169, 379, 518, 661, 732, 887

  Thoreau, Henry David (1817–62), 206, 551

  Thorild, Thomas (1759–1808), 661

  Thorn, 484

  confederacy at, 480

  Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel (1770–1844), 331

  Thrale, Henry (1728–81), 837

  Thrale (later Piozzi), Hester, nee Lynch (1741–1821), 791, 841

  issues Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson, LL.D., during the Last Twenty Years of His Life, 828, 840

  Johnson and, 828, 837–38

  Thun, Count von (fl. 1783), 403

  Thun, Countess von (fl. 1756), 374

  Thurlow, Edward, 1st Baron Thurlow (1731–1806), 736

  Ticonderoga, battle of (1775), 58

  Tieffen, Franz (fl. 1703), 226

  Tiepolo, Domenico (1727–1804), 239, 258, 331–32

  Tiepolo, Giambattista (1696–1770), 235–36, 237–39, 258, 298–99, 300

  Tierney, George (1761–1830), 732

  Tiflis, 419

  Tillot, Guillaume, du, see Du Tillot, Guillaume

  Times, The, 786

  Tindal, Matthew (1657–1733), 507

  Tingry, Prince de, 161

  Tipu Sahib (1751–99), 717

  Tiral, 341

  Tirso de Molina (1571–1648), 404

  Tischbein, Johann Friedrich August (1750–1812), 523

  Tischbein, Johann Heinrich (1722–89), 523

  Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1751–1829), 523, 587, 588

  tithes: in France, 931

  in Spain, 274

  “To a Louse on Seeing One on a Lady’s Bonnet at Church” (Burns), 775

  “To All French Who Still Love Justice and Truth” (Rousseau), 886

  “To My Mind” (Kantemir), 427

  “To the Liberty and Independence of the United States” (Nascimento), 269

  “To Mary in Heaven” (Burns), 775

  tobacco, 729

  Tocqueville, Alexis Clérel de (1805–59), 897

  on French justice, 849

  on popular hatred of Church, 902

  on pre-revolutionary skepticism, 898

  Toland, John (1670–1722), 507

  Toledo, Archbishop of, 285, 298

  Toleration Act of 1689, 760

  Toleration of Deists, … by an Anonymous Writer (Reimarus), 513

  toll roads in England, 672

  tolls in France, 935, 944

  Tolstoi, Count Lev Nikolaevich (1823–1910), 3, 891

  Tom Jones (Fielding), 835

  Tom Jones (opera by Philidor), 100

  Tomé, Narciso (fl. 1721), 298

  tonado and tonadillo, 292

  Tooke, John Home (1736–1812), 704

  Topal Osman (Turkish general), 419

  Torgau, battle of (1760), 60

  Tories, 692, 711

  Stuart dynasty and, 699

  support for George III, 699

  Whigs compared with, 685

  Torquato Tasso (Goethe), 584–85, 587, 588, 601

  Torrigiani, Cardinal, papal secretary, 284

  Torstenson, Lennart (1603–51), 659

  torture: abolished in Austria, 352

  abolished in France, 867

  abolished in Russia, 146, 321, 431, 451–52

  Voltaire’s opposition to, 146

  Torún (Thorn), 474

  Toscanini, Arturo (1867–1957), 234

  Toulouse, Parlement of, 92

  Tourney, Voltaire’s workshops at, 135

  Townsend, Joseph (1740–1815), 274

  Townshend, Charles (1725–67), 710

  Townshend Acts (1767), 710–12

  Traëtta, Tommaso (1727–79), 223, 335, 368

  tragedy, middle class development of, 104

  Traitédes qualités d’un grand roi (Morelly), 81

  Transcendentalist movement, 551

  transportation, 672

  Trapassi, Pietro, see Mestastasio, Pietro Tratado de la regalia de l’amortización (Campomanes), 282–83

