Sayyaf, Abdur Rasul: An Afghan, Sayyaf was educated at al-Azhar University in Cairo and became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. During and since the Afghan jihad, Sayyaf has led the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan and switched back and forth between the two sides of the post-Soviet Afghan civil war—the Taliban and Ahmed Shah Masood’s Northern Alliance. Sayyaf’s staunch Wahabi beliefs and excellent classical Arabic have made him a favorite among Persian Gulf elites, especially the Saudi royal and upper classes. Since the early 1980s, the Saudis have delivered substantial funding and ordnance to Sayyaf. He has had a productive twenty-year relationship with Osama bin Laden.
Shaheed: A Muslim who loses his life while “striving in the cause of God.” Such a person is looked on as a martyr.
Taliban Movement: Many of the Taliban’s leaders left Afghanistan for Pakistan as children after the Soviet invasion or were born in Afghan refugee camps there. They were educated in Pakistani religious schools—or madrassas—by scholars trained mostly in Saudi universities. The Taliban established its base in Kandahar and expanded across Afghanistan, taking Kabul in 1996. By mid-2001, the Taliban controlled 90 to 95 percent of Afghanistan, had ended banditry and restored order in much of the country, and was making diplomatic headway with Russia, France, China, the United Kingdom, Germany, and several of its Central Asian neighbors. Although reviled by the West as violent medieval madmen, the Taliban teamed its imposition of strict Islamic law with a slow process of rebuilding and modernizing Afghanistan’s war-ravaged infrastructure, especially in the areas of hydroelectric development, telecommunications, light manufacturing, road building, and irrigation—the first three in partnership with China, the latter two with bin Laden. By late 2001, U.S. military attacks had driven the Taliban from power, and it had dispersed its forces in eastern and southern Afghanistan from where it is likely to begin a guerrilla war against the new UN-backed government in Kabul.
Al-Turabi, Hasan: Founder and leader of Sudan’s National Islamic Front, and for much of the 1990s the de facto ruler of Sudan. Al-Turabi readily hosted Osama bin Laden when he left Afghanistan in 1991 and allowed bin Laden to resettle in Sudan with veteran Arab Afghans from Afghanistan and later Bosnia.
World Islamic Front for Fighting Jews and Christians (World Front): Formed by Osama bin Laden in February 1998 and intended to serve as an umbrella organization under which Islamist groups can coalesce, communicate, and begin to cooperate. Bin Laden is the World Front’s chief, EIJ leader Ayman Zawahiri is his deputy and the Front’s military commander, and senior Gama’at leader Mustafa Hamza is Zawahiri’s military deputy.
Yasin, Shaykh Ahmed: An Islamic scholar and the spiritual leader of the main Palestinian Islamist resistance group HAMAS, Yasin has identified all Israelis—military and civilian—as legitimate military targets.
Al-Zawahiri, Ayman: An Egyptian national born in 1951, al-Zawahiri is the eldest son of a prominent Egyptian family and a medical doctor. He joined the Egyptian Islamist movement while at university and spent three years in prison for being a member of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. On release, he left Egypt about 1983 and traveled first to Saudi Arabia and then Afghanistan. After becoming EIJ leader, he developed a close and enduring relationship with Osama bin Laden. While Afghanistan was his base for the past nearly twenty years, al-Zawahiri has traveled to Yemen, Western Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Pakistan, the United States, and Sudan. In 1998 he became bin Laden’s deputy in the World Islamic Front. Close associates have described al-Zawahiri as a quiet, shy, and intelligent man who shows little emotion and listens more than speaks. He is said to enjoy making decisions and is calm and focused under pressure.5
Al-Zayyat, Muntasir: A prominent Egyptian lawyer who specializes in defending captured Egyptian Islamist fighters, al-Zayyat frequently makes himself available for press interviews and therein provides a good deal of context about the current status of the Egyptian Islamist groups, their leaders, and their policies. He has been insightful about bin Laden’s rise as an Islamist leader.
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