  Trattato dei delitti e delle pene (Beccaria), 145, 320

  Trattato della moneta (Galiani), 251

  Trauttmansdorff (friend of Tamburini), 316

  Traveller, or A Prospect of Society, The (Goldsmith), 815

  Travels in France (Young), 928*

  Treatise on Civil Architecture (Chambers), 747

  Treatise on Crimes and Penalties (Beccaria), 320

  Treatise on Human Nature (Hume), 756, 769

  Treatise on the Capability of the Feeling for Beauty (Winckelmann), 328

  Treatise on Toleration (Voltaire), 357

  Treatise on Toleration (Voltaire), 357

  Trembecki, Stanislas (1737?–1812), 486

  Trentes, Les, 957

  Trento, 229

  Trescho, Sebastian, 567

  Trevi, Fontana di, 247

  Treviso, 229, 239

  Trier, 341, 503

  Trier, Archbishop-Elector of (fl. 1788), 504–5

  Trieste, 641

  Trinity College (in Ireland), 759

  Tristram Shandy (Sterne), 787–89

  Troisième Entretien sur Le Fils naturel (Diderot), 101

  Tronchin, François (author and painter), 212, 213

  Tronchin, Jean-Robert (1710–93), 197

  Tronchin, Dr. Théodore (1709–81), 103, 159–60, 875–76; 878

  on last hours of Voltaire, 879

  Troost, Cornells (1697–1750), 647

  Trudaine de Montigny, Jean-Charles-Philibert (1733–77), 73

  Truffaldino (comic figure), 241

  Tsarskoe Selo, Palace of, 426, 468

  Tschoudi, Baron Jean-Baptiste de (b. 1734), 372

  Tubières, Anne-Claude de, Comte de Caylus (1692–1765), 110, 120, 218, 467, 749

  Tucker, Josiah (1712–99), 676

  Tugenbund, 641

  Tuileries Gardens, 107, 962

  Tunisia, 411

  Türckheim, Bernhard Friedrich von (d. 1831), 566

  Turenne, Henri de La Tour d’ Auvergne, Maréchal Vicomte de (1611–75), 109

  Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, Baron de l’Aulne (1727–81), 72–73, 98, 125, 143*, 214, 769, 858–65, 869, 929

  advocates religious toleration, 863

  agricultural reforms of, 859

  appearance of, 858

  Assembly of Notables and, 944

  attack on feudalism, 861–63

  attempts to save monarchy, 898

  bread crisis in Paris and, 860

  conflicts with Paris Parlement, 861–63

  conflicts with privileged classes, 858, 863–64

  as controller general of finance, 858

  early life of, 77–79

  early official career of, 79

  economic reforms of, 859–60

  fall of, 75

  financial reforms of, 859–61

  French Revolution and, 940

  influence of physiocrats on, 858

  later years and death of, 865

  in Lespinasse salon, 126

  Louis XVl and, 859–60, 863–65

 
love for the people, 856

  Marie Antoinette and, 863–65

  ministry of, 858–65

  philosophes and, 78–79, 858–59, 863, 865

  reforms of, 80, 144, 863

  resignation from ministry (1776), 864–65

  Swedish economic reform and, 657

  theories of, 77–78

  tries to help Protestants, 902

  Voltaire and, 874, 875

  Turin, 256

  churches in, 224

  Enlightenment in, 310

  history and achievements of, 226

  industry in, 218

  ratio of priests to lay population in, 224

  theaters in, 220

  universities in, 219

  Turkey, 356

  architecture in, 414

  art in, 414

  Austria’s conflicts with, 61, 363, 365, 411, 414–15, 430

  cleanliness and sanitation in, 413

  commerce, 456

  culture in, 412

  Hungary invaded by, 62

  Jews in, 632

  papacy and, 457

  Peace of Jassy (1792), 488

  Persia and, 417–19

  poetry in, 412–13

  Poland and, 415, 458, 475, 482

  Protestant aid to, 363

  repulsed from Vienna (1683), 411

  reign of Abdul-Hamid I, 415

  reign of Mahmud I, 415

  Russia’s conflicts with, 140, 414–15, 430, 457–61, 470, 483, 663

  slavery in, 413

  Spain and, 288

  Sultanate in, 414

  Sweden and, 460

  Venice’s conflict with, 414

  women in, 413

  EMPIRE OF: Conquest of Crete and Greece (1715), 414

  decline, 414–15

  European, 414–15

  North African, 415–17

  size, 411

  turnpikes in England, 672

  Tuscany, 228, 278–79, 312

  Austria and, 217, 228

  church lands in, 224

  early history of, 313

  Inquisition abolished in, 316

  Napoleon I in, 314

  reforms of Grand Duke Leopold, 313–14

  triumph of reaction in, 314

  Tuscany, Grand Duke of (r. 1765–90), see Leopold II, Emperor

  Tuyll, Isabella van, see Charrière, Isabelle de

  Über die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden in Deutschland (Dohn), 642

  Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung (Schiller), 599

  Über die neuere deutsche Literatur (Herder), 567

  Udine, 229

  Uffizi Gallery, 228

  Uhlfeld, Count von (fl. 1742), 40

  Ukraine, 460

  Ulrika Eleanora, Queen of Sweden (r. 1719–20), 654

  Ulster, 760

  Uman, massacres in, 634

  Umberto I Biancamano (970?-1050?), Count of Savoy, 226

  Una delle ultime sere di Carnevale (Goldoni), 244

  Unger, Georg Christian (1743–1812), 524

  Uniates, 475; see also Greek Orthodox Church, in Poland

  Unigenitus (Pope Benedict XIV), 246

  Union of 1707 (Scotland and England), 762

  Unitarianism, Rousseau’s belief in, 163

  United Company of Merchants of England

  trading to the East Indies, see British East India Company

  United Provinces, see Holland

  United States, 487

  French recognition of, 713

  Jews in, 642

  literature in, 889

  physiocratic influence in, 77

  treaty of alliance with France (1778), 870

  United States Constitution, Bill of Rights of, 872

  United States of Belgium, 364

  Universal Chronicle, The, 825

  Universal Church History (Holberg), 650

  Universal Etymological English Dictionary, An (Bailey), 820–21

  universities, 218–19, 276, 294, 301, 358, 360, 362, 453, 505–6, 532, 647, 659, 674, 763, 769

  Unwin, Mary (1724–96), 811–13

  Unwin, Rev. Morley (d. 1767), 811

  Unwin, Susannah, 811

  Unwin, William, 811

  Upsala, University of, 659

  “Urbarian Law” (1774), 350

  Urfaust (Goethe), 608

  Ursins, Marie-Anne de La Trémoille, Princesse des (1642?–1722), 276

  Ussé, Mlle, d’, 894

  Utilitarianism, 738–39

  Utrecht, 361, 647

  Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 57, 226, 277, 547

  Uzbekistan, Persian invasion of (1740), 420

  Uzbeks, 417, 418, 420

  Vais (d. 1715), Mir of Kandahar, 418

  Valdés, Juan Meléndez, see Meléndez Valdés, Juan

  Valencia, 273

  growth of, 289

  Valencia, University of, 294

  Valentinois, Comtesse de (fl. 1758), 161

  Valhynia, anti-Semitic massacres in, 634

  Valle, Filippo della (1696–1768), 247

  Valley Forge, Americans at, 869

  Vallin de La Mothe, Jean-Baptiste (1729–1800), 468

  Valmarana, Villa, 239

  Valmy, battle of (1792), 580, 591

  Vandyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641), 466

  Vanity of Human Wishes, The (Johnson), 821

  Vanloo, Carle (1705–65), 115, 120

  Vanloo, Louis-Michel (1707–71), 298

  Vanvitelli (Italian painter), 298

  Vanvitelli, Luigi (1700–73), 250

  Väräla, Treaty of (1790), 664

  Varicourt, Mlle., see Villette, Marquise de

  Vasco da Gama, see Gama, Vasco da

  Vassilchik, Alexis (fl. 1772), 445

  Vathek (Beckford), 809

  Vatican School of Painting, 248

  Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de (1633–1707), 72

  Vaud, revolts in, 645

  Vaudreuil, Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Comte de (1724–1802), 853

  Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre-François de Rigaud, Marquis de (1698–1765), 58

  Vaughn, C. E., 5*

  Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de (1715–47), 150, 915

  Vauxhall, 744

  “Veilchen, Das” (Goethe), 400

  Velázquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660), 301, 305

  Vendôme, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Duc de (1654–1712), 277

  Venezianishche Epigramme (Goethe), 590

  Venice, 217, 229, 239, 310, 641

  Casanova in, 323, 325

  clothing in, 231

  daily life and entertainment in, 230–32

  decay of (1760–89), 310–11

  economy of, 229–30

  French occupation of (1797), 311

  gain by Treaty of Passerowitz (1718), 415

  Goethe in, 590

  government of, 229

  instrumental music in, 254

  Jesuit colleges in, 219

  Jews in, 631, 642

  libraries in, 219

  literature of, 239–44

  music in, 220, 232–33

  painting in, 331–32

  population of, 229

  prostitution in, 230

  religion in, 230

  Scarlatti in, 256

  size of, 229

  theaters in, 220, 241

  war with Turkey (1715), 414

  wealth of clergy in, 224

  Venice Preserved (Otway), 741

  Ventimiglio, Monsignor, bishop of Catania (fl. 1760), 316

  Veracini, Francesco Maria (c. 1685?–1750), 228

  Verdelin, Mme. de (fl. 1765), 209

  Verdi, Giuseppe (1813–1901), 335

  Verevkin (translator), 463–64

  Vergara, Francisco, the Younger (1713–61), 298

  Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de (1717–87), 656, 858, 864, 922

  American Revolution and, 867–68, 870, 871

  Franklin and, 869

  predicts American Revolution, 708

&
nbsp; Vermenoux, Marquise de, 865

  Vermond, Abbé Matthieu-Jacques de (d. after 1789), 846

  Vernes, Jacob or Jacques (1728–91), Swiss pastor, 190, 200

  Vernet, Claude-Joseph (1714–89), French painter, 111, 120, 466

  Vernet, Isaac (fl. 1750), Swiss banker, 865

  Vernet, Mme., wife of Claude-Joseph, 895, 897

  Verney, Ralph, 2d Earl Verney (fl. 1765), 692, 719

  Verona, 228–29, 245

  Verona illustrata (Maffei), 229

  Veronese, Paolo (1528–88), 238, 239

  Verri, Pietro (fl. 1770), 312, 320

  Verrières, Geneviève Rinteau de (b. 1731), 35

  Verrières, Marie Rinteau de (1728–75), 35

  Versailles: court in, 849–50

  palaces at, 85, 250

  riots in, 934

  women’s march to, 919, 934

  Versailles, Peace of (1783), 290

  Versailles, Treaty of: first (1756), 42

  second (1757), 45

  Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua, Die (Schiller), 571–72

  “Versuch, aus der vergleichenden Knochenlehre . . .” (Goethe), 617

  Vesey, Elizabeth (1715?-91), 750, 789

  Vespro, 11 (Parini), 335

  Vessan, Marie de, 951

  Vestris, Gaétan (1729–1808), 370

  Vestris or Vestrice, Marie-Rose, nee Gourgaud-Dugason (1746–1804), 877

  Vesuvius, Goethe climbs, 588–89

  Vicar of Wakefield, The (Goldsmith), 814–15

  Vicenza, 229

  Goethe in, 587

  industry in, 218

  theaters in, 220

  Vichy, Diane de, nee d’Albon (b. 1716), 122

  Vichy, Gaspard de, 122, 131

  Vico, Gennaro, Charles IV’s aid to, 254

  Vico, Giambattista (1668–1744), 251–54

  early life of, 251

  failure to gain attention, 253–54

  philosophy of history, 251–53

  rediscovery of, 254

  secularism of, his analysis, 253

  Vicq-d’Azyr, Félix (1748–94), 617

  Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (r. 1675–1732), King of Sardinia as Victor Amadeus I (r. 1720–30), 226

  Vie de mon père, La (Restif de La Bretonne), 918

  Vie de Voltaire (Condorcet), 894

  Vieira, Francisco (1699–1783), 261

  Vielleville, M. de (fl. 1778), 876

  Vien, Joseph-Marie (1716–1809), 912

  Vienna, 245, 256

  beauty of, 345

  as capital city, 341

  dancing in, 345

  industries in, 344

  Jews in, 631–32

  music in, 345, 367–72

  Napoleon’s bombardment of (1809), 380

  newspapers in, 346

  theaters in, 346

  Turks repulsed from (1683), 411

  Vienna, University of, 343, 352, 360

  Vigée-Lebrun, Marie-Anne Élisabeth (1755–1842), 99, 111, 372, 467, 644, 851, 888, 913–14

  on acclamation of Voltaire, 878

  celebrates children and motherhood, 904

  on religious piety, 901

  Vigny, Alfred de (1797–1863), 889

 

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